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TIIANSAOTIONS 


COLLEGE  OE  PHYSICIANS 


PHILADELPHIA. 


CENTENNIAL  VOLUME. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

PRINTED  FOR  THE  COLLEGE. 

1887. 


DOENAN,     PRINTER, 

X.    W.    CORNER   SEVENTH    AND    ARCH    STREETS, 

PHILADELPHIA. 


PREFACE. 


TiiK  occurrence  of  the  one  hundredtli  anniversary  of  the  founda- 
tion of  tlie  College  was  an  event  of  such  importance  in  its  history  as 
to  call  forth  great  effort  and  enthusiasm  on  the  part  of  the  Fellows 
to  secure  its  celebration  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the  occasion. 

This  volume  makes  a  permanent  record  of  the  events  of  the 
celebration,  and  includes  a  very  accurate  and  elaborate  account  of 
the  institution  of  the  College,  in  which  is  portrayed  the  character 
of  its  Founders  and  of  those  of  its  Fellows  who  have  contributed  to 
its  development  and  successful  career ;  a  record  of  the  work  accom- 
plished during  the  hundred  years  in  carrying  out  the  objects  of  the 
College — "  to  advance  the  science  of  medicine  and  thereby  lessen 
human  misery" — a  resumS  of  the  proceedings  of  its  meetings,  and 
a  roll  of  the  Officers  and  Fellows  elected  during  the  century  ending 
January,  1887.  Presented  in  this  form,  the  Committee  of  Publica- 
tion believes  that  it  will  commend  itself  to  the  Fellows  as  an  inter- 
esting and  valuable  souvenir  of  the  Centennial  celebration. 

NOVEMBKR,  1887. 


GON  TENTS. 


An  Account  of  thci    Institution  of  tiio  College  of  Phygicians  of  Phila- 

dolpliia       ............  1 

Progress  of  the  College         .........  24 

Notice  of  Dr.  Jolin  Morgan          ........  26 

Notice  of  Dr.  Genirdus  Clarkson 43 

Notice  of  Dr.  Abraham  Chovet    ........  44 

Notice  of  Dr.  John  Jones     .........  49 

Notice  of  Dr.  George  Glentworth         .......  53 

Notice  of  Dr.  William  Clarkson  ........  54 

Notice  of  Dr.  James  Hutchinson           .......  60 

Notice  of  Dr.  John  Mt-rris  .........  66 

Notice  of  Dr.  .lohn  Carson 68 

Notice  of  Dr.  John  Redman         ........  88 

Notice  of  Dr.  William  Shippen 90 

Notice  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush       ........  92 

Notice  of  Dr.  Adam  Kulin 94 

Notice  of  Dr.  Caspar  Wistar        ........  97 

Connection  of  the  College  with  the  Pharmacopoeia      ....  101 

Notice  of  Dr.  Samuel  Powel  Griffitts 124 

Notice  of  Dr.  William  Currie       ...'.....  127 

Notice  of  Dr.  Thomas  Parke 132 

The  Museum 143 

Mutter  Lectureship 152 

The  Building  Fund 154 

Publications  of  the  College  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .159 

The  Library 161 

Directory  for  Nurses    ..........  169 

Entertainment  Fund     ..........  171 

Celebration  of  the  Centennial  Anniversary  .         .         .         .         .171 

Appendix 175 

Form  of  the  Constitution  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia, 
January  2,  17S7  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .175 

Inaugural  Address  by  the  First  President,  Dr.  John  Redman     .         .  179 

Memorial  on  Temperance,  1787    ........  183 

Lines  Occasioned  by  the  Decease  of  Dr.  Gerardus  Clarkson         .         .  184 


Vl  CONTENTS. 

PAQE 

Appendix — Continued. 

Lines  Saored  to  the  Memory  of  Dr.  Henry  Stuber       ....  185 
Memorial  on  Temperance,  Addressed  to  the  Congress  of  Uie  United 

States,  December,  1790 186 

Address  of  the  President,  Dr.  John  Kedman,  upon  his  reelection         .  187 

Memorial  Dates  in  the  History  of  the  College      .....  189 

Building  Fund,  1849 189 

Officers  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  from  178G  to 

January,  1887 192 

Presidents 192 

Vice-Presidents 192 

Censors       ............  193 

Secretaries 193 

Treasurers           ...........  194 

Librarians          ...........  194 

Councillors ;         .         .         .         .  194 

Kecorders 195 

Curators  of  the  Museum    .........  195 

Curators  of  the  Mutter  Museum 195 

Standing  Committees 195 

Committee  on  Library 195 

Publication 196 

Musuem 196 

Mutter  Museum 196 

Lectures 196 

Hall ■ 197 

Finance 197 

Directory  for  Nurses       .........  197 

Entertainments 197 

William  F.  Jenks  Prize 198 

Public  Hygiene 198 

Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine 198 

Surgery  .........•••  198 

Midwifery 199 

Diseases  of  Women        .......-•  199 

Diseases  of  Children       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         •         •  199 

Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy 199 

Meteorology  and  Epidemics 199 

Pharmacopoeia        ..........  200 

Delegates  to  the  National  Convention  for  Revising  the  Pharma- 
copoeia        .......••••  201 

Pennsylvania  State  Convention 201 

National  Quarantine  and  Sanitary  Convention      .         .         .         .'  201 

International  Medical  Congress  at  Paris 201 


CONTKNTH.  Vll 

A|)|)Oii(lix  —  Continued. 

DologiiUis  to  tho  (jontfrniidl   Modioal  Coriirni.s.sinii  and  Intf!rrmtionnl 

Medical  Corifiiro.ss  of  1870 202 

Aiiiiiiicaii  Mcdiciil  Association  .......  202 

lloll  of  Kcllows  of  the  (JoiI(!g(3  of  rhy.sician3  of  riiiladolj.liia     .         .  207 

Foliovv.s 207 

Assooiato  I'^ellows:  American  ........  277 

Foreign 288 

Corresponding  Members 291 

Biograpliical  Notices  of  Fellows  and  Associates  of  the  College  .         .  292 

Commemorative  Address.     By  K.  Wiciii  Mitcukli,,  M.IJ.,  LL.D.  .         .  305 
Eoniiniscenccs  of  tlio  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia.     By  Alfred 

Stillk,  M.D.,  LL.D 335 

Conferring  of  Degrees  of  Associate  Fellowship 349 

Hunter  McGuire 349 

Eobert  Palmer  Howard 349 

William  H.  Draper 349 

David  "W.  Cheever 349 

Henry  P.  Bowditch 349 

George  Cheyne  Shattuck 350 

Nicholas  Senn 350 

T.  Gaillard  Thomas 350 

James  T.  Whittaker 350 

Address  of  Welcome  to  the  New  Associate  Fellows.    By  J.  M.  DaCosta, 

M,D.,  LL.D 351 

The  Old  and  the  New  Physic.     By  Henry  Hartshorxe,  M.D.        .         .  355 

Kesponses  to  the  Toasts 357 

"The  Fellows  of  the  College."     By  D.  Hayes  Agneav,  M.D.  .         .  357 

"Associate  Fellows."     By  T.  Gaillard  Tuomas,  M.D.     .         .         .  360 

"The  Phjsician."     By  William  Pepper;  M.D 363 

"The  Surgeon."     By  John  Ashhurst,  Jr.,  M.D 366 

"The  Obstetrician."     By  Theophilxts  Parvin,  M.D.        .         .         .  371 

"The  Medical  Societies  of  America."     By  John  S.  Billings,  M.D.  376 

"College  of  Physicians."     By  George  Cheyne  Shattuck,  M.D.    .  379 

Commemorative  Verses.     By  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  M.D.  .         .         .  3S1 

Menu 383 

The  Loan  Collection  of  Portraits 389 


AN  ACCOUNT 


INSTITUTION  OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  OF 

Philadelphia. 

By 
W.  S.  W.  RUSCHENBERGER,  M.D. 


[Road  October  G,  188G.] 


The  formation  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  has 
not  been  traced  to  any  one  member  of  the  profession.  Its  genesis 
began  before  the  middle  and  during  the  closing  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  within  the  first  decade  of  our  national  life. 

Under  the  provincial  government,  society  in  Philadelphia  was 
essentially  as  refined  and  cultivated  as  it  is  in  the  present  day.  Then 
as  now,  men  of  high  order  of  intellect,  character,  and  education  were 
among  its  citizens.  They  influenced  others  to  join  in  enterprises  to 
provide  for  the  public  wants  of  the  young  and  growing  community, 
as  rapidly  as  means  permitted.  Societies  were  formed'for  cliaritable 
and  other  uses.  The  Philadelphia  Library  Company  (1731):  the 
American  Philosophical  Society  (1743):  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital 
(1752);  the  College  of  Philadelphia  (1755);  the  Medical  School 
{VJ65)  ;  the  American  Medical  Society  (1773) ;  an  Abolition  Society. 
1774  (which  increased  its  membership  and  enlarged  its  purposes  in 
1787) ;  the  Humane  Society,  for  resuscitation  of  drowned  persons 
(1780);^  a  Society  for  Promoting  Agriculture  (1785):  the  Philadel- 

1  The  physicians  of  the  Humane  Society,  August,  1787,  were  John  Jones 
President;  Benjamin  Rush,  Benjamin  Duffield,  Caspar  Wistar,  Samuel  P.' 
Gnffitts,  J.  R.  B.  Rodgers.— American  Museu>n,  1787. 

1 


2  RUSCHENBERGER, 

phia  Dispensary  (1786) ;  and  the  United  Company  for  Promoting 
Manufactures,  before  ■which  Robert  Stretel  Jones,  Esq.,  delivered  an 
oration,  March,  1777  ;  ^  are  indicative  of  the  active  public  spirit  of  the 
period. 

Institutions  for  the  common  welfare,  though  designed  for  the  attain- 
ment of  different  objects,  are  in  some  sense  akin.  The  estabHshment 
of  one  leads  to  the  setting  up  of  another.  The  experience  of  one 
lends  help  to  another,  in  the  "way  of  example ;  possibly  observation 
and  comparison  of  methods  of  conduct  in  the  older  organizations 
may  teach  the  juniors  the  wisdom  of  administration.  In  such  aspect, 
corporate  bodies  seem  to  have  a  pedigree,  direct  and  collateral,  like 
men. 

We  are  told,  for  example,  that  in  his  boyhood  Benjamin  Franklin 
had  probably  been  present  with  his  father  at  meetings  of  some  of  the 
Boston  Benefit  Societies,  devised  by  Cotton  Mather,^  and  that,  at 
Philadelphia  in  the  autumn  of  1727,  imitating  their  plan  he  formed 
most  of  his  ingenious  acquaintances  (mostly  journeyman  mechanics 
like  himself  at  that  time)  into  the  famous  club  called  the  Junto,  the 
declared  purpose  of  which  was  the  improvement  of  its  members  and 
their  fellow-citizens  in  virtue  and  practical  wisdom.  The  Junto  was 
restricted  to  twelve  members,  and  their  proceedings  were  designed  to 
be  kept  secret.  But  attractive  whisperings  about  them  got  out,  and 
"caused  frequent  applications  for  admission  to  the  charmed  circle  of 
the  leather-aproned  philosophers.  The  founder  of  the  club  at  length 
proposed  that  each  member  of  the  Junto  should  form  a  subordinate 
club  (another  idea  from  Cotton  Mather),  which  should  report  its  pro- 
ceedings to  the  parent  society,  and  thus  extend  the  area  of  its  in- 
fluence. Five  or  six  of  these  subordinate  clubs  were  formed,  which 
were  called  by  such  names  as  the  Vine,  the  Union,  and  the  Hand."' 

The  Junto  met  every  Friday  evening  at  tavern,  or  ale-house, 
during  the  first  three  years  of  the  club's  existence,  but  afterward  "  in 
a  little  room  of  Mr.  Grace's  set  apart  for  that  purpose."  Sometimes 
the  grave  proceedings  were  enlivened  with  Avine  and  songs,  some  of 

*  Columbian  Magazine,  vol.  5,  p.  175. 

*  Life  and  Times  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  by  James  Parton.     London,  New 
York,  and  Philadelpbia,  1864.     Vol.  i.  p.  154. 

'  Parton's  Life  and  Times  of  Benjamin  Franklin. 


INSTITUTION    OF    COLLK(iK    OF    PHYSICIANS    OF    I'lIILA  DKLI'HIA.       6 

wliicli  were  writteii  iirid  .surig  hy  Kiankliri  liiin.self.  After  the  club 
was  cstabliHhed  in  tlie  house  of  Mr.  Robert  Grace,  who  was  one  of  the 
incmltors,  Franklin  Huggested,  in  IT'U),  that  as  their  books  were  often 
referred  to  in  their  discussions,  it  woubl  be  well  for  the  sake  of  con- 
venience to  keep  all  their  books  where  they  met,  and  in  this  way 
give  each  the  advantage  of  using  the  books  of  all  the  other  members.' 

The  plan  of  the  Philadelphia  Library  Company,  which  he  pub- 
lished early  in  1731,  was  an  outcome  of  this  idea. 

The  Junto,  long  known  in  Philadelphia  as  the  leathern  apron  club, 
continued  during  many  years.  When  tlie  activity  of  its  members 
abated  or  ceased,  it  seems  that  the  name  was  assumed  by  others,  and 
a  new  Junto  was  formed  probably  in  February,  1750,  which  revised 
its  rules  and  changed  its  title,  December,  1766,  to  "The  American 
Society  for  Promoting  and  Propagating  Useful  Knowledge,  held  at 
Philadelphia,"  and  enlarged  its  roll  of  members. 

May  25,  1743,  Benjamin  Franklin  issued  a  circular,  entitled  "A 
Proposal  for  Promoting  Useful  Knowledge  among  the  British  Planta- 
tions in  America,"  in  which  he  recommended  "that  one  society  be 
formed  o^  virtuosi,  or  ingenious  men,  residing  in  the  several  colonies, 
to  be  called  The  American  Philosophical  Society."  It  is  supposed 
that  the  proposition  had  been  discussed  in  the  original  Junto.  The 
Society  was  formed  in  accordance  with  the  plan  submitted,  but  after 
some  years  became  inactive.  About  the  year  1767  it  was  revived 
and  carried  on  with  much  spirit. 

It  was  proposed  in  1768  to  unite  The  American  Society  and  The 
American  Philosophical  Society,  under  the  name  of  The  American 
Philosophical  Society  held  at  Philadelphia  for  Promoting  Useful 
Knowledge.  The  terms  of  union  Avere  agreed  upon.  The  spirit  of 
the  ancient  Junto  transmigrated  from  the  dead  corporations  into  the 
new  organization,  and,  as  if  in  commemoration  of  its  ancestry,  its 
stated  meetings  have  been  held  ever  since  on  Friday,  as  were  those 
of  the  first  Junto  as  well  as  of  all  its  offspring. 

The  purpose  of  this  organization  was  very  broad — to  foster  the 

*  Autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franlvlin,  edited  from  his  manuscript,  ■with 
notes  and  an  introduction  by  John  Bigelow.  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.,  Philadel- 
phia, 1868. 


4  RUSCHENBERQER, 

cultivation  of  all  useful  knowledge.  The  Transactions  show  that 
attention  was  given  to  questions  in  physics,  natural  history,  medicine, 
until  institutions  for  each  special  subject  gradually  narrowed  the  field. 
This  sort  of  segregation  continues  in  every  grand  department  of 
science,  very  considerably  abating  the  activity  of  those  societies 
which  were  established  to  encourage  the  pursuit  of  one  great  subject 
in  all  its  branches.  The  special  seems  to  be  everywhere  superseding 
general  science. 

On  Friday,  January  2,  1769,  the  new  society  held  its  first  meet- 
ing,^ at  which  Dr.  Franklin  was  elected  President,  and  Dr.  Thomas 
Cadwalader,  Dr.  Thomas  Bond,  and  Joseph  Galloway,  Esq.,  Vice- 
Presidents.  The  total  number  of  members  then  w'as  251,  of  whom 
124  resided  in  the  city  and  county.  Seventeen  of  them  were  among 
the  founders  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 

At  that  time  the  American  Philosophical  Society  had  no  perma- 
nent abode.  Its  meetings  were  held  sometimes  in  the  State  House, 
sometimes  at  the  house  of  a  member,  but  more  frequently  in  the 
building  known  at  different  times  as  the  Academy,  the  College  of 
Philadelphia,  the  University ;  the  apartment  in  which  the  Society 
usually  met  was  commonly  called  Philosophical  Hall. 

The  building  which  it  now  occupies  (104  South  Fifth  Street)  was 
so  far  advanced  in  construction  that  the  Society  met  in  it  for  the 
first  time  Nov.  21,  1789.^ 

Another  example  of  institutional  heredity  may  be  cited,  which  has 
connection  with  the  College  of  Physicians. 

We  are  told  that,  perceiving  the  lack  of  provision  for  a  complete 
education,  as  neither  college  nor  high  school  existed  in  the  Province, 
Benjamin  Franklin,  in  1743,  devised  a  plan  for  an  academy  and 
confided  its  realization  to  the  Rev.  Richard  Peters.  He  did  not 
attempt  to  execute  the  project.     In  1749,  Franklin  recurred  to  it 

1  Discourse  of  Dr.  Kobert  M.  Patterson,  at  the  Celebration  of  the  Hundredth 
Anniversary,  May  25,  1843,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  held  at  Philadelphia  for  promoting  useful  knowledge,  vol.  iii.  No.  27, 
May  25-30,  1843. 

2  Commemoration  of  the  Centennial  Anniversary  of  the  Incorporation  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society.  Address  of  the  President,  Frederick  Fraley, 
LL.D. 


INSTITUTION    OK    OOI^M'KIK    OF    I'lIYSICIANH    OF    f'll  ILA  OFIJ'IIIA.       i) 

and  MO(;ur(!<l  tlic  co(')|)(Mii:l,ioii  of  fiiciiil.s.  'rwonty-four  gontUrmcn 
i'lssociated  together  as  a  JJoard  of  Trustees,  formed  rules  for  the  a>n- 
diict  of  tlic  propoHod  iiiHtitiitir)n,  smd  .si^^riod  tlicrn  Nov.  I'i,  1749. 
The  next  day  tlicy  suliscriljod  money  liberally  among  them.selves  to 
carry  on  tlio  woi'k. 

In  December,  1741),  they  procured  a  lot  and  a  large  churcli  build- 
ing, covering  an  area  of  70  by  120  feet,  which  had  been  constructed 
thereon  for  the  use  of  the  Rev.  George  Whitfield,  a  celebrated  "  New- 
light"  Presbyterian  preacher,  near  the  southwest  corner  of  Fourth 
and  Arch  Streets.  Alterations  were  made  in  the  edifice  to  adapt  it 
properly  to  its  new  purposes,  and,  in  1751,  the  pupils,  who  from 
1750  had  been  taught  in  private  houses,  were  introduced  into  the 
building,  known  from  that  time  as  "The  Academy."  Here  they 
were  taught  by  three  masters  aided  by  ushers,  Latin,  English,  and 
mathematics.  They  numbered  "little  short  of  300,"  April  5,  1752  ;' 
and  Richard  Peters  wrote  to  a  friend,  1753,  that  the  Academy  was 
in  great  repute,  and  had  165  boys  from  neighboring  colonies." 

"  The  Trustees  of  the  Academy  and  Charitable  School  in  the 
Province  of  Pennsylvania,"  were  incorporated  July  13,  1753. 

The  Proprietors  granted  an  additional  charter  May  14,  1755,  in 
•which  the  style  of  the  board  was  changed  to  "  The  Trustees  of  the 
College,  Academy  and  Charitable  School  of  Philadelphia,"  reciting 
and  confirming  all  the  franchises  and  powers  of  the  first,  with  the 
further  power  of  conferring  degrees.^ 

At  the  first  Commencement  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  May 
17,  1757,  there  were  seven  graduates,  one  of  whom  was  John  Mor- 
gan. 

In  1762,  an  additional  buildino^  was  erected  on  the  lot,  designed 
in  part  as  a  residence  of  pupils  whose  homes  were  not  in  the  city. 

^  Pennsylvania  Letters,  Portfolio,  January,  1813. 

^  John  F.  AVatson,  MS.  Annals  of  Philadelphia,  p.  76.  Collection  of  the 
Historical  Society  of  Pennsj-lvania. 

*  For  a  description  and  an  account  of  the  Academy  and  College  of  Philadel- 
phia in  detail,  see  The  American  Magazine  and  Monthly  Chronicle  of  the 
British  Colonies,  vol.  i.,  from  October,  1757,  to  October,  1758.  By  a  Society  of 
Gentlemen.  Printed  and  sold  by  Thomas  Bradford,  at  the  corner  house  at 
Front  and  Market  Streets.     Pp.  630-641. 


6  RUSCHENBERGER, 

Upon  the  plant  rooted  in  these  premises  was  grafted  the  first 
medical  school  in  the  country  which,  in  time,  grew  to  be  the  most 
fruitful  and  renowned  of  its  branches. 

Immediately  after  his  return  from  Europe,  Dr.  John  Morgan  sub- 
mitted to  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  a 
scheme  of  medical  professorships,  to  be  added  to  the  College.  His 
communication  was  accompanied  by  letters  from  the  Hon.  Thomas 
Penn  and  others  in  England,  recommending  the  Doctor  and  his 
plan.  At  the  time,  Thomas  Bond,  Phineas  Bond,  Thomas  Cad- 
walader,  William  Shippen,  Sr.,  and  John  Redman — five  prominent 
physicians — were  of  the  Board.  The  Trustees  adopted  the  proposed 
plan  May  3,  1765,  and  appointed  Dr.  Morgan  professor  of  the 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine. 

At  the  Annual  Commencement  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia, 
held  May  30  and  31,  1765,  Dr.  Morgan  delivered  an  appropriate 
"Discourse  upon  the  Institution  of  Medical  Schools  in  America." 

Dr.  William  Shippen,  Jr.,  who  had  given  three  successive  courses 
of  lectures  on  anatomy,  the  first  beginning  November  26,  1762,  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery,  September  17,  1765. 
The  Provost  of  the  College,  the  five  physicians  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  and  the  two  professors  united  and  formed  a  code  of  rules 
for  the  new  establishment.^ 

The  two  professors  delivered  their  introductory  lectures  Novem- 
ber 18,  1765.  In  addition  to  the  practice  of  medicine.  Dr.  Morgan 
taught  materia  medica  and  read  lectures  on  chemistry  for  three  years, 
and  Dr.  Shippen,  besides  anatomy  and  surgery,  taught  midwifery. 

In  1768,  Dr.  Adam  Kuhn  was  elected  professor  of  materia  medica 
and  botany ;  and  Dr.  Thomas  Bond  ^  (who  was  one  of  the  physicians 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  which  was  started  in  a  rented  house 

1  Eulogium  on  Doctor  William  Shippen,  delivered  before  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians of  Philadelphia,  March,  1809.  By  Doctor  Caspar  Wistar,  one  of  the 
Censors.  Published  May,  1818,  after  Dr.  Wistar's  death.  Vol.  8,  Pamphlets, 
Libr.  Coll.  of  Phys.  Phila. 

Both  Drs.  Morgan  and  Shippen  seem  to  have  used  the  word  "school  "  as  a 
synonyme  of  the  word  profes.=orship. 

'  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital.     By  George  B.  "Wood,  M.D. 


INSTITUTION    OK    (JOLliKOK    OK    I'lIYSICIANS    OK    I'llILA  liKI-l'lII  A.       7 

CM  tlic  soutli  side  of  Market  Street  west  of  Fifth,  in  February,  17.02) 
profcHHor  of  clinical  medicine. 

The  next  year,  17G9,  Dr.  IJenjainin  Jlush,  on  his  return  from 
Europe,  was  appointed  professor  of -chemistry,  chiefly  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  Dr.  William  (JuUen,  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
conveyed  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  John  Morgan.' 

At  the  first  medical  commencement  held  in  America,  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Medicine  was  conferred  by  the  College  of  Philadel- 
phia on  ten  of  its  students,  June  21, 1768.*  This  notable  ceremony 
took  place  in  the  building  of  the  College  on  Fourth  south  of  Arch 
Street.^ 

All  the  medical  professors  could  not  be  accommodated  in  the  col- 
lege buildings.  Apartments  suitable  for  teaching  anatomy  had  been 
constructed  by  Dr.  Shippen,  1762-63,  for  the  use  of  his  private 
classes,  in  the  rear  of  his  father's  residence  on  Fourth  Street  north 
of  Market.  The  entrance  to  them  was  by  an  alley-way  from  Market 
Street  west  of  Fourth  Street.  After  he  was  installed  professor  he 
taught  the  college  classes  in  these  rooms  until  Anatomical  Hall  was 
built. 

That  building,  a  picture  of  which  is  among  Birch's  Views  of 
Philadelphia,  published  in  1799,  stood  on  Fifth  Street,  112  feet  north 
of  Walnut  Street.  The  Commonwealth  conveyed  the  piece  of  land 
on  Avhich  it  stood  to  the  University  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania, 
September  22,  1785. 

1  In  the  Eush  Manuscripts,  Eidgeway  Branch  of  the  Philadelphia  Library, 
vol.  24,  p.  64,  is  a  copy  of  the  letter  from  Dr.  William  Ciillen,  Edinburgh,  Sep- 
tember 18,  1768,  to  Dr.  John  Morgan,  recommending  the  appointment  of  Dr. 
Eush  to  the  chair  of  chemistrJ^ 

^  History  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
By  Joseph  Carson,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1869. 

^  On  the  site  of  the  old  building  is  a  tall  structure  which,  until  very  recently 
— 1886 — was  occupied  as  a  shoe  factory. 

The  building  known  as  the  Academy,  as  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  as  the 
Universitj'  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  and  as  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  erected  in  1740,  by  those  who  seceded  from  the  Presbyterian  Church 
to  follow  "  the  new  light  "  teaching  of  the  Eev.  George  Whitfield.  The  lot 
was  198  by  150  feet.  The  churcn  edifice,  which  was  70  by  120  feet,  stood  66 
feet  west  of  Fourth  Street,  between  Market  and  Arch  Streets.  See  A  Picture 
of  Philadelphia.     By  James  Mease,  M.D.,  Philadelphia,  1811. 


8  EUSCHENBERGER, 

Anatomical  Hall,  sometimes  called  the  Laboratory,  was  in  use 
several  years  after  the  University,  in  1802,  took  possession  of  the 
premises  on  Ninth  Street  north  of  Chestnut.  About  April,  1806, 
it  was  rented  to  the  Board  of  Health,  which  occupied  the  first  floor 
and  sublet  the  second,  April  1,  1807,  for  five  years  to  Drs.  Thomas 
C.  James  and  Nathaniel  Chapman. 

In  1840,  the  house  No.  131  South  Fifth  Street,  took  its  place. 

The  Philadelphia  Dispensary,  instituted  April  12,  1786,  is  some 
feet  north  of  the  site  of  Anatomical  Hall.  The  attending  physicians 
of  the  Dispensary,  then  first  appointed,  were  Samuel  P.  GriflStts, 
John  Morris,  William  Clarkson,  John  R.  B.  Rogers,  Caspar  Wistar, 
and  Michael  Leib  ;  and  the  consulting  physicians  and  surgeons  were 
John  Jones,  William  Shippen,  Jr.,  Adam  Kuhn,  and  Benjamin  Rush, 
all  of  them  Fellows  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  in  1787. 

The  Medical  School  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia  begun  in  1765, 
continued  in  operation  till  June  1,  1777,  when  all  the  departments  of 
the  College  were  closed^  in  consequence  of  the  occupation  of  the  city 
by  the  British  army,  and  were  not  opened  again  till  September  25, 
1778 — sixteen  months. 

November  27,  1779,  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  incorporated 
the  University  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  for  which  a  Board  of 
Trustees  was  appointed,  abrogated  the  charter  of  the  college,  dis- 
missed its  officers,  confiscated  all  its  possessions,  and  transferred 
them  with  other  confiscated  estates  to  the  new  institution. 

The  reasons  assigned  for  this  radical  measure  were  that  the  charter 
of  the  college  required  its  trustees  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  Sovereign  of  Great  Britain,  and  that  some  of  them  had  been  and 
were  actively  hostile  to  the  interests  of  America,  giving  aid  and  com- 
fort to  the  enemy. 

The  trustees  of  the  new  university  held  their  first  meeting  in  De- 
cember, 1779,  organized  the  board  and  filled  several  of  the  professor- 
ships. There  was  difficulty  in  estabhshing  the  medical  department. 
Temporary  arrangements  were  made  which  prevented  its  suspension. 
In  the  autumn  of  1783,  however,  those  who  had  been  professors  of 
the  College  of  Philadelphia  accepted  appointments  from  the  Univer- 

1  Minutes  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 


iNSTiTirrroN  ok  collkok  of  imiysicians  ok  i'Hiiw\ni;M'iiiA.     '.> 

sity  ol'  (ho  Slate  of  l'cnri,sylv;iiii;i.  TIk;  coiHliict  and  \>V(><^r<;HH  of  tlio 
now  institiilioii  \v(!rc  satisfactory  ;  hut  the  trustees  and  friends  of  the 
extinct  Collc'^e  of  IMiihulolpliia  did  iidt  acf|iiioH(;c  and  rest  passively 
under  the  se([ucstrati()n  of  their  charter  and  property. 

At  their  instance,  no  doubt,  the  Legislature  enacted  a  law,  March 

6,  1780,  by  a  great  majority'  which  reinstated  the  College  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  restored  to  it  all  its  estates,  franchises,  and  privileges. 
The  University  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  was  ejected  from  the 
premises,  but  retained  the  other  confiscated  properties  which  had 
been  given  to  it.  Rooms  in  the  new  hall  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society  were  leased  in  March,  1789,  and  the  institution  con- 
tinued in  operation. 

Three  days  after  this  act  of  restoration^  fourteen  of  the  twenty- 
four  original  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia  met  March  0, 
1789,  at  the  residence  of  Dr.  Franklin,  and  filled  the  vacancies  in 
the  board  caused  by  death  or  desertion  during  the  revolution.  In 
the  course  of  a  month  or  two  the  schools  Avere  again  opened,  and  the 
college  Avas  again  in  full  operation. 

It  soon  became  apparent  that  the  separate  existence  of  the  two  in- 
stitutions was  incompatible  Avith  the  successful  progress  of  either. 
For  such  reason  they  agreed  to  combine.  An  act  was  obtained  from 
the  Legislature,  September  30,  1791,  Avhich  united  the  two  corpora- 
tions under  the  title  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

This  outline  of  the  pedigree  of  the  first  medical  school  established 
in  America  may  indicate  the  associations  and  site  of  its  origin.  The 
locality  of  an  important  event,  such  as  a  great  battle,  long  retains  a 
vague  attractiveness.  The  birthplace  of  an  illustrious  man  has  an 
interest  for  those  who  appreciate  his  work  which  lasts  for  ages  after 
his  death.  For  such  reason  it  may  be  pleasing  to  remember  that 
within  the  walls  of  the  old  Academy,  where  the  medical  school  was 
born,  the  College  of  Physicians  was  organized,  and  held  its  stated 
meetings  during  several  years. 

^  The  act  restoring  its  franchises,  etc.,  to  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  was 
passed  March  4,  1789,  bj'  yeas  44,  nays  18.     See  Pennsylvania  Packet,  March 

7,  1798,  Proceedings  of  the  General  Assembly. 

"  Minutes  of  the  Trustees  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 
History  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.     By  George  B.  "Wood,  M.D.,  etc. 


10  RUSCHENBERGER, 

Besides  its  connection  with  the  institution  first  established  in  the 
Province  of  Pennsylvania,  the  College  of  Physicians  is  related — in 
a  remote  degree,  ho^vever — to  some  of  the  earliest  practitioners. 

The  physicians  who  came  to  tlie  Province  of  Pennsylvania  with 
the  first  settlers  in  1682,  were  Thomas  Wynne  and  GriflBth  Owen, 
both  Welshmen. 

Dr.  Wynne  is  said  to  have  practised  in  London  with  reputation, 
but  he  soon  engaged  in  the  political  affairs  of  the  colony,  and  died  ten 
years  after  his  arrival  in  Philadelphia.  Edward  Jones,  of  Merion, 
a  pupil  and  son-in-law  of  Dr.  Wynne,  educated  his  son,  Evan,  in 
medicine.  Evan  became  the  preceptor  of  Thomas  Cadwalader,  who 
in  turn  assisted  in  teaching  John  Jones,  a  son  of  Evan,  who  was  the 
first  Vice-President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 

Griffith  Owen,  who  was  highly  respected  for  his  talents,  integrity, 
and  spirit,  seems  to  have  been  the  leading  practitioner  in  the  city. 
He  died  in  1717,  at  the  age  of  about  seventy  years.  In  this  same 
year  Dr.  Graeme,  a  man  of  excellent  education  and  agreeable  manners, 
of  about  thirty  years  of  age,  came  from  Great  Britain  with  the  Gov- 
ernor, Sir  William  Keith.  He  obtained  the  confidence  and  respect 
of  his  fellow  colonists,  and  consequently  a  good  practice.  He  was 
preceded,  however,  during  a  considerable  time  by  Dr.  John  Kearsley, 
who  came  in  quest  of  professional  business. 

Dr.  Kearsley  was  for  a  long  time  a  very  industrious  practitioner  of 
medicine  and  surgery.  The  building  of  Christ  Church  is  ascribed 
largely  to  his  personal  attention  and  influence.  He  founded  and  en- 
dowed Christ  Church  Hospital  for  poor  widows. 

He  was  the  professional  master  of  Dr.  John  Redman,  the  first 
President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  as  well  as  of 
the  worthy  Dr.  John  Bard,  of  New  York. 

At  the  time  these  gentlemen  flourished,  the  number  of  residents 
in  the  city  was  not  great.  The  population  of  Philadelphia,  in  July, 
1750,  was  estimated  at  16,000 ;  according  to  the  census  made  by 
Lord  Cornwallis,  in  1777,  it  was  23,784;'  and  in  1785  at  about 
25,000.  The  first  census  of  the  United  States  was  taken  in  1790, 
then  the  population  of  the  County  of  Philadelphia  was  54,391. 

1  Pennsylvania  Letters,  Portfolio,  vol.  1.     Philadelphia,  1813. 


INSTITUTION    OF    COLLKUK    OF    PHYSICIANS    OF    I'HI  I,A  bCI-I'll  I  A.         11 

In  the  provincial  times  and  lon;^  aftcrvyanj,  peojjle  generally  a.sked 
tlie  advice  of  a  physician  only  after  domestic  remedies  had  failed,  or 
when  surgical  aid  was  needed,  or  in  cases  of  difficult  chihlhirth. 

Before  the  establishment  of  the  medical  department  of  the  College 
of  riiiladelphia,  the  colonist  who  sought  a  medical  career  was  hound 
apprentice  to  some  well-known  practitioner — the  fame  of  the  physi- 
cians of  the  city  brought  them  many  ai)prentices  from  distant  fjoints 
— and  worked  and  studied  under  his  directions  six  years,  and  then 
went  to  England  or  Scotland  to  complete  his  education.  John 
Morgan  and  Benjamin  llusli,  for  example,  served  an  apprenticeship 
of  six  years  with  Dr.  John  Redman,  and  then  went  to  Europe  to 
finish  their  studies. 

Some  from  lack  of  means  to  follow  this  course  at  the  end  of  their 
apprenticeship,  without  other  qualifications  than  those  derived  from 
the  instructions  of  the  master,  in  compounding  his  prescriptions,  and 
witnessing  his  treatment  of  cases,  at  once  began  to  practise,  the  title 
of  doctor  coming  to  them  directly  from  the  people  without  diploma 
fee.  They  were  successful  and  respected ;  some  of  them  were  dis- 
tinguished in  the  community.  It  is  pleasant  to  cite  two  of  them 
here. 

One  of  the  apprentices  of  Dr.  John  Kearsley,  Dr.  Lloyd  Zachary, 
who  began  to  practise  medicine  between  1720  and  1730,  died  in  the 
year  ]  750,  having  received  all  his  education  in  this  city.  He  was 
greatly  and  deservedly  respected.  He  was  among  the  founders  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  and  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  and  a 
liberal  contributor  to  both  institutions.  He  and  Drs.  Thomas  and 
Phiueas  Bond  were  the  physicians  first  appointed  to  the  hospital. 

Dr.  William  Shippen,  the  elder,  who  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
October  1,  1712,  and  died  November  4,  1801,  was  one  of  the  many 
apprentices  of  Dr.  John  Kearsley,  represented  to  have  been  a  very 
rigorous  master.  Though  restricted  to  the  educational  resources  of 
the  city,  Dr.  Shippen  held  equal  professional  rank  with  his  contem- 
poraries in  public  estimation,  and  actively  participated  with  them  in 
promoting  the  interests  of  public  institutions.^ 

^  In  his  Eulogium  on  Dr.  William  Shippen,  Jr.,  Dr.  Wistar  says,  ''Dr. 
Shippen,  Senior,  was  educated  wholly  in  Philadelphia Yet  by  the 


12  RUSCHENBERGER, 

On  his  return  from  Europe  Dr.  Thomas  Cadwalader  (a  grandson 
of  Edward  Jones,  of  Merion),  who  had  studied  anatomy  with  Chesel- 
den,  "made  dissections  and  demonstrations,  1752,  for  the  instruction 
of  Dr.  Shippen,  the  elder,  and  some  others  who  had  not  been 
abroad."  This  was  probably  the  first  work  of  the  kind  ever  done  in 
Pennsylvania.^ 

Dr.  William  Shippen,  the  elder,  it  is  stated,  applied  himself  at  an 
early  age  to  the  study  of  medicine,  for  "  which  he  had  a  remarkable 
genius,  possessing  that  kind  of  instinctive  knowledge  of  diseases 
which  cannot  be  acquired  from  books."  Being  congratulated  upon 
the  success  of  his  practice,  he  replied,  "My  friend  !  Nature  does  a 
great  deal,  and  the  grave  covers  up  our  mistakes."  Animated  by  a 
patriotic  desire  to  remedy  the  then  lack  of  means  for  medical  educa- 
tion in  the  colonies,  he  trained  his  son  to  the  profession,  sent  him  to 
Europe,  and  on  his  return,  in  1762,  encouraged  him  to  deliver  a 
series  of  lectures  on  anatomy.  He  thus  prepared  the  way  to  the 
establishment  of  the  first  medical  school  in  America. 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress  by  the 
Assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  November  20,  1778,  and  reelected  No- 
vember 13,  1779.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  duties  of  his  office, 
and  won  general  approbation. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  from 
November,  1767  ;  and  a  vice-president  in  1779-80.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  he  was  a 
member  nearly  sixty  years.  His  mode  of  living  was  simple ;  he 
had  tasted  neither  wine  nor  spirits  until  his  last  illness.     It  was  said 

force  of  his  native  genius,  he  rose  to  a  very  respectable  rank  among  his  col- 
leagues, who  had  the  benefit  of  education  in  Europe  on  a  liberal  and  extensive 
plan."  See  Pamphlets,  vol.  8  ;  Library  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

^  The  Eclectic  Kepertory  and  Analytical  Keview,  vol.  viii.  Philadelphia, 
1818. 

It  is  stated  in  a  note,  p.  14,  Biographia  Americana,  by  a  gentleman  of  Phila- 
delphia, published  by  D.  Mallory,  New  York,  1825,  that  "in  1750  Dr.  John 
Bard  dissected  the  body  of  Hermanus  Carroll,  who  had  been  executed  for 
murder;  and  injected  the  bloodvessels  for  the  use  of  his  pupils."  Dr.  John 
Bard  was  the  first  to  teach  anatomy  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  by  demonstra- 
tion. 


INSTITU'J'ION    t)V    (U)\,\.\':<iK    <)\'    I'll  VSKJI ANS    OI'    I'll  I  LA  l»l,I,I'll  1  A  .  1  •". 

that  liis  toinp(!r  was  iicvci-  niOlcil,  niid'tliat  In.s  hcncvolencc  Wfw 
without  stint.' 

In  tliosc  times  tlicrc  were  few  aj)ot,liccaricH.  Christoplicr  MarHhall, 
wlu)  was  a  retired  drug<^ist  wlicn  the  War  of  Independence  began, 
Wius  succeeded  in  the  business  in  turn  liy  several  of  his  name — lineal 
descendants — all  reputable  men.  Sharp  and  William  Delancy  were 
long  established  at  the  sign  of  the  Folhergill  Head,  on  the  west  side 
of  Second  Street  between  Chestnut  and  Market  Streets,  and  sold 
drugs  and  medicines.  Those  were  prominent  names  in  the  trade. 
The  names  of  ten  druggists  arc  in  the  City  Directory  of  llH'j. 

Physicians,  aided  by  their  apprentices,  dispensed  whatever  medi- 
cines they  prescribed.  Dr.  Rush  imported  from  London  the  drugs 
used  in  his  own  business.  Other  practitioners  probably  did  the 
same. 

It  is  related  that  Dr.  Rush,  during  the  prevalence  of  yellow  fever 
in  1793,  kept  three  of  his  apprentices  employed,  night  and  day,  in 
putting  up  powders  of  calomel  and  jalap — "ten  and  ten" — or 
calomel  and  rhubarb,  which  he  gave  to  his  fever  patients.  He 
asserted,  substantially,  that  yellow  fever  with  opportune  and  free 
venesection  and  the  use  of  mercury — purging  with  calomel  and  jalap 
— was  as  much  under  control  as  intermittent ;  that  no  case  died  after 
salivation  was  induced.  Dr.  Samuel  P.  Griffitts  was  bled  by  Dr. 
Rush  seven  times  in  five  days,^  and  survived  the  treatment  veiy 
many  years. 

Many  of  the  inhabited  streets  of  the  small  provincial  city  were 
unpaved.  Their  clayey  soil  softened  on  rainy  days,  adhered  to  the 
shoes  of  pedestrians  and  impeded  their  progress.  Only  the  most 
prosperous  physicians  rode  on  horseback  to  visit  their  patients.  The 
majority  of  practitioners  had  to  go  on  foot  in  all  kinds  of  weather, 
and  at  night  light  their  way  with  a  lantern  in  hand  or  borne  by  a 
servant  in  advance. 

All  through  this  long  period  referred  to  there  were  nostrum 
mongers   and  charlatans   as    now.     A   Dr.   Le  Mayeur  advertised 

^  Thomas  Balch,   The  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography, 
Philadelphia,  1877.     Vol.  1,  p.  12. 
^  Eush  MS.,  vol.  3(3 ;  Kidgeway  Branch  of  the  Philadelphia  Library. 


14  RUSCHENBERGER, 

(1784)  that  lie  transplanted  teeth,  and  would  give  two  guineas  for 
each  front  tooth  the  owner  would  permit  him  to  draw.^  Dr.  Hugh 
Martin  cured  cancers  with  a  purely  vegetable  powder,  which  nobody 
else  knew  how  to  make.  In  popular  estimation  it  was  efficacious. 
Under  a  belief  that  he  had  died  without  confiding  the  secret  of  its 
composition  to  any  person,  Dr.  Rush  procured  from  his  executors  a 
few  ounces  of  the  powder  to  use  in  a  case,  and  endeavored  to  dis- 
cover it ;  he  examined  the  powder  and  reported  to  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  that  it  contained  arsenic. 

Dr.  Martin  had  been  one  of  Dr.  Rush's  apprentices,  and  was  sur- 
geon of  a  Pennsylvania  regiment  at  Fort  Pitt.  He  died  early  in 
1784. 

Dr.  Rush  says  :  "It  gave  me  great  pleasure  to  witness  the  efficacy 
of  the  doctor's  applications.  In  several  cancerous  ulcers  the  cures 
were  complete.  Where  the  cancers  were  connected  with  the  lym- 
phatic system,  or  accompanied  by  a  scrophulous  habit  of  body,  his 
medicine  always  failed,  and  in  some  instances  did  evident  mischief."^ 

There  were  few  if  any  of  those  dazzling  yet  transient  medical 
lights,  so  frequent  now  in  great  cities,  who  may  be  called  charla- 
tanoids.  As  a  rule,  they  are  regularly  trained,  but  not  profoundly 
learned,  charmingly  urbane  doctors  who  observe  the  law,  but  do  not 
despise  those  indirect  ways  which  are  not  absolutely  in  conflict  with 
its  letter.  They  are  known  by  their  showy  equipages  and  liveries, 
as  well  as  by  an  occasional  scientific  or  literary  essay,  nicely  and 
opportunely  prepared  to  please  the  general  readers  of  current  maga- 
zines. The  love  of  the  charlatanoid  for  veracity  is  never  so  rigidly 
exclusive  as  to  prevent  him  from  flirting  with  fiction  whenever  a 
chance  of  substantial  gain  is  discerned. 

But  there  was  no  want  of  self-respecting,  scrupulously  conscientious- 
practitioners — some  without  diploma — who  did  all  their  work  faith- 
fully, without  ostentation.  Specialists  were  not  known.  All  were 
general  practitioners,  though  some  were  noted  for  skill  in  particular 

^  Watson's  Annals  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  1. 

*  An  Account  of  the  late  Dr.  Hugh  Martin's  Cancer  Powder,  with  Brief  Ob- 
servations on  Cancer.  By  Benjamin  Kush,  M.D.,  etc.  Eead  February  3,  1786. 
—  Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  vol.  2,  p.  212. 


INSTITUTION    OF    COLLKOK    OF    PHYSICIANS    OF    I'UILAUIAA'UIA.        1  "> 

lines  of  practice.  ^I'licy  wcra  IioiuiHt,  and  willing  to  increase  ari'l 
diffuHO  medical  knowledge. 

Tlui  T'lii]a,deli)liia  Medical  Society,  tlie  firHt  medical  society  estab- 
lished ill  the  city,  was  heguii,  [jrobahly  ai>out  17G0  or  ]7(J7,  by  l)r. 
John  Morgan  and  others,  including  Drs.  J.  Kearsley,  Jr.,  GerarduH 
Clarkson,  James  A.  Bayard,  Kobert  Harris,  and  George  Glentwortb. 
No  record  of  its  proceedings  has  been  found.  It  did  not  survive  the 
revolution.^ 

Students  who  came  to  Philadelphia  from  different  parts  of  the 
country  to  attend  medical  lectures,  founded  in  1773  the  American 
Medical  Society.  According  to  its  published  constitution,  it  was  com- 
posed of  senior  and  junior  members.  Stated  meetings  were  held  in 
the  building  of  the  college  every  Monday  evening,  from  the  first 
Monday  in  November  until  the  second  Monday  in  February.  Some 
of  the  papers  read  before  it  were  published;  for  example,  "A  Case  of 
Scrophula.  Read  before  the  American  Medical  Society,  January  7, 
1785,  by  Samuel  Knox,  of  York  Co.,  Pa."  ^  "  Two  Cases  of  Hepa- 
titis. Read  before  the  American  Medical  Society,  January  27, 1787, 
by  John  Purnell,  of  Maryland."^ 

The  officers  of  the  Society,  in  1790,  were  William  Shippen,  M.D., 
President;  William  B.  Duffield,  A.M.,  Vice-President;  Henry  Stuber, 
M.B.,  Treasurer  and  Perpetual  Secretary;  and  John  Baldwin,  A.M., 
Annual  Secretary.* 

Dr.  Henry  Stuber  died  May,  1792,  at  the  early  age  of  twenty- 
four.  He  seems  to  have  possessed  more  than  average  ability  and 
unusual  attainments.  His  merits  are  related  in  verse  by  John  Swan- 
wick,^  a  poet  of  that  time. 

^  A  Histor_y  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
By  Joseph  Carson,  M.D.,  etc. 

The  Philadelphia  Medical  Societj',  instituted  in  1789,  was  first  incorporated 
in  1792,  and  rechartered  in  1827. 

*  Columbian  Magazine,  for  July,  1790. 
'  Columbian  Magazine,  for  May,  1790. 

*  Columbian  Magazine,  April,  1790,  vol.  4,  pp.  206-8. 
5  Columbian  Magazine,  May,  1792. 

Poems  on  Several  Occasions.  By  John  Swanwick,  Esq.,  one  of  the  Repre- 
sentatives in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  from  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 
16mo.,  Philadelphia,  1797. 

Henry  Stuber  was,  in  1781,  a  pupil  in  the  German  school. 


16  RUSCHENBERGER, 

As  long  as  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  was  under  the  flag  of 
Great  Britain,  intercourse  between  the  medical  men  of  Philadelphia 
and  those  of  England  and  Scotland  Avas  very  kindly.  Many  of  them 
had  been  students  in  the  Edinburgh  and  London  schools.  The 
friendships  which  they  had  formed  while  abroad  were  maintained 
long  after  they  returned  home  through  frequent  exchange  of  letters. 
The  medical  school  of  Edinburgh  and  its  professors  were  highly 
esteemed  here.  Their  theories  were  generally  accepted,  and  their 
methods  imitated.  The  War  of  Independence  did  not  sunder  the 
ties  of  professional  brotherhood.  The  College  of  Physicians,  to 
manifest  its  sympathy  on  the  occasion,  appointed,  May  4,  1790,  Dr. 
Rush  to  deliver  an  eulogium  in  honor  of  the  late  Dr.  William  Cullen, 
Professor  of  Physic  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,^ 

As  soon  as  the  "  stars  and  stripes  "  were  recognized  by  the  govern- 
ment of  Great  Britain  as  a  symbol  of  an  independent  nation,  several 
medical  men  of  Philadelphia  visited  the  British  schools.  In  the 
letters  of  some  of  them  statements  are  made  which  are  of  sufficient 
interest  to  be  repeated  now. 

Dr.  James  Hall,  by  advice  of  Dr.  Lettsom,  had  become  a  pupil, 
for  anatomical  instruction  in  London,  of  the  celebrated  surgeon  Mr. 
Cline. 

Dr.  Hall  wrote  to  Dr.  Rush,  October  18,  1783:  "I  was  not  a  little 
surprised  at  the  distinction  they  make  here  in  the  hospitals  between  a 
physician's  and  a  surgeon's  pupil.  I  expected  when  I  had  paid  my 
X50,  that  I  was  entitled  to  every  advantage  the  hospital  aiforded;  and 
when  I  first  became  a  dresser  I  used  to  go  through  the  ward  every  day 
with  a  physician  in  order  to  see  him  prescribe  for  his  patients,  but  I 
was  told  at  last  that  it  was  a  privilege  I  was  not  entitled  to ;  that 
unless  I  paid  a  separate  fee  to  a  physician  I  could  not  be  allowed 

1  An  Eulogium  in  honor  of  the  late  Dr.  William  Cullen,  Professor  of  the 
Practice  of  Physic  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  Delivered  before  the 
■College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  9th  of  July,  agreeably  to  their 
vote  on  the  4th  of  May,  1790.  By  Benjamin  Eush,  M.D.,  Professor  of  the 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia.  Published  by 
order  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia.  Printed  by  Thomas  Dob- 
son,  Philadelphia,  1790. 

Published  also  in  the  Columbian  Magazine. 


IN8T1TUT10N    OF    (JOIiLJ'JUE    OF    IMIYHICIANH-  OF    I'JIILADELI'IIIA.      17 

that  iulvantafi^o.  On  the  othor  hand,  a  physician's  pupil  has  no  ri;^ht 
to  att(!ii(l  any  of  the  surgical  operations  in  the  hospital.  The  fee  to  a 
physician  is  twenty-two  guineas.  I  was  certain  I  could  not  afford  it. 
Neither  is  it  possible  to  do  the  duties  of  both  without  neglecting  each 
of  them.  Dr,  Crawford  was  last  week  elected  physician  to  St. 
Thomas'  Hospital — perhaps  I  may  get  some  instruction  from  him." 

Again,  March  4,  1784,  he  says  he  is  attending  the  lectures  of 
John  Hunter,  "more  for  the  name  of  the  thing  than  anything  else  " 
(parenthetically  it  may  be  said  that  this  is  an  unconscious  expres- 
sion of  homage,  a  tribute  to  the  fame  of  John  Hunter).  "  Dr.  Wistar 
lives  in  the  same  house  with  me;  we  attend  him  together."' 

Dr.  James  Lyons  states,  London,  September  6,  1784,  that  he  was 
much  indebted  to  Mr.  Wistar's  friendship  for  the  loan  of  his  notes, 
taken  very  fully  from  the  lectures  of  John  Hunter  last  winter.^ 

Dr.  John  llodgers  says,  London,  August  9,  1784,  "but  I  am 
somewhat  disappointed  in  my  liigh-raised  expectations  of  its  medical 
perfections.  I  am  persuaded  that  medicine  is  taught  more  scientifi- 
cally in  Philadelphia  than  in  London,  and  that  our  teachers  are  more 
attentive  to  the  improvement  of  their  pupils  than  they  are  here.  The 
hospitals  here  afford  great  numbers  of  chirurgical  cases,  but  yet  the 
distinction  betw^een  the  physician's  and  surgeon's  pupils  prevents  the 
students  from  seeing  the  prescriptions  of  the  one  and  the  chirurgical 
practice  of  the  other,  and  the  fees  to  accommodate  this  matter  are 
monstrously  enormous." 

Dr.  John  R.  B.  Rodgers  wrote,  London,' July  7,  1784,  Dr.  Grif- 
fitts  "returns  to  Philadelphia  with  a  high  idea  of  our  University; 
he  will  be  able  to  tell  you,  what  he  has  often  told  me,  that  he  has  re- 
ceived more  satisfiiction  and  improvement  from  his  medical  masters 
in  Philadelphia  than  anywhere  else.  "^ 

The  coming  of  the  College  of  Physicians  is  foreshadowed  in  the 
following  extracts : 

Dr.  Francis  Rigby  Brodbelt,  of  Spanish  Town,  Jamaica,  wrote 
June  25,  1783  :  "I  wish  much  to  belong  to  your  Philosophical  Society 
at  Philadelphia,  and  to  be  an  honorary  or  ordinary  fellow  of  your 
College  of  Physicians."* 

1  Eusli  MS.,  vol.  7.  2  Rush  MS.,  vol.  9. 

3  Rush  MS.,  vul.  7.  *  Eush  MS.,  vol.  29. 


18  RUSCHENBERGER, 

Dr.  Samuel  Towel  Griffitts  wrote,  London,  August  10,  1783 : 
"  Your  idea  of  an  American  college  of  physicians  is  what  has  several 
times  occurred  to  me."' 

Dr.  John  Coakley  Lettsom  says,  London,  September  8,  1783 : 
"I  think  were  I  in  Philadelphia,  I  should  not  only  have  a  Philo- 
sophical Society,  like  our  Royal  Society  or  the  French  Academic  des 
Sciences,  but  likewise  a  medical  college  taking  in  likewise  foreign 
members." 

Again,  September  7,  1785 :  "  "When  that  legion  of  Science,  Dr. 
Franklin,  arrives,  which  may  Heaven  permit,  I  hope  he  will  spread 
an  intellectual  shock  throughout  your  continent.  The  season  of  peace 
is  the  harvest  of  science.  Set  your  men  of  science  upon  studying 
your  own  country,  its  native  and  improvable  productions.  Your  re- 
sources would  influence  Europe.  Your  reflections  would  instruct 
her."* 

Dr.  Rush,  who  was  a  free  and  fascinating  talker,  probably  men- 
tioned these  suggestions  to  his  colleagues  of  the  medical  faculty  of 
the  University  of  the  State.  They  knew,  as  well  as  Dr.  Lettsom, 
that  London  had  then  a  College  of  Physicians,  and  that  in  the  popu- 
lation of  the  great  city  a  sufficient  number  of  suitably  qualified  men 
from  which  to  fill  and  recruit  its  membership  could  always  be  found. 
They  may  have  thought  that  what  was  easy  to  do  in  London  might 
be  very  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  in  this,  then  small  community. 
Although  Philadelphia  had  physicians  who  were  peers  of  the  fellows 
of  any  medical  fraternity  in  the  world,  they  were  not  numerous 
enough  to  constitute  an  efficient  and  stable  college.  At  any  rate,  no 
evidence  appears  that  any  one  at  that  time  proposed  to  form  a  society 
exclusively  of  physicians  of  established  reputation. 

The  City  Directory — the  first  ever  issued — which  was  published 
November,  1785,  contains  the  names  of  forty-six  practitioners  of 
medicine  and  surgery  and  two  dentists.  But  they  were  not  all. 
Many,  no  doubt,  resided  beyond  the  city  limits,  in  the  rural  districts, 
and  were  not  included  in  this  directory.  The  total  number  of  persons 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  county  was  possibly  not 

1  Kush  MS.,  vol.  21.  2  Eush  MS.,  vol.  28. 


INSTITUTION    OF    COLLKniO    OF    IMIVSICIANS    OF    I'M  f  LA  FtKM'M  [A.      10 

less  tlian  sixty.      Soirir;  of  tlMiin   were  ;it  tlio  time  members  of  tlie 
Amcricjiu  Medical  Society. 

The  idea  of  a  College  of  Physicians  seems  to  have  been  in  shape 
of  rumor  for  some  time  before  an  attempt  to  realize  it  was  made. 
No  record  lias  been  found  wliicli  precisely  fixes  the  day  of  its  begin- 
ning. 

The  archives  of  the  College  contain  a  copy  of  the  first  address  of 
the  first  president,  but  the  date  of  its  delivery  is  not  given  ;  a  copy 
of  the  first  constitution,  also  without  date;  and  a  record  of  minutes 
of  proceedings  at  the  meetings,  beginning  January  2,  1787,  and  con- 
tinued ever  since.  The  first  Tuesday  of  every  month  was  appointed 
for  the  stated  meetintrs. 

At  the  meeting  January  2,  1787,  nine  senior  and  four  junior 
fellows  were  present. 

Drs.  Benjamin  Rush,  Benjamin  Dufiield,  and  Samuel  P.  Griffitts 
were  appointed  a  committee  to  prepare  a  form  of  diploma  or  certificate 
of  membership,  and  a  device  of  a  seal  for  the  College. 

The  constitution,  with  an  invitation  to  the  friends  of  medical  science 
for  communications,  was  ordered  to  be  published  in  the  newspapers. 
A  fair  copy  of  the  constitution  was  presented  and  signed  by  the 
members  present. 

Drs.  William  Shippen,  Adam  Kuhn,  and  William  W.  Smith  were 
appointed  a  committee  to  draft  by-laws.     Adjourned. 

The  form  of  the  constitution  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Phila- 
delphia was  published  in  The  Pennsylvania  Packet  and  Daily  Ad- 
vertiser, February  1,  1787,  p.  2.     (See  Appendix.) 

The  College  was  to  consist  of  twelve  senior  fellows,  who  were  the 
only  fellows  eligible  to  office,  and  an  indefinite  number  of  junior 
fellows. 

At  the  date  of  publication  of  the  constitution  the  list  of  members 
was  printed  as  follows  : 

Senior  Fellows.  Junior  Fellows. 

John  Redman,  Robert  Harris. 

John  Jones,  Benjamin  Duffield, 

William  Shippen,  Jr.,  John  Foulke, 

Benjamin  Rush,  James  Hall, 


20  RUSCHENBERGER, 

Senior  Fellows.  Junior  Fellows. 

Samuel  DufBeld,  Andrew  Eoss, 

James  Hutchinson,  William  Currie, 

Abi'aliam  Cliovet,  John  Carson, 

John  Morgan,  William  W.  Smith, 

Adam  Kuhn,  Samuel  P.  Griffitts, 

Gerardus  Clarkson,  John  Morris, 

Thomas  Parke,  William  Clarkson, 

George  Glentworth.  Benjamin  Say, 

John  Lynn.' 

"All  communications  that  are  included  in  the  objects  of  the  Col- 
lege, specified  in  the  preamble  of  the  constitution,  may  be  addressed 
to  the  Secretary  (post-paid,  when  they  are  sent  by  that  conveyance), 
or  to  any  fellow  of  the  College. 

"It  is  to  be  hoped  the  friends  of  medical  science  in  every  part  of 
the  United  States  will  concur  in  promoting  by  useful  communica- 
tions the  important  designs  of  this  institution. 

"Published  by  order  of  the  College. 

"James  Hutchinson, 

"  Secretary. 

"  The  present  officers  of  the  college  are: 

President.  Treasurer. 

John  Redman.  Gerardus  Clarkson. 

Vice-President.  Secretary. 

John  Jones.  James  Hutchinson. 

Censors. 

William  Shippen,  Jr.,  John  Morcjan, 

Benjamin  Rush,  Adam  Kuhn. 

"  j|@°"The  difiFerent  printers  in  the  United  States  are  requested  to 
publish  this  in  their  papers." 

*  The  name  of  John  Lynn  was  dropped  from  the  list  of  members,  probably 
because  he  did  not  sign  the  constitution,  nor  pay  entrance  fee.  He  was  present 
at  only  one  meeting — October,  1787. 


INSTITUTION    OF    COIJ.KOK    OK    PIIYSICIANH    OF    I'll  n.AOKM'll  I  A.        21 

It  i,s  self-evident  tliat  tlic  College  was  organized  and  itH  officerH 
elected  prior  to  tluH  proclamation  of  its  existence.  The  minutes  of 
the  mooting  of  January  2,  1787,  do  not  mention  the  matter,  or  refer 
to  the  address  of  the  L'resident.  There  is  no  douht  that  the  consti- 
tution was  considered  and  adopted,  and  the  officers  were  elected  at 
meetings  held  previous  to  this  date.' 

The  first  address  made  to  the  College  by  the  first  president,  Dr. 
John  Redman,  begins  :  "At  our  first  meeting  to  form  a  society  under 
the  state  and  style  of  a  College  of  Physicians,  and  to  organize  our- 
selves by  choosing  proper  officers  and  members,  so  as  to  constitute  a 
body,  you  were  pleased  to  honor  me  Avith  your  suffrages  and  elect  me 
your  president.  Upon  that  occasion  I  felt  myself  oppressed,  and, 
for  some  reasons,  undetermined  whether  I  should  continue  in  the 
office.  I  therefore  signified  my  acceptance  only  by  a  tacit  consent 
rather  than  otherwise.  .  .  .  Being  unavoidably  prevented,  I 
had  not  the  pleasure  of  attending  your  next  meeting.  But  have  now 
the  peculiar  happiness  of  seeing  you  convened  in  a  body,  and,  I  trust, 
united  in  those  bonds  which  are  the  result  of  most  benevolent  prin- 
ciples." etc. 

This  statement  indicutes  that  at  least  three  meetings  had  been  held 
prior  to  that  of  January  2d,  and  that  the  election  of  officers  was  held 
at  the  first  of  the  three  meetings.  It  seems  not  unreasonable  to 
suppose  that  a  meeting  of  the  founders,  possibly  informal  in  char- 
acter, had  preceded  that  at  which  the  first  election  occurred.  These 
data  imply  very  distinctly  that  the  institution  of  the  College  was 
begun  in  September,  and  that  the  first  election  was  held  in  October, 
1786. 

Nevertheless,  the  birthday  of  the  College  was  January  2,  1787,  the 
first  Tuesday  of  the  month. 

The  purposes  of  the  association  and  the  title  it  should  assume  had 
already  been  agreed  upon.    On  that  day  the  founding  was  completed. 

»  Dr.  Henry  Bond,  at  the  time  Secretary  of  the  College,  in  remarks  prefatory 
to  the  Quarterly  Summary  of  the  Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia,  for  November  and  December,  1841,  and  January,  1842,  says : 
"  The  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  was  instituted  toward  the  close  of 
the  year  1786  ;  the  first  meeting  after  its  full  organization  was  held  on  the  2d 
of  January,  1787." 


99 


RUSCHENBERGER. 


The  constitution  had  been  prepared  for  signature  ;  and  felloAvs  signed 
it  that  day,  and  ordered  that  the  institution  of  the  new  society 
should  be  proclaimed  to  the  world,  and  that  all  who  were  friendly  to 
the  progress  of  medical  science  should  be  invited  to  join  in  its  pro- 
motion. On  that  day  also  they  ordered  a  certificate  of  membership, 
a  suitable  device  for  a  seal  of  the  College,  and  by-laws  to  guide  its 
proceedings  to  be  prepared. 

At  the  stated  meeting  February  6,  1787,  seven  senior  and  eight 
junior  fellows  were  present. 

The  Secretary  reported  that  the  constitution  had  been  published. 

The  device  for  a  seal  was  submitted  and  after  substituting  the  word 
"  totV  for  ^^aliis  "  in  the  motto,  so  as  to  read,  non  sibi  sed  toti,  was 
adopted,  and  the  seal  ordered  to  be  cut.  Its  legend  is,  "  Sigillum  Col- 
legii  Medicorum  Philadelphi^e.  Institut.  A.D.  MDCCLXXXVII." 
Seal  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia.  Instituted  A.D. 
1787.  This  legend  has  the  authority  of  historical  record,  so  far  as 
it  goes,  and  possibly  suggests  that  the  founders  may  have  regarded 
the  institution  of  the  College  as  the  work  of  the  whole  year.  Never- 
theless, other  testimony  distinctly  shows  that  the  existence  of  the 
College  properly  dates  from  its  first  recorded  action,  the  first  Tuesday 
of  January,  as  already  stated ;  unless  it  be  assumed  that  the  time 
between  conception  and  incorporation  Avas  its  period  of  gestation,  and 
that  its  lawful  existence  did  not  begin  till  March  26,  1789,  the  date 
of  its  charter. 

A  proposed  form  of  diploma  was  laid  on  the  table. 

Dr.  Rush  read  a  paper  "On  the  Means  of  Promoting  Medical 
Knowledge."^ 

The  meetings  of  the  College  of  Physicians  were  then  held  on  the 
premises  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania — i.  e.,  in  the 
old  Academy,  Fourth  and  Arch  Streets — on  the  first  Tuesday  in  each 
month,  at  four  o'clock  p.m.  from  October  till  March,  and  at  five 
o'clock  P.M.  from  April  to  September. 

The  first  standing  committee,  that  on  Meteorology  and  Epidemics, 
was  appointed  March  6,  1887.^  It  made  reports  every  year  from 
that    date   till    November,   1882 — ninety-five    years — Avhen    it  was 

1  Printed  in  the  Transactions  of  the  College,  vol.  1,  part  1,  1793. 
^  Drs.  Carson,  Griffitts,  Morris,  Hall,  and  "William  Clarkson. 


INSTITUTKJN    OV    (U)\A,Kr.K    OF    J'JIYSICIANK    OF    I'll  I LADKMMI T  A. 


23 


aboliHlic<l.      'rii<-    l;i'^''    :tiiiiii;il    ivport,   of   iliis    (•<,iiiinittcc  was    read 
December  5,  l.,SS8,  by  Dr.  Josepb  (;.  lii<:li:ir(lsrMi.' 

At  the  stated  meeting,  April  iJd,  tlu;  first  election  of  fellows  was 
held'^  and  committees  were  appointed  to  .submit  plans  for  establishing 
hot  and  cold  baths  and  a  botanic  garden  in  tlie  city. 

May  1,  17H7,  Dr.  John  Morgan  moved  that  application  be  made 
to  the  legislature  for  a  charter;  and  July  3d,  in  conformity  to  the 
provisions  of  the  constitution,  all  the  ollicers  of  the  Society  were 
re-elected.  Tiiis  was  the  first  election  of  officers  recorded  in  the 
minutes. 

At  the  meeting  held  August  7th,  "  a  member  submitted  a  new 
form  of  constitution,  which  was  made  the  order  of  business  this  day 
three  months,"  which  was  considered  and  adopted  November  Gth. 

September  4,  1787,  the  College  placed  itself  on  record  in  favor 
of  temperance.  Drs.  Jones,  Rush,  and  Grifhtts  were  appointed  a 
committee  to  prepare  a  memorial  to  the  legislature  "  setting  forth  the 
pernicious  eifects  of  spirituous  liquors  upon  the  human  body,  and 
praying  that  such  a  law  may  be  passed  as  shall  tend  to  diminish 
their  consumption.'"  The  petition  prepared  by  the  committee  was 
adopted  by  the  College  November  7th,  and  ordered  to  be  duly  sent 
to  the  legislature. 

This  summary  of  the  proceedings  of  the  College  during  the  first 
year  of  its  existence  is  sufficient  to  indicate  its  general  policy.  One 
special  and  twelve  stated  meetings  were  held.  There  were  twenty- 
nine  fellows.  The  average  attendance  was  14.3  ;  the  highest  num- 
ber present  at  a  meeting  was  10,  and  the  lowest  10. 

The  entrance  fee  was  three  pounds,  Pennsylvania  currency,  equal 
to  eight  dollars,  and  the  annual  contribution  fifteen  shillings,  or  two 
dollars.  Through  failure  to  pay  their  fees  two  of  the  founders  for- 
feited fellowship  with  the  College. 

1  Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  third  series,  vol. 
7,  1884,  p.  41. 

«  Nathan  Dorsey,  John  E.  B.  Rogers,  Caspar  Wistar,  Jr.,  James  Cunning- 
ham, and  Charles  Moore  were  elected  junior  fellows. 

'  See  Appendix. 


24  RUSCHENBERGEE, 


PROGRESS    OF    THE    COLLEGE, 

During  the  year  1788,  thirteen  meetings  were  held.  The  average 
attendance  was  12.2.  The  greatest  number  present  at  a  meeting 
was  20,  and  the  smallest  5.     Two  fellows  were  elected. 

April  1st,  the  constitution  was  amended  so  far  as  to  make  seven 
fellows  a  quorum  for  ordinary  business,  and  eleven  for  elections  and 
altering  the  b3'-laws.  The  by-laws,  Avhich  had  been  under  considera- 
tion at  many  meetings,  were  adopted. 

June  3d,  a  committee  was  appointed  "  to  form  a  pharmacopceia  for 
the  use  of  the  College,"^  and  another  to  prepare  a  plan  for  the  forma- 
tion of  a  library.^  The  fellows  were  requested  to  contribute  to  it. 
Dr.  John  Morgan  sent,  Dec.  1788,  a  "donation  of  books  to  be  added 
to  the  College  library,"  consisting  of  twenty -four  volumes ;  and  again, 
Jan.  6,  1789,  some  medical  books. 

The  plan'  for  forming  a  library,  submitted  by  the  committee,  July 
1,  1788,  was,  substantially,  that  the  secretary  and  censors  should 
have  charge  of  it,  and  that  the  College  should  annually  appropriate, 
from  the  balance  in  the  treasury  at  the  end  of  each  year,  such  sum 
for  the  purchase  of  books  as  might  be  expedient.  The  plan  was 
approved  March  3,  1789.  The  foundation  of  the  library  may  be 
considered  to  have  been  laid  on  that  day. 

Drs.  Jones,  Parke,  and  Wistar  were  appointed,  July  7,  1789,  to 
prepare  a  list  of  books  to  be  purchased  for  the  library,  at  a  cost  not 
exceeding  X50  (|133.33). 

A  petition,  dated  November  11,  1788,  to  bring  in  a  bill  to  incor- 
porate the  College  was  presented  to  the  Legislature  of  the  Common- 
wealth.^ 

At  the  annual  election  of  1788,  the  only  change  in  the  officiality 

1  Drs.  Eedman,  Jones,  Kuhn,  Shippen,  Kush,  Griffitts,  "Wistar,  and  Hutch- 
inson. 

*  Drs.  Jones,  "Wistar,  and  GriflSitts. 

^  Drs.  Redman,  Jones,  Shippen,  Hutchinson,  and  Morgan  were  appointed  a 
committee  to  present  the  petition,  and,  if  it  were  granted,  to  frame  a  bill  for  the 
incorporation  of  the  College. 


INSTITUTION    OK    (JOI.MKJIO    OK    I'll  VSIC'IANS    Ol'"    I'M  nw\l>i;i,IM(  I  A.        26 

of  Uic  (/'ollcj^c  \v:is  tli.-i.t;  Dr.  SmiiiiicI  I'owel  GriffittH  was  appointed 
Secretary  in  pl;ic(!  of  Dr.  1 1  iilcliinson. 

A  notable  leature  of  tlie  proceed iiin;.s  of  tlie  (U>]]c<^o,  in  1789  was 
an  effort  to  induce  suitably  (qualified  persons  throughout  the  country 
to  cooperate  in  the  formation  of  a  Pharmacopoeia  of  the  United 
States.     To  this  end  a  circular  letter  was  issued  April  7th, 

The  legislature  having  granted  permission,  a  bill  was  prepared  for 
the  incorporation  of  the  College  and  presented  in  February,  1780; 
and  the  president  in  behalf  of  the  committee  reported,  May  5, 1789, 
that  the  bill  had  been  enacted  and  that  an  authentic  copy  of  the  act 
had  been  procured.     It  is  dated  March  26,  1789. 

The  president  called  a  special  meeting  of  the  College,  April  16, 
1789,^  to  consult  the  members  on  the  propriety  of  representing  to 
the  authorities  the  disagreeable  consequences  which  might  ensue  at 
this  time  from  the  general  illumination,  which  was  proposed  on  the 
arrival  of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  who  would  reach  the 
city  on  the  20th,  on  his  way  from  Mount  A^ernon  to  New  York,  to  be 
there  inaugurated  on  the  30th.     Influenza  was  then  epidemic. 

A  committee  was  appointed^  to  wait  upon  the  Supreme  Executive 
Council  the  next  morning,  and  "  inform  them  that  although  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  do  sincerely  join  their  fellow-citizens  in  their  joy  on 
the  occasion,  yet  they  cannot  be  so  inattentive  to  the  health  of  many 
under  their  care,  as  to  decline  informing  the  Council  that  a  general 
illumination  of  the  city  might  be  productive  of  fatal  consequences." 

There  were  military  and  civic  demonstrations  of  cordial  welcome 
to  General  Washino;ton  on  his  arrival  at  Grab's  Ferry  and  in  the 
city;  and  there  was  "a  handsome  display  of  fireworks  in  the  even- 
ing," but  no  general  illumination^  is  mentioned. 

Another  event  indicative  of  the  standing  which  the  society  had 
already  attained  in  the  community  is  notable.  In  Xovember,  a  com- 
mittee, appointed  by  the  Legisiature  of  the  Commonwealth  to  draft  a 
bill  to  amend  the  laws  of  the  State  for  preventing  the  introduction  of 

^  Drs.  Kedman,  Jones,  Kuhn,  Eusb,  Parke,  Wistar,  Leib,  Gibbons,  Griffitts, 
Cunningham  were  present  at  the  meeting. 

'  Di-s.  Eedman,  Jones,  and  Rush. 

'  For  an  account  of  AVashington's  entrance  into  the  citv,  April  20,  see  The 
Columbian  Magazine,  April,  1789,  vol.  5,  p.  282. 


26  RUSCHENBERGER, 

infectious  diseases,  applied  to  the  College  for  information  on  the  sub- 
ject.    The"  application  was  referred  to  a  committee  to  answer.^ 

Twelve  stated  and  three  special  meetings  were  held  during  the 
year*.  The  average  attendance  was  11.8,  the  lowest  number  present 
at  a  meeting  was  6,  and  the  highest  17.  One  was  added  to  the  roll 
of  fellows,  one  founder  [John  JNIorris]  forfeited  his  place  upon  it,  and 
another  was  removed  by  death. 

Dr.  John  Morgan,  one  of  the  Censors,  who  was  present  at  the 
meeting  October  6,  died  on  the  15th.  At  a  special  meeting  Novem- 
ber 15th,  Dr.  Thomas  Parke  was  duly  elected  a  censor  in  his  place. 

The  minutes  of  proceedings  contain  no  other  notice  of  this  emi- 
nent physician.  As  the  character  of  its  founders  is  interesting  to 
the  Fellows  of  the  College,  it  seems  proper  to  supplement  the  record, 
when  necessary,  with  sketches  of  their  lives. 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  JOHiST    MORGAN. 

Dr.  John  Morgan  contributed  more  than  any  individual  to  the 
foundation  of  systematic  medical  teaching  and  of  medical  progress 
in  this  city.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  first  medical  school  estab- 
lished under  a  charter  on  this  continent;  and  the  first  medical  pro- 
fessor elected  by  the  College  of  Philadelphia ;  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  first  Medical  Society  of  Philadelphia ;  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  ;  and  among  the  first  to  give  books  to  form 
its  library.  His  education  and  training  at  home  and  abroad,  added 
force  to  natural  endowments  of  a  high  order,  and  eminently  qualified 
him  to  win  his  way  as  a  pioneer. 

Dr.  Morgan,  a  son  of  Evan  Morgan,  a  respectable  Welsh  gentleman 
who  had  been  long  settled  in  the  province,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
A.  D.  1735.  Having  taken  the  course  of  classical  instruction  at  the 
Nottingham  Academy,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  then  in  charge  of  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Finley,  he  was  transferred  to  the  College  of  Philadelphia, 
and,  at  the  first  commencement  held  by  that  institution,  received  the 
bachelor's  degree  May  17,  1757. 

He  began  the  study  of  medicine  about  the  time  he  entered  college. 
In  a  preface  to  his  Discourse  upon  the  Institution  of  Medical  /Schools 

^  Drs.  Eedman,  Jones,  Shippen,  Rush,  and  Hutchinson. 


iNSTi'i'ii'i'ioN  01''  (;()I,m;(;I':  oi'  imivskmans  ok  imiii-aimvLI'IIia.      27 

in  AiiLcricd,  Ik;  suys,  spcakini^  of"  his  jjrofcs.sion.-il  tniiuing,  tliat  lie 
served  an  apprcnticcsliij)  of  six  years  with  I>r.  John  Kcdinan,  and 
within  that  period  had  put  up  the  prescriptions  (;!'  all  the  physiciaii.s 
of  the  Pennsylvania  llos|»ita,l  durin;^  more  than  a  year.  On  the  close 
of  his  apprenticeslii))  Ik;  joined  tin;  jirovineial  troops  in  tlie  jjist  war 
waji^ed  by  Great  ]^i-itain  aiKl  her  colonies  against  tlie  French.  lie 
was  in  Forbcs's  expedition  ainl  held  a  lieutenant's  commission,  dated 
April  1,  1758,  but  acte(j  (•lii(;lly  as  surgeon  ;  and,  according  to  Col. 
Burd's  report  to  the  Governor,  "did  his  <luty  very  well.  "' 

At  the  end  of  the  war  he  retired  from  the  army.  In  1700  he 
went  to  Europe,  and  attended  the  lectures  and  dissections  of  William 
and  John  Hunter  in  London,  and  then  went  to  Edinburgh. 

Dr.  Franklin,  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  William  Cullen,  dated  London, 
Oct.  21,  1761,  said  "the  bearer,  Mr.  Morgan,  who  proposes  to  reside 
some  time  in  Edinburgh  for  the  completion  of  his  studies  in  Physic, 
is  a  young  gentleman  of  Philadelphia,  whom  I  have  long  known  and 
greatly  esteem  ;  and  as  I  interest  myself  in  what  relates  to  him,  I 
cannot  but  wish  him  the  advantage  of  your  conversation  and  instruc- 
tion." 

"  Mr.  Morgan,  who  is  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  letter,  appears 
to  have  fully  realized  the  expectations  of  his  friend  Dr.  Franklin. 
He  distinguished  himself  while  in  Edinburgh  by  a  diligent  applica- 
tion to  his  studies :  published,  on  receiving  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine,  an  excellent  inaugural  dissertation  on  the  subject  of  Sup- 
puration ;^  visited  the  principal  hospitals  of. France  and  Italy  before 
returning  to  his  native  country.    After  his  return  to  America,  he  took 

^  Letters  and  Papers  relating  chiefly  to  the  Provincial  History  of  Pennsyl- 
vania.    By  Thomas  Balch,  pp.  Ixxiv.     Privately  printed.     Philadelphia,  1855. 

2  His  thesis,  a  copy  of  which  is  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  is  en- 
titled : 

nronoiESIS,  Sive  Tentamen  Medicum  de  Puris  Confectione ;  Quam  An- 
nuente  summo  niimine,  Ex  auctoritate  admodum  Vlri  Gulielmi  Kobertson  S.  S. 
T.  P.  Academic  Edinburgenas  Pr^fecti,  nee  non,  Amplissimi  Senatus  Acade- 
micfe  co7isensu  Et  nobilisimcE,  Facultatis  medicse  decreto  :  Pro  gradu  Doctoratus, 
Summisque  in  medicina  honoribus  et  Privilegiis  Kite  et  legitime  consequendis  ; 
Eriiditorum  Examini  subjijuit  Johannes  Morgan  A.M.  Pennsylvaniensis. 

Deus  enim  has  leges  posuit  in  creando  et  observavit,  quas  nos  observando  de- 
tegimus.     Boerh.  insit. 

Ad  diem  18  Julii,  hora,  loeoque  solitis.  Edinburgi  ;  cum  tvpis  Academicis 
M,DCC,LXIII.     8vo.  pp.  55. 


28  RUSCHENBERGER, 

an  active  share  in  the  institution  of  lectures  on  diiferent  branches  of 
medicine  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  and  in  the  establishment  of 
a  dispensary  and  of  a  medical  society  in  that  city.  The  progress 
of  these  institutions  is  minutely  described  in  his  letters  to  Dr.  Cullen, 
toward  Avhom  he  always  appears  to  have  felt  and  expressed  a  very 
grateful  attachment.''^ 

From  Edinburgh  he  went  to  Paris  and  spent  some  time  studying 
anatomy  with  M.  Sue. 

He  had  acquired  the  rudiments  of  the  art  of  making  anatomical 
preparations  by  corrosion  from  "  the  two  Hunters"  while  in  London. 
Fine  injections  were  first  made  by  Ruysch,  and  therefore  called  the 
Ruyschian  art.  He  says,  "  I  once  showed  a  preparation  of  the 
vessels  of  the  kidney  I  had  thus  executed  at  Paris  at  a  meeting  of 
the  French  Academy  of  Surgery  in  the  year  1764.  Except  M. 
Morand,  none  present  had  ever  seen  such  a  preparation.  The  art 
was  unknown  there,  till  I  communicated  it,  first  at  Paris  and  after- 
ward in  the  south  of  France."^ 

During  the  spring  and  summer  of  1764  he  travelled  in  France, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy,  visiting  the  medical  schools,  hospitals,  and 
public  institutions.  He  daily  noted  what  he  saw.  His  manuscript 
journal  has  been  preserved.^ 

From  it  Dr.  Morgan's  account  of  his  visit  to  the  celebrated  Mor- 
gagni  has  been  taken. 

He  left  Rome,  Friday,  July  6,  1764. 

"  Sunday,  July  21, 1764.  We  received  a  visit  this  morning  from 
Dr.  Sevati,  Professor  of  Medicine  at  Bologna,  and  husband  of  the 
celebrated  female  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  this  city,  Laura 
Maria  Clementina  Bassi.  He  conversed  on  anatomical  and  medical 
subjects,  and  charged  me  with  a  letter  introductory  to  the  acquaint- 
ance of  the  celebrated  Morgagni  at  Padua. 

^  Vol.  1,  pp.  140,  141.  An  Account  of  the  Life,  Lectures,  and  Writings  of 
William  Cullen,  M.D.,  Professor  of  the  Practice  of  Physic  in  the  University  of 
Edinburgh.  By  John  Thomson,  M.D.,  P.E.S.L.  and  E.,  etc.  2  vols.,  8vo. 
Edinburgh  and  London,  1832. 

*  Art  of  making  anatomical  preparations  by  corrosion.  By  John  Morgan, 
M.D.     Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc,  vol.  2,  p.  366.    1786. 

^  A  copy  of  it,  made  by  the  Kev.  George  Uphold,  Kector  of  Holy  Trinity 
Churcli,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in  March  and  April,  1847,  is  in  the  library  of  the  His- 
torical Society  of  Pennsylvania. 


INSTITUTION    OF    COLLKUE    OF    1MIVSICIAN8    OF    I'llILADKIJ'JilA.        29 

«'  Paoua,  WednesdHy,  July  24,  I'i'A. 
"  I'.  M.  I  wont  to  jiiiy  my  respects  to  the  celebrated  Morgagni, 
Professor  of  Anatomy  at  I'adua,  to  ^vliorn  I  li;id  letters  from  Dr. 
Scvati,  f)f  Boloi^na.  lie  received  me  Avitli  the  greatest  politeness 
imaginable,  mikI  showed  me  abundant  civilities,  -with  a  very  good 
grace.  He  is  now  eighty-two  years  of  age,  yet  reads  without  spec- 
tacles, and  is  alert  as  a  man  of  fifty.  I  found  that  he  was  unac- 
quainted with  anatomical  preparations  made  by  corrosion.  I  showed 
him  a  piece  of  a  kidney  which  I  had  injected  at  Paris,  and  which 
was  finely  corroded.  Broken  as  it  was,  he  was  highly  pleased,  and 
saw  at  once  the  utility  of  such  preparations.  I  apologized  for  the 
state  it  was  in,  from  having  brought  it  so  far.  He  was  pleased  to 
answer,  ex  ungue  leonem — that  he  saw  enough  from  that  small 
specimen  to  convince  him  of  the  excellency  of  such  preparations. 
He  acknowledged  he  had  never  seen  any  preparation  before  in  which 
the  vessels  Averc  so  minutely  filled.  Ruysch,  he  says,  had  sent  him 
some  of  his  preparations,  in  which  the  vessels  appeared  more  like  a 
confused  mass  than  distinct,  in  the  manner  of  this.  I  asked  him 
what  method  he  took  to  trace  the  vessels.  He  told  me,  he  did 
always  in  subjects  where  the  inflammation  was  great,  which  made 
the  vessels  appear  distinct  and  plain,  but  these  were  not  durable  as 
preparations  by  injection.  He  then  conveyed  me  into  a  small 
cabinet,  where  he  showed  me  a  great  number  of  skeletons  of  the 
human  foetus,  in  a  series,  from  a  few  weeks  old  to  nine  months,  and 
from  that  upward  to  an  adult.  Amongst  others,  a  foetus  of  six  or 
seven  months  old,  in  wdiich  the  form  was  complete,  except  near  half 
of  the  spine — i.  e.,  the  back  part  of  it  was  wanting  all  the  way  up ; 
nor  had  it  ever  either  brain  or  spinal  marrow.  He  showed  me  also 
a  calculus,  formed  on  a  needle,  in  the  bladder  of  a  man,  which  had 
stopped  up  the  urethra  without  forming  any  ulceration,  or  the  least 
sign  of  a  cicatrix  of  a  wound.  This,  and  the  following  which  he 
showed  me,  are  spoken  of  in  his  treatise,  De  Sedibus  et  Causis 
3Io7-boru7n,  viz.,  the  second  was  a  calculus  formed  on  the  point  of  a 
corking  pin,  which  a  female  had  introduced  a  little  way  into  her 
bladder,  which,  being  irritated  thereby,  contracted,  and  drew  the  pin 
into  the  bladder,  so  as  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  calculus,  of  which 
she  died. 


30  RUSCHENBERGER, 

"  He  sKowecl  me,  likewise,  many  curious  preparations  of  the  bones 
of  the  ear,  and  pointed  out  the  spur-like  process  of  the  malleus  which 
his  master  in  anatomy,  A^alsalva,  could  never  find  till  he  showed  it 
to  him  ;  also,  the  three  semicircular  canals,  separate  from  all  the 
other  bones,  with  the  five  holes  opening  so  as  to  be  seen  at  the  same 
time;  also  all  the  organ  of  hearing,  with  the  external  car,  the  hard 
and  soft  parts  together,  freed  from  all  the  surrounding  hard  bone  ; 
and,  lastly,  the  internal  cavity  of  the  ear,  with  all  the  parts  in  situ, 
which  he  had  so  prepared  as  to  see  the  different  bones  in  their  place 
without  touching  them  at  all.  This  he  had  done  partly  with  a  file 
and  partly  with  a  hard-tempered  knife,  like  adamant,  and — a  great 
deal  of  patience.  He  had  sawed  the  cranium  in  two,  as  usually 
done  in  dissecting  the  brain,  but  acknowledged  if  he  had  taken  the 
temporal  bone  out,  he  could  work  much  easier,  as  the  surrounding 
bones  would  not  have  impeded  the  motion  of  his  hand  in  dissecting. 

"  In  this  cabinet  he  had  a  series  of  portraits  of  old  anatomists,  his 
famous  predecessors  at  Bologna,  in  which  he  pointed  out  a  particu- 
larity with  regard  to  dress  ;  the  necks  of  the  first  being  covered  with 
a  kind  of  caul,  like  a  modern  monk's  hood ;  this  gradually  lessened, 
and  a  fur  lining  took  the  place,  but  the  neck  less  covered  up,  till  at 
length  they  came  to  wear  bands,  which  at  first  were  small,  and 
gradually  enlarged  to  the  greatest  size.  In  this  cabinet  were  the 
portraits — /.  e.,  the  heads — of  two  beautiful  girls,  done  by  Rosalba, 
in  crayons.  I  asked,  Whose  were  these  ?  and  he  told  me  as  follows  : 
'  That  he  had  fifteen  children,  of  whom  remain  two  sons  and  eight 
daughters ;  every  one,  as  they  grew  up,  requested  to  become  nuns, 
which  he  esteemed  very  singular,  and  that  they  entered  by  pairs  into 
four  different  convents.  When  their  time  of  probation  was  expired, 
they  were,  at  ther  own  choice,  to  live  in  the  world  or  take  the  veil, 
which  last  they  all  preferred  ;  the  two  youngest  going  into  the  strictest 
order  of  Franciscans,  where  they  go  barefooted  and  always  veiled. 
Before  these  were  shut  up  thus  for  life,  the  celebrated  female  paintress, 
Rosalba,  as  a  friend  of  Morgagni,  drew  these  portraits  and  made  him 
a  present  of  them,  before  he  knew  she  had  any  intention  to  draw 
them.  As  the  others  are  of  orders  less  strict,  and  may  be  seen  with- 
out veils,  there  was  less  occasion  for  their  portraits.' 

"I  presented  him,  before  coming  away,  with  my  thesis,  and  he  was 


INSTITUTION    UK    (J0LLK<;K    01''    PHYSICIANS    01'"    I'lll  IM  DKI.l'll  I  A.        ijl 

HO  n;ood  as  to  do  mc  tlic  honor  f)f'  making  mc  a  present  of  liis  lato 
puMieation,  2  voIh.  folio,  'Do  Sedibiis  ct  Cau.siH  Morbonirn,''  of 
which  tlierc  have  l)een  tlircc  different  editions  within  these  three 
years,  being  in  theliighest  cstiina-tion  throii<fh<»iit  Kurojic,  and  all  tlic 
coj)ies  of  the  first  edition  ali-eady  bought  up." 

In  his  introductory  lecture,  delivered  Nov.  2,  1789,  before  the 
trustees  and  medical  students  of  the  College  of  T'hiladelphia,  and 
printed  in  the  American  Museum  for  November,  187 '.t,'^  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin Rush  relates,  that  Dr.  Morgan  "had  the  honor  of  a  long  con- 
ference with  the  celebrated  Morgagni,  at  Padua,  when  he  was  in  the 
eightieth  year  of  his  age.  This  venerable  physician,  who  was  the 
light  and  ornament  of  two  or  three  successive  generations  of  physi- 
cians, was  so  pleased  with  the  doctor  that  he  claimed  kindred  with 
him,  from  the  resemblance  of  their  names,  and  on  a  blank  leaf  of  a 
copy  of  his  works  Avhich  he  presemted  to  him,  he  inscribed  with  his 
own  hand  the  following  words :  'Aflfino  suo,  medico  praeclarissimo 
Joanni  Morgan,  donat  auctor.'" 

By  whose  invention  Dr.  Rush  was  made  authority  for  this  fanciful 
tale  is  not  now  known.  Dr.  Morgan's  account  of  his  visit  to  Mor- 
gagni suggests  nothing  of  the  kind. 

The  three  volumes  presented  to  him  by  Morgagni,  and  nine  other 
folios,  were  bequeathed  to  the  College  of  Physicians  by  Dr.  Morgan, 
and  delivered  by  his  executors  in  February,  17r'G. 

At  the  bottom  of  the  title-page  of  the  first  volume  the  following  is 
written:  "  Viro  ezperientissimo  et  humanissimo  D.  Di  Joanni  Mor- 
gan Auctor,"  and  at  the  bottom  of  the  title-page  of  the  second 
volume,  "  Viro  de  Re  anatomico  bene  merito  Do.  Dr.  Joanni  Mor- 
gan Auctor."'^ 

1  The  title  of  the  work  is  "Jo.  Baptistne  Morgagni,  P.  P.  P.  P.,  de  Sedibus 
et  Causis  Morborum  per  Anatomen  indagatis.  Venetiis,  MDCCLXI."  At  the 
bottom  of  the  title-page  of  the  first  volume  is  written,  "  Viro  experientissimo  et 
humanissimo  D.  D.  Joanni  Morgan,  Auctor." 

*  Reprinted  in  the  Philadelphia  Journal  of  the  Medical  and  Physical  Sciences 
Philadelphia,  1820. 

'  The  author's  gift  to  his  kinsman,  John  Morgan,  a  most  distinguished 
physician. 

*  Gift  of  the  author  to  the  most  skilful  and  accomplished  Dr.  John  Morgan. 
2d  vol. :  Gift  of  the  author  to  Dr.  John  Morgan,  highly  deserving  in  anatomy. 


32  RUSCHENBERGER, 

From  Padua  Dr.  ^Morgan  slowly  made  his  way  into  Switzerland. 
While  at  Geneva,  on  Sunda^y,  Sept.  16th,  he  visited  Voltaire  at 
Ferney,  an  estate  which  that  illustrious  man  had  purchased  and 
built  a  house  upon  five  or  six  years  before.  Dr.  Morgan's  account 
of  this  visit  has  been  recently  published.^ 

He  returned  to  London  in  the  autumn.  While  there  he  was 
elected,  1765,  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  a  licentiate  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  of  London,  and  also  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
of  Edinburgh.  Soon  after  his  arrival  in  London  he  wrote  the  following 
letter  to  Dr.  William  Cullen : 

"  London,  November  10,  1764. 

"  Very  Dear  Sir  : 

"  Can  you  forgive  me  if,  upon  my  being  just  returned  from  my 
tour  through  France  and  Italy,  I  write  you  but  a  very  short  letter 
till  I  have  been  here  a  week  or  two  longer,  and  got  myself  a  little 
composed.  At  present  what  with  a  crowd  of  acquaintances,  every 
day,  with  the  kindest  intentions,  breaking  in  upon  that  time  I  pro- 
posed to  devote  to  writing  to  my  friends,  and  the  chaos  of  ideas 
which  disturb  my  regular  thinking  at  present,  I  find  I  cannot  execute 
the  task  as  I  ought.  Everything  I  tell  you  now  must  be  rather 
broken  hints,  than  a  connected  relation. 

"  I  have  not  been  able  to  see  M.  Senac  whilst  last  in  Paris.  I 
was  at  Fontainbleau  once  with  that  view,  but  he  was  then  for  a  night 
or  two  with  the  King  at  Choisy,  which  I  knew  not  of  at  the  time ; 
and  I  was  too  much  hurried  to  repeat  the  visit,  as  I  wanted  to  reach 
London  in  time  enough  to  sail  in  the  fall  for  Philadelphia ;  I  think 
I  cannot  now  sail  till  toward  spring. 

"  The  most  agreeable  incidents  happened  to  Mr.  Powel  and  myself 
in  our  tour,  which  lasted  about  eight  months.  It  was  crowded  with 
a  great  variety  of  the  most  interesting  circumstances,  full  of  pleasing 
scenes  for  the  most  part,  and  of  a  nature  different  from  and  more 
agreeable  than  what  I  have  been  commonly  used  to. 

"  The  order  of  our  travels  through  Italy  was  Genoa,  Leghorn, 
Pisa,  Florence,  Rome,  Naples  and  its  environs.  After  our  return  to 
Rome,  it  was  on  the  Adriatic  side  of  Italy,  through  Loreto  to 
Bologna,  Ferrara,  Padua,  Venice ;  we  took  Padua  in  the  way  again 

^  The  Pennsj-lvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography,  vol.  x.  p.  43,  1886. 


INSTITUTION    OK    OOLLKUK    OK    J'lIYSICIANS    OK    I'lll  I.ADKIJMI  I  A.        83 

on  our  rclinn,  jukI  passed  tlii-oii;^Ii  Vicciizii,  VcroiiM,  Mantua,  the 
States  of  I'annii,  and  l*l;i(H^rit in,  to  Milan  ;uid  'I'liriu.  Wo  crosHcd 
the  Alps  to  (ji(Miev;i,  r(!lnnicd  to  I'aris  tlirou^^li  Lyons,  anfl  from 
thence  came  to  Ijoiidon  :d)oiit  a  week  ago, 

"  We  were  in  llic  suite  (if  the  Duke  of  York  at  Leghorn,  Florence, 
and  Home,  where  we  were  particularly  presented  to  him,  anfl  had 
access  to  all  the  grand  entertainments  made  for  his  Royal  ilighness, 
which  were  indeed  superbly  sumptuous  and  magnificent,  We  had  a 
private  audience  with  the  Pope,  four  English  gentlemen  of  us  being 
presented  at  that  time,  lie  was  affable  and  courteous.  At  Turin 
we  had  the  honor  of  being  presented  to  his  Sardinian  Majesty  and 
the  Royal  Family,  and  obtained  express  leave  from  the  King  to  see 
the  fortifications  of  Turin,  and  those  which  defend  the  pass  into  his 
dominions  by  the  Alps.  When  at  Geneva  we  paid  a  visit  to  ^'^oltaire, 
to  whom  we  had  a  letter,  and  were  entertained  by  him  with  most 
singular  politeness — for  us  I  mean — perhaps  usual  enough  in  regard 
to  Voltaire. 

"There  is  a  pretty  good  physical — I  mean  medical — university  at 
Bologna,  and  Morgagni  has  a  very  crowded  class  at  his  anatomical 
lectures  at  Padua.  There  are  some  other  schools  of  medicine  in 
Italy;  but,  upon  the  whole,  to  me  they  seem  to  be  behindhand — 
medicine  not  being  in  high  repute,  or  cultivated  with  that  spirit  it 
ought  to  be. 

"As  to  the  grandeur  of  the  ancients,  from  what  we  can  see  of 
their  remains,  it  is  most  extraordinary.  Arts  with  them  seem  to 
have  been  in  a  perfection  which  I  could  not  have  imagined.  Their 
palaces,  temples,  aqueducts,  baths,  theatres,  amphitheatres,  monu- 
ments, statues,  sculptures  were  most  amazing.  The  soul  is  struck  at 
the  I'eview,  and  the  ideas  expand ;  but  I  have  not  leisure  to  dwell 
now  on  these  topics. 

"  I  must  return  to  the  world  where  I  now  am  iust  agoing — this  as 
different  from  the  former,  I  mean  the  rest  of  Europe  I  have  seen,  as 
that  from  Italy,  and  really  to  me  it  does  not  appear  more  so. 

"At  Paris  I  took  my  seat  in  the  Royal  Academy  of  Surgery,  of 
which  I  have  the  honor  to  be  admitted  as  a  corresponding  member 
[July  5,  1764] — a  distinction  from  a  resident  fellow.  I  am  now 
preparing  for  America,  to  see  whether,  after  fourteen  years'  devotion 


34  RUSCHENBERGER, 

to  medicine  I  can  get  my  living  without  turning  apothecary  or  prac- 
tising surgery. 

"  j\Iy  scheme  of  instituting  lectures  you  will  hereafter  know  more 
of.  It  is  not  prudent  to  broach  designs  prematurely  ;  and  mine  are 
not  yet  fully  ripe  for  execution.  My  best  compliments  to  all  your 
family,  not  forgetting  them  particularly  to  my  mamma  Cullen,  and 
to  your  eldest  son.  Believe  me  to  be,  with  the  greatest  esteem, 
dear  sir,  your  affectionate  friend,  and  much  obliged  humble  servant, 

"John  Morgan."^ 

Dr.  Morgan  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  the  spring  of  1765.  He 
was  in  his  thirtieth  year.  Honors  had  been  conferred  upon  him 
abroad  on  account  of  his  scholarly  proficiency  and  professional  learn- 
ing, in  which,  probably,  he  was  not  excelled  by  any  physician  who 
had  previously  settled  in  the  province.  His  reputation  preceded  his 
arrival,  and  moulded  public  opinion  in  his  favor.  He  obtained  almost 
at  once  a  large  share  of  the  best  practice. 

He  restricted  his  business  to  the  practice  of  medicine  exclusively, 
refused  to  dispense  medicines,  and  declined  to  attend  surgical  cases. 
This  departure  from  the  custom  of  physicians  of  that  time  was  de- 
signed to  separate  the  practice  of  pharmacy  and  of  surgery  from 
that  of  medicine,  and  lead  the  public  to  recognize  them  as  distinct 
vocations.  He  was  confident  that  the  result  of  such  division  would 
enhance  the  dignity  and  character  of  the  physician  in  public  esteem, 
and  facilitate  the  cultivation  of  the  several  departments  of  the  pro- 
fession to  the  advantage  of  all  concerned.  He  steadily  tried  to 
make  the  practice  of  medicine  a  cash  business,  by  collecting  a  fee  at 
each  visit,  the  amount  of  which  to  be  scaled  by  the  patient  according 
to  his  dignity  and  means. 

As  already  stated.  Dr.  Morgan  was  appointed  Professor  of  the 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic,  May  3, 1765,  in  the  College  of  Phila- 
delphia. At  the  commencement,  May  30th  and  31st,  he  delivered  a 
"Discourse  on  the  Institution  of  Medical  Schools  in  America." 

He  married,  September  4,  1765,  Mary,  daughter  of  Thomas  Hop- 
kinson  and  his  wife,  Mary  Johnson,  of  New  Castle  Co.,  Del,     She 

1  Thomson's  Life  of  Dr.  Cullen,  vol.  1,  p.  633 


INSTITU'J'ION    01''    COLMXHO    01''    I'll  VSIOI ANS    OK    I'll  I  l,A  hDLI'IlI  A.         ->b 

d'un\  wiUiout  i.sHiK!,  .Ijirin.'ii-y  2,  17Hr>,  juid  w;ih  hniifo  uii'lci"  iIh-  door 
of  St.  rctcr's  Oliurcli,  IMiiludclpliiii.' 

At  tin;  (•()iiiiii(;iiccin(;rit,  May,  1766,  Dr.  Morgan  waH  awarded  a 
^old  Tiic'dul,  wliicli  liiid  been  jireseiited  by  Mr.  John  Sargent,  of 
London,  to  the  College  of  l*hiladelj)bia,  to  be  bestowed  on  tlie  author 
of  the  best  essay  on  "  The  reciprocal  advantages  of  a  perpetual 
union  bctAvccn  Great  Britain  and  her  American  Colonics."  His 
competitors  for  this  prize  were  Stephen  Watts,  Francis  Ilopkinson, 
and  Joseph  Reed.  Their  papers  were  published  together  in  a  small 
volume,  the  name  of  the  author  of  each  being  appended  to  it ;  the 
essay  of  Mr.  Reed  was  not  signed  by  him.^ 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
December,  1766,  and  was  one  of  the  curators  for  1769.  He  con- 
tributed four  papers,  which  were  published  in  the  second  volume  of 
the  Transactions  of  the  Society. 

At  the  suggestion  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  William  Smith,  Provost  of  the 
College,  Dr.  Morgan  went  to  Jamaica  and  other  islands  of  the  West 
Indies,  in  1773,  to  solicit  contributions  for  the  institution,  and  ob- 
tained about  three  thousand  pounds.* 

Early  in  the  War  of  Independence,  Dr.  Morgan  gave  up  a  lucrative 
practice,  in  opposition  to  the  judgment  of  friends,  to  accept  the  office 
of  Director-General  and  Physician-in-Chief  of  the  American  Hospital, 
to  which  he  Avas  appointed  October  17,  1775.  He  was  successor  to 
Dr.  Benjamin  Church,  the  first  Director-General,  who  was  dismissed, 

^  Provincial  Counsellors  of  Pennsylvania  who  held  OflSice  between  1733  and 
1776,  and  those  earlier  Counsellors  who  were  sometime  Chief  Magistrates  of  the 
Province,  and  their  Descendants.     By  Charles  P.  Keith.     Philadelphia,  1883. 

Eecord  of  Pennsj-lvania  Marriages  prior  to  1810.  Harrisburg,  1880.  Vol.  i. 
p.  182. 

"Sunday  last,  died,  greatly  lamented  by  her  numerous  friends  and  acquaint- 
ances, Mrs.  Mary  Morgan,  the  amiable  consort  of  Doctor  John  Morgan,  of  this 
city." — Pennsylvania  Journal,  Saturday,  January  8,  1785. 

*  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Joseph  Keed,  Military  Secretary  of  TTashington 
at  Cambridge,  etc.  Bj^  his  Grandson,  William  B.  Keed.  Vol.  i.  p.  40.  Lindsay 
&  Blakiston,  Philadelphia,  1847. 

^  A  Memoir  of  the  Eev.  "William  Smith,  D.D.,  Provost  of  the  College, 
Academy,  and  Charitable  School  of  Philadelphia.  By  Charles  J.  Stille. 
Philadelphia,  1869. 


36  RUSCHENBERGER, 

being  convicted  of  treasonable  correspondence.  In  the  performance 
of  his  arduous  duties  he  provoked  the  antagonism  of  many  of  his 
subordinates,  especially  among  the  regimental  surgeons  and  mates, 
because,  it  is  supposed,  he  insisted  upon  a  rigidly  economical  use  of 
hospital  stores,  and  recommended  that,  prior  to  appointment,  the 
qualifications  of  medical  officers  should  be  ascertained  by  suitable 
examination.  He  had  rivals  among  the  medical  directors  in  the 
army,  who  did  not  act  in  harmony  with  him.  Many  complaints 
were  made  that  the  supplies  to  the  hospitals  were  deficient. 

He  applied  to  Congress  to  be  informed  of  the  source  of  these 
charges,  but  in  vain.  He  had  an  interview  with  Dr.  Rush,  who  had 
been  elected  to  Congress,  July  20,  1776,  for  that  year,  after  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  had  been  proclaimed,  which  he,  with 
others  who  had  been  elected  with  him,  signed  after  the  document  was 
engrossed,  but  obtained  no  information  from  him,  though  he  was 
chairman  of  the  medical  committee. 

Dr.  Morgan  says  :  "When  the  remnant  of  the  army  that  retreated 
from  Brunswick  had  crossed  the  Delaware,  I  proceeded  to  Philadel- 
phia to  wait  on  Congress,  and  to  lay  matters  before  them  in  person, 
for  such  regulations  for  the  better  care  of  the  sick  and  wounded  as 
were  suitable  to  the  occasion,  and  to  obtain  an  explanation  and 
amendment  of  the  resolves  of  Congress,  October  9th.  I  met  Dr. 
Rush  in  the  street,  and  attempted,  for  a  moment,  to  detain  him  till 
I  could  acquaint  him  with  the  present  circumstances  and  situation  of 
afiairs  ;  he  gave  me  no  time.  All  he  said  was,  that  '  he  was  glad  I 
was  come ;  it  would  take  a  great  burden  from  his  shoulders,'  and 
passed  on.  When  I  afterwards  called  upon  him  at  his  house  to 
represent  matters  to  him  there,  as  a  member  of  the  medical  com- 
mittee, for  relief,  the  sum  of  his  answer  was  that  '  he  would  not  for 
ten  times  the  consideration  go  through  the  amazing  toils  and  diffi- 
culties of  my  station.'  But  instead  of  relief  from  the  difficulties  and 
hardships  of  my  situation,  all  the  returns  I  received  from  Congress, 
are  complaints  disregarded,  grievances  unredressed,  and  without  an 
hearing,  and  without  assigning  a  reason,  a  dismission  from  my 
station,  as  if  Congress  intended  to  fix  a  stigma  on  my  character. 
But  however  hidden  the  motives  for  such  conduct  are,  a  day  may 
come  when  these  will  be  fully  understood. 


INSTITUTION    OK    COM-Kd  l-I    OK    I'll  VSKMANS    OK    I'll  I  lw\  OKM'II  lA.        )i7 

"Tlic  SiMiic  njcriUciiiari  who  then  fell,  or  Hccrncd  to  feel  for  rny 
Hituation,  luiviiif^  aincc  iiccopted  a  place,  near  of  kin  to  that  which 
ho  then  so  earncHtly  dejirecated,  inay  perhaps  reirieinher  it.  I  can 
truly  say,  should  he  aspire  to,  or  hereafter  enjoy,  that  very  place,  I 
do  not  wish  him  the  ill  treatment  and  ingratitude  for  his  services  in 
it,  which  1  have  experienced."' 

Dr.  William  Shippcn,  Jr.,  who  was  chief  physician  of  the  Hying 
camp  from  July  15,  1776,  submitted  to  Congress,  March,  1777,  a 
plan  for  the  organization  of  the  hospital  department,  which,  with 
some  modification,  was  adopted.  He  was  elected,  April  11th, 
Director-General  of  all  the  military  hospitals  of  the  United  States. 
lie  resigned  the  office,  January  3,  1781.^  He  had  been  arraigned 
before  a  military  court,  sitting  in  Alorristown,  N.  J.,  charged  with 
improper  administration  of  his  office.  In  an  address  to  the  public, 
January,  1781,  printed  on  a  large  foolscap  page.  Dr.  Morgan  says: 
"  Unable  to  bear  further  investigation  of  his  conduct,  he  has  been 
compelled  to  quit  the  station  of  Director- General  of  Hospitals,  by  a 
forced  resignation.' 

At  the  election  of  representatives  to  Congress  fi*om  Pennsylvania, 
March  10,  1787,  Dr.  Rush  was  not  returned,  but  in  the  course  of 
the  year  he  was  appointed  Physician-General  of  the  Military  Hospital 
of  the  Middle  Department,  but  after  a  short  time  resigned  his  com- 
mission, Jan.  30,  1788.* 

Without  a  hearing  Congress  dismissed  Dr.  Morgan  from  office,  Jan. 
9,  1777.  Although  he  was  subsequently  acquitted  of  all  blame,*  this 
summary  dismissal  Avas  a  distressing  shock. ^     The  effects  of  the  blow 

^  Vindication  of  his  Public  Character,  etc.,  p.  148. 

^  Journals  of  Congress.  '  Rush  MS.,  vol.  29. 

*  Journal  of  Congi-ess,  1788. 

s  After  his  dismissal,  a  committee  of  Congress,  appointed  at  his  request,  in- 
vestigated his  whole  conduct  and  honorably  acquitted  him  of  all  the  charges 
which  had  been  brought  against  him. 

^  How  keenly  he  felt  the  action  of  Congress  is  manifested  in  "A  Vindication 
of  his  Public  Character  in  the  Station  of  Director-General  of  the  Military  Hos- 
pitals and  Physician-in-Chief  of  the  American  Army,  Anno  1776."  By  John 
Morgan,  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic  in  the 
College  of  Philadelphia ;  member  of  several  Royal  Colleges  and  Academies, 
and  Philosophical  and  Literary  Societies  in  Europe  and  America.  Printed  by 
Powars  &  Willis.  Boston,  M,DCC,LXXVII.  8vo.,  pp.  43-158.  Philadelphia 
Lbrary,  Ridgway  Branch. 


38  RUSCHENBERGER, 

were  permanent.  He  and  Dr.  Rush  jointly  presented  to  the  trustees 
of  the  university  of  the  State  a  memorial,  Feb.  28,  1781,  objecting 
to  serve  as  professors  if  Dr.  William  Shippen,  Jr.,  be  appointed 
professor  of  anatomy.  He  was  appointed,  however,  and  in  Nov. 
1783,  Dr.  Rush  accepted  the  chair  of  chemistry.  Dr.  Morgan 
seems  not  to  have  performed  the  duties  of  the  office,  although  he  was 
elected,  at  the  same  time,  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
medicine. 

In  the  only  public  biographical  notice  of  Dr.  Morgan  is  a  false 
statement  which  from  long-continued  iteration  has  acquired  the  sta- 
bility of  truth.     An  attempt  to  correct  it  here  seems  proper. 

In  his  introductory  lecture,  Nov.  2,  1789,  eulogizing  Dr.  Morgan, 
Dr.  Rush  says  :  "  It  was  during  his  absence  from  home  that  he  con- 
certed with  Dr.  Shippen  the  plan  of  establishing  a  medical  school  in 
this  city." 

The  frequent  repetition  of  an  erroneous  statement  on  such  emi- 
nent authority  makes  its  correction  important  and,  at  th^  same  time, 
difficult. 

In  his  eulogium  on  Dr.  William  Cullen,  July,  1790,  Dr.  Rush 
says — whether  truly  or  sophistically,  may  be  a  question :  "To  be- 
lieve in  great  men,  is  often  as  great  an  obstacle  to  the  progress  of 
knowledge,  as  to  believe  in  witches  and  conjurors.  It  is  the  image- 
worship  of  science ;  for  error  is  as  much  an  attribute  of  man  as  the 
desire  of  happiness  ;  and  I  think  I  have  observed  that  the  errors  of 
great  men  partake  of  the  dimensions  of  their  minds,  and  are  often  of  a 
greater  magnitude  than  the  errors  of  men  of  inferior  understanding." 

There  is  reason  to  believe  that  Dr.  Morgan  never  "concerted" 
with  Dr.  Shippen  a  plan  for  establishing  a  medical  school  in  this 
city.  In  his  letter  to  Dr.  Cullen,  Nov.  10,  1764,  Dr.  Morgan  says: 
"My  scheme  of  instituting  lectures  you  will  hereafter  know  more  of. 
It  is  not  prudent  to  broach  designs  prematurely,  and  mine  are  not 
yet  fully  ripe  for  execution." 

At  the  commencement  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  May,  1765, 
when  Dr.  Shippen  was  probably  present,  Dr.  Morgan  said,  in  his 
discourse  on  the  institution  of  medical  schools  : 

"  It  is  with  the  highest  satisfaction  I  am  informed  from  Dr.  Ship- 
pen,  Junior,  that  in  an  address  to  the  public,  as  introductory  to  his 


INSTITUTION  oi''  (;<)i,i,i';()i>;  ok  imi vsioianh  ok   i'iiii,AOf;i,i'iiiA.       '.',U 

first  anat()iiiic;iJ  (^onrsf^,  lir  piviposod  hoimc  liinls  <»!'  ;i  ))l;iii  for  fj\\]i\rt 
mcdicjil  l(;(;tiir('H  ;uiioii;f  us.  I>iif,  I  (lo  not  h.'arii  tli:i(,  Ik;  rccomrricu'lf;'! 
at  all  !i,  col  I  (i<:;i!  1,1,(1  iiii(l(;rt,iikin;^  of"  tlii.s  kind.  What  led  iih;  to  it  \va.s 
tlic  obviouH  utility  tlia,t  would  attend  it,  and  the  de.sire  I  had  of 
preHcnting,  a.s  a.  tribute  of  <^i-atitude  to  my  alma  mater,  a  fidl  and 
cnlarf^ed  plan  for  the  institution  of  mcidieinc;,  in  all  its  hranehcis,  in 
this  seminary  where  I  had  part  of  my  education,  being  among  the 
first  sons  who  shared  in  its  public  honours.  1  was  further  induced  to 
it  from  a  consideration,  that  private  schemes  of  propagating  knowl- 
edge are  instable  in  their  nature,  and  that  the  cultivation  of  useful 
learning  can  only  be  effectually  promoted  under  those  who  are  patrons 
of  science,  and  under  the  authority  and  direction  of  men  incorporated 
for  the  improvement  of  literature. 

"  Should  the  trustees  of  the  College  think  proper  to  found  a  pro- 
fessorship of  anatomy.  Dr.  Shippen  having  been  concerned  already 
in  teaching  that  branch  of  medical  science  is  a  circumstance  favor- 
able to  our  wishes.  Few  hei'e  can  be  ignorant  of  the  great  opportu- 
nities he  has  had  abroad  of  (|ualifying  himself  in  anatomy,  and  that 
he  has  already  given  three  courses  thereof  in  this  city,  and  designs 
to  enter  upon  a  fourth  course  next  winter." 

"As  far  as  I  can  learn,  everybody  approves  of  my  plan  for  institut- 
ing medical  schools,  and  I  have  the  honor  of  being  appointed  a  public 
professor  for  teaching  phj^sic  in  the  college  here.""^     Preface  p.  xiv. 

It  is  not  probable  that  an  honorable  man — as  Dr.  Morgan  undoubt- 
edly was — would  have  used  such  language -had  he  ever  "concerted" 

1  A  Discourse  upon  the  Institution  of  Medical  Schools  in  America;  Delivered 
at  a  public  Anniversary  Commencement,  held  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia 
May  30  and  31,  1765.  "With  a  Preface,  containing  amongst  other  things,  the 
author's  apology  for  attempting  to  introduce  the  regular  mode  of  practising 
Physic  in  Philadelphia.  By  John  Morgan,  M.D.,  Fellow  of  the  Koyal  Society 
at  London  ;  Correspondent  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Surgery  at  Paris  ;  Mem- 
ber of  the  Arcadian  Belles  Lettres  Society  at  Rome;  Licentiate  of  the  Royal 
Colleges  of  Physicians  in  London  and  '\n  Edinburgh  ;  and  Professor  of  the 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia.  12mo.  pp. 
xxvi.-63.  Philadelphia.  Printed  and  sold  by  "William  Bradford,  at  the  corner 
of  Market  and  Front  Streets.     MDCCLXV. 

Lewis  Library,  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia:  Library  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsvlvania. 


40  RUSCHENBERGER, 

with  Dr.  Shippen  on  the  subject.  The  discourse  was  delivered  on  a 
public  occasion,  and  afterward  printed.  No  part  of  it  has  been  con- 
tradicted. No  evidence  has  been  published  to  show  that  Dr.  Shippen 
had  in  any  way  assisted  Dr.  Morgan  to  devise  the  plan  for  a  school 
of  medicine  in  Philadelphia  which  he  had  laid  before  the  Trustees 
of  the  College.  Nor  is  it  certain  that  they  met  or  were  together 
while  abroad. 

Though  Dr.  Rush's  error  in  connection  with  this  subject  is  not 
significant,  does  not  "partake  of  the  dimensions"  of  his  mind,  it  is 
sufiiciently  great  to  be  noted  for  correction,  in  the  interest  of  truth. 

The  work  which  Dr.  William  Shippen,  Jr.,  did  toward  the  insti- 
tution of  medical  teaching  in  Philadelphia  was  most  important  and 
creditable. 

After  more  than  three  years  sojourn  in  Europe  he  returned  to 
Philadelphia  in  May,  1762.  About  the  same  time  a  number  of 
crayon  pictures  and  models  and  casts  of  anatomical  parts,  a  gift  from 
Dr.  John  Fothergill,  of  London,  reached  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital, 
and  were  exhibited  for  the  benefit  of  the  institution. 

The  Pennsylvania  Gf-azette  for  Nov.  11,  1762,  contains  the  follow- 
ing announcement : 

"  Mr.  Hall — Sir :  Please  inform  the  public,  that  a  course  of  ana- 
tomical lectures  will  be  opened  this  winter  in  Philadelphia,  for  the 
advantage  of  young  Gentlemen  now  engaged  in  the  study  of  Physic, 
in  this  and  the  neighboring  Provinces,  whose  circumstances  and  Con- 
nections will  not  admit  of  their  going  abroad  for  Improvement  to  the 
Anatomical  Schools  in  Europe,  and  also  for  the  Entertainment  of 
any  Gentlemen  who  may  have  the  curiosity  to  understand  the 
Anatomy  of  the  Human  Frame. 

"  In  these  Lectures  the  situation,  Figure  and  Structure  of  all  the 
parts  of  the  human  body  will  be  demonstrated,  and  their  respective 
Uses  explained,  and,  as  far  as  a  Course  of  Anatomy  will  permit,  their 
Diseases,  with  the  Indications  and  method  of  Cure  briefly  treated  of; 
all  the  necessary  Operations  in  Surgery  will  be  performed,  a  Course 
of  Bandages  exhibited,  and  the  whole  conclude  with  an  explanation 
of  some  of  the  curious  Phenomena  that  arise  from  an  examination  of 
the  Gravid  Uterus,  and  a  few  plain  general  Directions  in  the  Study 
and  Practice  of  Midwifery. 


INSTITUTION    OK    (;()l,I,i:(iK    OF    I'll  YSIfM  ANS    OF    I'll  I  l,A  OFLI'IIIA.        41 

"  The  Nocessily  ;iii(l  public  Utility  of"  .such  a  course  in  this  grow- 
ing Counti-y,  iiiid  llic  Method  to  be  pursued  therein,  will  be  more 
piirticul;u-]y  explaiiied  in  an  Introductory  Leotuuk  to  be  delivered 
tiiu  Kith  InHtiuit,  at  six  o'clock  in  the  Evening,  at  the  State  IIouhc 
by  William  Siiii'pfn  jun.  M.l). 

"  N.  V>.  The  Managers  and  Physicians  of  the  Pennsylvania 
HoSRiTAii,  at  a  Special  Meeting,  liavc  generously  consented  to  coun- 
tenance and  encourage  this  Undertaking;  and  to  make  it  more  en- 
tertaining and  profitable  have  granted  liiin  I  Ik;  use  of  some  curious 
Anatomical  Casts  and  Drawin(;s  (just  arrived  in  the  Carolina, 
Capt.  Friend),  presented  by  the  judicious  and  benevolent  Doctor 
FOTHERGILL,  who  has  improved  every  Opportunity  of  promot- 
ing the  Interest  and  Usefulness  of  that  noble  and  flourishing  Insti- 
tution." 

According  to  this  announcement,  the  Introductory  Lecture  was 
delivered.     Whether  it  was  printed  or  not  has  not  been  ascertained. 

The  Pennsylvania  G-azette  of  Nov.  25,  1762,  No.  1770,  contains 
the  following : 

"  Dr.  Siiippen's  Anatomical  Lectures  Avill  begin  to  morrow  Even- 
ing, at  six  o'clock,  at  his  Father's  house  in  Fourth  street. 

"  Tickets  for  the  course  to  be  had  of  the  Doctor,  at  five  Pistoles 
each ;  and  any  Gentlemen  who  incline  to  see  the  subject  prepared 
for  the  Lectures,  and  learn  the  art  of  Dissecting,  Injecting,  &c.,  are 
to  pay  five  Pistoles  more." 

Those  lectures  were  repeated  during  the' winters  of  1763-64  and 
of  1764-65,  three  courses. 

Dr.  Shippen  had  thus  established  a  private  school  of  anatomy. 
The  announcement  of  these  lectures  does  not  suggest  that  he  regarded 
them  as  first  steps  in  the  formation  of  a  complete  medical  college  in 
Avhicli  he  expected  to  have,  in  time,  the  cooperation  of  competent 
teachers  ;  nor  has  any  testimony  been  found  to  show  that  he  intended 
to  make  his  private  school  a  part  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia. 
Some  months  after  Dr.  Morgan  had  presented  his  plan  of  establish- 
ing a  public  school  of  medicine,  he  became  a  candidate  for  the  pro- 
fessorship of  anatomy.  His  enterprise,  the  first  of  the  kind  in 
America,  for  which  he  has  been  justly  praised,  had,  no  doubt,  a 


42  RUSCHENBERGER, 

quickening  influence,  and  prepared  the  way  to  the  adoption  of  Dr. 
Morgan's  scheme.     He  was  a  pioneer. 

Nevertheless,  the  credit  of  founding  the  first  school  of  medicine 
established  in  America  under  a  chartered  institution  belongs  exclu- 
sively to  Dr.  John  Morgan.  The  importance  of  the  foundation  is 
manifest  in  the  palpable  advantages  which  the  community  has  derived 
from  it.  Their  consequence  enhances  the  merit  of  his  work,  and 
that  gives  interest  to  whatever  relates  to  his  career. 

Dr.  Morgan  was  buried  beside  his  wife,  under  the  middle  aisle  of 
St.  Peter's  Church,  October  17,  1789. 

Angelica  Kauflfman  painted  a  portrait  of  him  while  he  was  in 
Rome,  in  1764.  The  picture  is  in  the  possession  of  his  relatives  at 
Morganza,  Pa.  A  copy  of  it  is  in  the  Wistar  and  Horner  Museum 
of  the  University.  A  photograph  of  an  etching  from  the  original 
was  made,  not  very  long  ago,  by  F.  Gutekunst,  of  this  city. 

The  record  of  proceedings  of  the  College  shows  that  during  the 
year  1790,  nineteen  meetings  were  held,  all  occupied  chiefly  by  the 
afiairs  of  the  College. 

On  the  21st  of  April,  twenty  Fellows,  in  a  body,  to  represent  the 
Society,  attended  the  funeral  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Franklin. 

The  by-laws  were  printed  for  the  first  time  and  presented  to  the 
Fellows,  June  Ist.^ 

At  a  special  meeting,  held  on  Friday,  at  5  o'clock,  p.  m.,  July  9th, 
"in  the  Grammar  School,"  twenty-five  Fellows  being  present.  Dr. 
Rush  delivered  an  eulogium  on  Dr.  William  Cullen,  late  Professor 
of  the  Practice  of  Physic  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  in  com- 
pliance with  the  unanimous  wish  of  the  College,  May  4,  1790,  to  do 
honor  to  his  distinguished  character,  and  to  express  its  sense  of  the 
loss  which  the  republic  of  medicine  has  sustained  in  his  death. 

October  5th,  Dr.  Samuel  Duffield  was  elected  treasurer  of  the 
College,  vice  Dr.  Gerardus  Clarkson. 

1  At  that  time  the  Fellows  of  the  College  numbered  28. 

Sect.  1,  Art.  VIII.  of  the  by-laws:  "No  member  shall  divulge  the  private 
transactions  of  the  College." 


INSTITUTION    OK    COlAA'HiK    OV    I'll  VSKJI ANS    OF    J'HILAIjKI-I'U  I  A.        43 


NOTK^K  OF  DIl.  <;KRAHI)I;S  CLAIlKrtON. 

Dr.  GorarduH  (Jliirksoii,  the  yonw^cnt  of  the  six  chiMron  of 
Miitlicw  Clarkson,  and  his  ■wife,  Cornelia  Banker  de  Peystcr,  was 
born  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  1737.  His  father  died  at  tlie  age 
of  forty  years.  His  niotlicr  removed  to  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  and 
there  married  the  Rev.  Gilbert  Tennent,  pastor  of  tlie  Presbyterian 
Church.  Shortly  afterward,  in  1748,  Mr.  Tennent  was  called  to 
tiie  New  Presbyterian  Church,  in  Philadelphia, 

Gerardus  was  educated  under  the  supervision  of  his  stepfather,  at 
Log  College,  Bucks  Co.,  Pa.,  then  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev. 
William  Tennent,  father  of  Gilbert.  He  studied  medicine  under 
Dr.  Thomas  Bond.  At  the  close  of  his  apprenticeship,  he  went  to 
Europe  in  17G0,  and  after  a  prolonged  absence  returned  and  settled 
in  Philadelphia. 

Relative  to  the  career  of  Dr.  Gerardus  Clarkson,  the  first  treasurer 
of  the  College,  only  meagre  and  unsatisfactory  statements  have  been 
found  in  print.  The  Pennsylvania  Gfazette  for  Sept.  'J.'J.,  1790,  tells 
us  that  Dr.  Gerardus  Clarkson  died  on  Sunday,  Sept.  19th,  in  the 
fifty-third  year  of  his  age,  leaving  a  numerous  and  respectable  family ; 
and  that  his  public  and  private  and  religious  character  was  in  every 
sense  exemplary.  The  compiler  of  the  Lives  of  Eminent  Philadel- 
phians  now  deceased,  merely  informs  us  that  he  w^as  a  son  of  Mathew 
C.  Clarkson,  of  New  York,  and  that  he  was  practising  medicine  as 
early  as  1774. 

It  is  registered  in  Christ  Church,  Philadelphia,  that  Gerardus 
Clarkson  married,  May  13,  17G1,  Mary  Flower.  She  died,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Peter's  churchyard  January  20,  1795. 

He  is  named  among  the  members  of  the  Philadelphia  Medical 
Society  in  1766  or  '67.  He  w'as  elected  a  member  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  Oct.  14,  1768,  and  a  trustee  of  the  University 
of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  July  21,  1780.  The  minutes  show  that 
he  was  rarely  absent  from  the  meetings  of  the  board  of  trustees.  The 
duties  of  treasurer  of  the  Colleire  he  discharcjed  exactly.  Diligent 
inquiry  for  more  information  about  his  life  has  been  fruitless.  He 
was  buried  in  Christ  Church  cemetery  Sept.  20, 1790.     There  is  tes- 


44  RUSCHENBERGER, 

timony  that  he  was  a  pious,  affectionate,  modest,  beloved  physician, 
and  was  mourned  by  a  large  circle  of  friends.  John  Swanwick  has 
expressed  lament  for  his  loss  in  verses  "which  are  among  his  poems, 
published  in  1797.^ 

December  7,  1790,  the  committee  on  the  annual  statement  of 
prevalent  diseases  presented  a  report. 

Drs.  Jones,  Rush,  and  Parke  were  appointed  to  prepare  an  address, 
asking  Congress  to  discourage  the  importation  and  use  of  distilled 
spirits. 

Dr.  Abraham  Chovet,  one  of  the  founders,  died  March  24,  1790. 
His  death  is  not  recorded  in  the  minutes  of  proceedings. 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  ABRAHAM  CHOVET.^ 

Of  the  twelve  senior  founders  of  the  College  Dr.  Chovet  is  one  who 
was  not  born  in  or  near  Philadelphia.  At  the  time  of  forming  the 
Society  his  years  exceeded  fourscore.  At  such  an  advanced  age  men 
are  not  invited  to  engage  in  a  new  enterprise  unless  their  qualifica- 
tions are  eminent  in  the  estimation  of  their  colleagues.  And  it  is 
notable  that  the  publications  of  his  time  tell  us  very  little  about  Dr. 
Chovet.  It  is  only  by  joining  together  fragments,  a  paragraph  here 
and  a  sentence  there,  that  an  outline  of  his  character  and  career  can 
be  sketched  at  the  present  time. 

Mary  Ann  Marshall  presented  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  an 
admirable  miniature  wrought  of  wax  in  high  relief,  on  the  back  of 
the  fi'aming  of  which  is  deeply  scratched,  "Abraham  Chovet,  born 
May  25,  1704 — Drawn  May  25,  1784,  by  his  servant  Dr.  Van 
Eeckhout." 

In  the  letter,  dated  Christmas,  1871,  which  accompanied  the  gift, 
Miss  Marshall  states  that  the  miniature  was  presented  to  her  grand- 

^  Poems  on  Several  Occasions,  by  John  Swanwick,  Esq.,  one  of  the  Represen- 
tatives in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  from  the  State  of  Pennsylvania, 
Philadelphia,  1797. 

^  This  is  not  a  French  but  an  English  patronymic ;  one  of  a  class  of  two  syl- 
lable names  ending  in  et  or  ett^  as  Cobbett,  Collet,  Corbet,  Dallet,  Govet,  Levet, 
Lovet,  Plunket,  Nisbet. 


INSTITUTION    OF    COLLKOK    OF    PHYSICIANS    OF    I'lIH-A  I^KIJ'H  lA.        46 

father  ill  I7*.*'>,  by  Mrs.  Susjuiiiali  Maria  J'cnclopc  Abington,  the 
doctor's  (laughter,  wlio  died  in  1813.  Both  she  and  her  father  were 
buried  in  Christ  (Jhureh  cemetery,  at  the  corner  of  Arch  and  Fifth 
Streets.  Dr.  Chovct  was  born  in  Eiighmd  and  educated  in  Jjondon. 
He  fled  to  Phihidolphia  with  liis  widowed  daughter  from  one  of  the 
West  India  islands  to  escape  from  an  insurrection  of  slaves,  some 
years  before  our  revolution. 

It  is  stated  in  Memorials  of  the  Craft  of  Surgery  in  England,  by 
John  Flint  South,  London,  188(3,  that  Mr.  Abraham  Chovett  was 
appointed,  Aug.  21,  1735,  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  United 
Company  of  Barbers  and  Surgeons,  and  resigned  Aug.  19,  17^6. 
The  identity  of  that  demonstrator  of  anatomy  and  this  founder  of  the 
College  can  scarcely  be  doubted,  though  the  printer  has  given  to  his 
name  a  redundant  t. 

The  tombstone  of  Mrs.  Abington,  Dr.  Chovet's  daughter,  tells  that 
she  was  born  Oct.  30,  1736,  and  died  April  3,  1813.  Construed  in 
connection  with  the  date  of  his  appointment  in  the  United  Company 
of  Barbers  and  Surgeons,  this  record  implies  that  he  w?.£  married  in 
London. 

His  wife  died  in  Philadelphia,  and  was  buried  in  Christ  Church 
cemetery  February  12,  1785. 

A  periodical  of  the  time  announces  that  Dr.  Abraham  Chovet,  an 
eminent  anatomist  and  extraordinary  man,  died,  of  an  acute  disease, 
March  24,  1790,  in  the  eighty-sixth  year  of  his  age. 

He  visited  his  patients  in  all  weathers  till  within  a  few  weeks 
before  his  death.  A  few  minutes  before  he  died  he  requested  his 
family  to  give  him  a  plain  funeral,  and  by  no  means  to  have  the  bells 
rung  for  him,  because  he  wished  not  to  disturb  sick  people  by  such 
an  unnecessary  noise. 

The  custom  of  ringing  a  passing  bell  was  originally  a  signal  of  a 
soul's  passing  from  this  world  into  the  world  of  spirits,  and  intended 
to  call  upon  all  persons  within  the  sound  of  that  bell  to  fall  on  their 
knees  and  pray  for  that  departed  soul. 

Dr.  Chovet  said,  "  that  physician  was  an  impostor  who  did  not 
live  till  he  was  eighty."  He  devoted  the  early  part  of  his  life  to  the 
study  of  anatomy,  under  the  ablest  anatomists  of  Europe.  He  after- 
ward   settled    in    the   island   of  Jamaica,  where   he   continued  his 


46  RUSCHENBERGEK, 

anatomical  dissections  and  studies.  He  came  to  Philadelphia  in 
1770.1 

Dr.  John  Morgan  says,  in  his  paper  on  the  "  Art  of  Making 
Anatomical  Preparations  by  Corrosion  :  "  "  Dr.  Chovet,  now  [1786] 
resident  in  this  city,  has  indeed  a  good  collection  of  wax  preparations 
of  diflferent  parts  of  the  human  body,  which  he  made  in  his  younger 
days  and  brought  hither  from  Europe."" 

Christopher  Marshall,  who  had  accumulated  a  competency  as  a 
druggist  and  retired  from  business  before  the  American  Revolution 
began,  attended  Dr,  Chovet's  lecture,  January  27,  1775. 

His  advertisement  was  thus :  "  At  the  Anatomical  Museum  in 
Videl's  Alley,  Second  Street,  on  Wednesday,  the  seventh  of  Decem- 
ber, at  six  in  the  evening,  Dr.  Chovet  will  begin  his  course  of 
Anatomical  and  Physiological  lectures,  in  which  the  several  parts  of 
the  human  body  will  be  demonstrated,  with  their  mechanism  and 
actions,  together  with  the  doctrines  of  life,  health,  and  the  several 
effects  resulting  from  the  actions  of  the  parts ;  on  his  curious  collec- 
tion of  anatomical  wax- works,  and  other  natural  preparations  ;  to  be 
continued  the  whole  winter  until  the  course  is  completed. 

"As  this  course  cannot  be  attended  with  the  disagreeable  sight  or 
smell  of  recent  deceased  and  putrid  carcases,  which  often  disgust  even 
the  students  of  Physic,  as  well  as  the  curious,  otherwise  inclined  to 
this  useful  and  sublime  part  of  natural  philosophy,  it  is  hoped  this 
undertaking  will  meet  with  suitable  encouragement. 

"  Tickets  to  be  had  for  the  whole  course  at  Dr.  Chovet's  house  in 
Second  Street,  Philadelphia."^ 

The  price  of  a  ticket  was  three  guineas. 

In  his  history  of  the  institution,  Dr.  George  B.  Wood  states  that  the 
Managers  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  in  April,  1793,  purchased 
from  the  executors  of  this  eminent  and  somewhat  eccentric  physician, 
his  collection  of  anatomical  preparations  and  wax  models,  then  re- 
garded as  masterpieces  of  the  art.     They,  with  the  Fothergill  crayons 

1  The  Universal  Asylum  and  Columbian  Magazine,  for  March,  1790,  p.  138. 

2  Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  vol.  ii.  p.  366,  1786. 

^  Passages  from  the  Diary  of  Christopher  Marshall,  kept  in  Philadelphit*  and 
Lancaster  during  the  American  Kevolut)on.  Edited  by  William  Duane. 
Philadelphia:  Hazard  &  Mitchell,  1839-49. 


INSTITUTION    OK    (!0M,K(;K    OF    PHYSICIANS    OV    I'll  II-A  I)i;i-I'l(  I  A.        47 

and  cjiHts,  were;  ^ivcri  to  IIk;  I  nivcrsily  of  PennHylviuiia,  in  yXpril, 
1824.  TlioHo  wliicli  liiivc  not,  Iiccn  iiiincd  l;y  frequent  raoving  arc 
.still  in  the  VVistjir  und  Horner  Museum  :it  tlu;  UniverHity. 

It  is  related  that  a  eontiite  Tory,  I,s;iac  Hunt,  was  in  a  cart  riding 
through  the  Htreets,  and  ;il  dill'erent  halts  confessing  his  errors  and 
asking  pardon  of  a  following  niob  (tf  perH<?(;utorH,  to  earn  exemption 
from  a  threatened  coat  of  tar  and  feathers.  AViicn  they  stopped  at 
his  corner,  Dr.  Kearsley,  who  was  known  to  be  an  enthusiastic  Tory, 
threw  up  his  window  and  snapped  a  pistol  twice  at  the  crowd.  He 
was  innnediately  seized  and  disarmed.  They  took  Hunt  out  of  the 
cart  and  allowed  him  to  be  conducted  to  his  home.  Dr.  Kearsley 
was  placed  in  the  cart  and  paraded  through  the  streets  with  beating 
drum,  and,  although  he  made  no  concessions,  he  was  left  at  his 
home. 

The  same  day,  Sept.  (3,  1775,  Dr.  Chovet,  also  a  Tory,  in  dread 
of  tar  and  feathers,  sought  asylum  at  the  house  of  Christopher  Mar- 
shall, but  was  refused  entrance.  Late  in  the  evening  he  tapped  at 
the  window  to  announce  his  narrow  escape.  He  had  been  several 
hours  concealed  under  the  hay  in  Mr.  Marshall's  stable,  where  the 
tar  and  feathering  party  sought  him  twice,  and  once  were  very  near, 
as  he  believed,  on  the  point  of  discovering  him. 

Dr.  Kearsley  was  arrested  the  next  day,  and,  being  staunchly 
loyal  to  the  king,  was  imprisoned,  sent  to  Carlisle,  Pa.  and  died 
there  November,  1777,^  still  a  prisoner. 

Dr.  Bridges  announced  to  the  College,  Dec.  4,  1867,  that  he  had 
received,  through  Dr.  Alexander  AVilcocks,  of  this  city,  from  Mi's. 
L.  C.  Hay,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  a  portrait  of  Dr.  Abraham  Chovet.  At 
the  next  meeting  of  the  College  the  Hall  Committee  was  authorized 
to  have  it  cleaned  and  framed. 

The  picture  is  in  the  library  of  the  College.  It  is  a  likeness  of 
the  full  face  only,  wearing  a  cheerful,  animated  expression. 

Dr.  Chovet  is  represented  to  have  been  a  man  of  small,  almost 
dwarfish  stature,  and  of  a  mirthful,  jocular  disposition.  It  is  related 
that  he  received  and  opened  a  ship  letter  at  "  the  coffee  house,"  and 
was  asked  what  news  it  brought.     He  sedately  answered,  ''I  am  in- 

1  Christopher  Marshall's  Rfiuembrancer. 


48  RUSCHENBERGER, 

formed  that  a  cobbler  whose  stall  was  on  London  bridge  has  just  died, 
and,  has  l6ft — Gentlemen,  how  much  do  you  suppose?"  One  an- 
swered, a  hundred  pounds.  "No,"  replied  the  Doctor,  "guess 
again."  Several  sums  were  named,  but  the  Doctor  shook  his  head. 
One  mentioned  five  thousand  pounds.  Then  the  Doctor  pocketed 
his  letter,  and  as  he  was  passing  quickly  into  the  street,  said,  "  Gen- 
tlemen— not  a  farthing." 

Watson,  in  his  Annals  of  Philadelphia,  describes  his  appearance 
in  advanced  life.  According  to  the  tradition  which  he  records.  Dr. 
Chovet,  enfeebled  by  age,  might  be  seen  almost  daily,  shuffling  along 
in  seeming  haste.  His  bowed  head,  which  leaned  forward  bej^ond 
the  cape  of  his  old-fashioned  black  coat,  was  covered  by  a  small 
cocked  hat,  closely  turned  up  behind  upon  the  crown  and  cocked  in 
front,  which  did  not  conceal  his  long  white  hair.  He  lacked  teeth 
and  his  compressed  lips  were  in  continuous  motion  as  if  he  were 
crunching  something.  He  carried  a  gold-headed  Indian  cane,  se- 
cured by  a  black  silken  string,  dangling  from  his  wrist.  The  heels 
of  his  capacious  shoes,  well  lined  in  winter  season  with  thick  woollen 
cloth,  and  ferrule  of  his  cane  might  be  heard  jingling  and  scraping 
the  pavement  at  every  step.  On  the  street  he  always  seemed  to  be 
hastening,  as  fast  as  his  aged  limbs  would  permit,  to  a  patient  dan- 
gerously ill,  without  looking  to  the  right  or  the  left. 

It  is  said  that  he  used  expletives  freely  in  his  conversation,  and 
was  notable  for  sarcastic  wit.^ 

These  little  bits  of  history  do  not  imply  that  his  career  was  always 
smooth.  Necessity  to  go  on  foot  at  his  very  advanced  age — even  up 
to  a  few  weeks  of  his  death — to  visit  patients  in  all  kinds  of  weather, 
signifies  that  his  was  not  a  victorious  business  life.  Yet,  his  charac- 
ter and  the  high  quality  of  his  professional  acquirements  entitle  him 
to  rank  among  the  eminent  seniors  of  the  College,  and  with  them  to 
respectful  remembrance. 

The  average  attendance  at  the  meetings  of  the  College  during 
1791  was  12.2. 

^  Watson's  Annals  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  2,  p.  181. 

Simpson's  Lives  of  Eminent  Philadelphians  now  deceased.  William  Brother- 
head.     Philadelphia,  1859. 


INSTITUTION    OK    COM-KOIO    OF    IMIVSICIANS    OF    PHILAIjKF.I'HIA,        49 

April  IhI.  Dr.  Hcnjiiiniti  Sjiy  was  elected  Treasurer,  vice  \)r. 
Samuel  Diillicjld  rcsi^iKMl. 

July  Atli.  Dr.  Williiun  iSlii])|)en,  Jr.,  was  clofitcfl  Vicr;-I'rf.si<lf;iit 
ill  place  of  l^r.  John  Jones,  deceased. 

August  2d.  Dr.  Redman  thanked  the  College  for  his  reelection  as 
President. 

September  (>Lli.  To  enable  the  College  to  liire  a  room  suitable  for 
its  meetings  and  accommodation  of  its  library,  it  was  determined  to 
increase  tlic  entrance  fee  to  ten  pounds  (^26.66),  and  after  July, 
1792,  the  annual  contribution  to  four  dollars. 

December  Gth.  A  room  in  the  hall  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society  had  been  leased  from  December  10,  1701,  till  June  10, 1794, 
— three  years  and  a  half — for  thirty  pounds  (^79.80)  prepaid — less 
than  $28  a  year — and  the  room  furnished  at  a  cost  of  §72.  The 
thanks  of  the  College  had  been  presented  to  the  Trustees  of  the 
late  College  and  Academy  of  Pliiladelphia  for  the  use  of  a  room. 
The  Society's  beginning  as  an  independent  householder  was  modest, 
inexpensive. 

NOTICE  OF  DK.  JOHN  .TONES. 

The  decease  of  Dr.  Jones  is  not  mentioned  in  the  record  of  pro- 
ceedings. But  in  returning  thanks  to  the  College  for  his  reelection 
to  the  presidency,  Dr.  John  Redman  said,  August  2,  1701,  "I 
should  not  have  been  easy  under  the  sense  I  had  of  my  growing  in- 
firmities of  body  and  mind  for  some  time  past,  to  have  continued  to 
accept  the  honor  you  have  so  repeatedly  conferred  upon  me,  but 
from  the  consideration  that  you  always  joined  a  colleague  with  me  as 
Vice-President,  whose  eminence  and  reputation  in  our  profession, 
and  whose  clearness  of  judgement,  vigor  of  faculties,  and  easy 
manner  of  conveying  his  sentiments,  together  with  his  friendly  dis- 
position to  aid  me,  fully  obviated  and  prevented  any  ill  effects,  natur- 
ally to  be  expected  from  declining  age,  and  rendered  my  situation 
more  pleasant  than  otherwise  it  might  have  been.  But  though  much 
and  justly  respected  by  us,  and  all  connected  with  him  in  kindred, 
friendship,  and  business,  he  was  mortal,  and  he  has  gone — no  more 
to  return,  to  aid  by  his  talents,  or  gratify  us  by  his  presence  at  our 

4 


50  RUSCHENBERGER, 

meetings,  or  cheer  us  by  his  affability,  agreeable  converse,  and  polite 
manners.  And,  therefore  (though  somewhat  late  and  unseasonable), 
I  must  indulge  myself  in  sympathizing  with  you  and  regretting  the 
real  loss  -which  the  republic  of  medicine  in  general,  and  our  col- 
legiate society  in  particular,  have  sustained  thereby.  Much  did  I 
expect,  from  his  being  several  years  younger  than  myself,  and  so 
well  and  justly  esteemed  by  you,  that  he  would  be  my  next  successor; 
and  from  a  settled  resolution  soon  to  request  my  dismission  (if  not 
otherwise  removed),  I  sometimes  flattered  myself  with  having  the 
pleasure  to  see  him  raised  to  your  presidential  chair — to  which  I 
should  most  heartily  have  concurred — as  well  on  account  of  his  own 
merit  and  qualifications,  as  because  it  would  have  been  highly  grati- 
fying to  me  to  be  a  living  witness  of  our  College  being  headed  by 
one  whose  eminence  in  more  than  one  of  the  material  branches  of 
medical  science,  and  reputation  among  our  citizens  in  general  was 
still  very  flourishing,  and  whose  connection  with  and  estimation  in 
which  he  was  held  by  the  higher  orders  and  rank  of  them,  was  so 
conspicuous  and  intimate,  as  might  contribute  to  the  greater  external 
dignity  of  the  institution,  and  render  its  influence  more  powerful 
and  effectual  on  any  particular  occasion  of  public  utility,  wherein  it 
might  be  thought  requisite  or  be  called  upon  to  exert  it." 

The  first  President's  tribute  to  the  memory  of  the  first  Vice- 
President  excites  curiosity  now  to  know  something  of  his  career. 
Dr.  Redman  speaks  only  of  those  personal  qualities  which  made 
him  a  beloved  companion,  when  a  dozen  Fellows,  more  or  less, 
assembled  at  the  afternoon  meetings  and  discussed  matters  in  a  col- 
loquial manner,  both  before  the  meeting  was  called  to  order  and  after 
its  adjournment.  The  record  implies  that  the  formal  proceedings 
seldom  occupied  much  time.  Dr.  Joseph  Parrish,  in  his  obituary 
notice  of  Dr.  Thomas  Parke,  alludes  to  tradition  of  the  early  meetings 
where  the  elders  and  juniors  mingled  in  pleasant  and  profitable  con- 
versation. 

Dr.  John  Jones,  son  of  Dr.  Evan  Jones  (and  grandson  of  Edward 
Jones,  whose  wife  Mary  was  the  eldest  daughter  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Wynne),  was  born  at  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  in  1729.  All 
his  grandparents  belonged  to  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  were  born 


INHTI'IUTION    OF    (;()I.M';(JIO    OK    I'llY.SlCIAiNS    OF    I'Jl  I  LAI>I;LI'II  lA.        />  1 

and  lived  in  Widcs  prior  to  KJH'i.  In  tlinfc  yoar  Kdw;ird  .Jones  ;ind 
luH  fjuiiiiy  s(!l.tl('d  in  Mcsrion   Township,  (Jounty  of  I'Jiilafloljdiia,  l':i. 

After  Htudyinif  ni(;(licin(!  for  .sometime  under  the  direction  of  l>r. 
Thomas  (yinlwahuh'r  and  of  liis  fatlicr,  wlio  practised  medicine  in 
Philadelphia  for  a  while  hefore  he  removed  to  Long  Island,'  John 
Jones  went  to  Europe,  continued  his  studies  in  London,  Edinburgh, 
and  I'aris,  and,  in  IT-")!,  received  the  degree  of  M.I),  from  the 
University  of  llheims. 

On  his  return  from  Europe,  he  settled  in  New  York  and  obtained 
practice.  About  the  year  1758,  he  was  a  surgeon  in  the  colonial 
army  employed  against  the  French.  At  the  close  of  tliis  war  he 
resumed  private  practice.  When  a  medical  department  was  estab- 
lished in  what  was  then  King's  College,  1768,  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  surgery.^ 

He  was  chosen,  April  21,  1769,  a  member  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society,  and  elected  a  member  of  its  Council,  January, 
1786. 

In  the  autumn  of  1775,  he  published  P^am  Remarks  on  Wounds 
and  Fractures,  for  the  use  of  surgeons  of  the  army  and  navy,  very 
many  of  whom  at  that  time  lacked  surgical  experience.  In  the  then 
critical  condition  of  American  affairs,  the  work  was  regarded  as  op- 
portune and  valuable. 

About  the  close  of  the  year  1779,  or  the  beginning  of  1780,  he 
settled  in  Philadelphia. 

In  1780  he  succeeded  Dr.  John  Redman  as  one  of  the  Physicians 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital ;  was  elected  the  first  President  of  the 
Humane  Society,  and  a  consulting  physician  of  the  Philadelphia 
Dispensary. 

In  1786  he  was  elected  the  first  Vice-President  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  John  Jones  was  especially  distinguished  as  a  successful  Uthoto- 
mist,  and  also  as  an  accoucheur.  He  "was  generally  considered  to  be 
the  foremost  American  surgeon  of  his  day,  noted  for  the  prudence 

1  The  Early  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  and  its  Yicinity.  By  James  J. 
Levick,  M.D. 

*  History  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
By  Joseph  Carson,  M.D.,  etc.    Note  p.  68. 


52  RUSCHENBERGER, 

of  the  plan  and  the  celerity  of  his  operations,  a  quality  very  highly 
valued  before  the  introduction  of  aniBSthetics.^ 

He  was  an  intimate  friend  and  the  physician  of  Dr.  Benjamin 
Franklin,  and  attended  him  in  his  last  illness.  He  was  also  the 
family  physician  of  President  Washington  after  the  government  of 
the  United  States  was  removed  to  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Jones  personally  was  of  medium  but  slender  stature.  His 
chest  was  well-formed.  He  was  frequently  afflicted  with  asthma. 
He  had  a  quick  and  penetrating  eye,  a  cheerful  though  sedate  coun- 
tenance, and  his  whole  deportment  Avas  urbane.  His  gravity  of  ap- 
pearance and  dignity  of  manners  never  failed  to  command  respect. 

Few  persons  possessed  more  of  those  engaging  qualities  which 
render  a  man  estimable,  both  professionally  and  otherwise,  than  Dr. 
Jones.  His  conversation  was  most  pleasing.  His  language  floAved 
in  an  easy,  spontaneous  manner,  and  was  animated  by  a  vein  of 
sprightly  but  always  unoffending  wit,  which  delighted  while  it  secured 
attention.  He  was  a  belles-lettres  scholar ;  was  observant,  and  pos- 
sessed a  good  memory  ;  and  was  ever  a  most  agreeable,  entertaining, 
and  instructive  companion. 

Dr.  Jones  died  June  23,  1791,  in  the  sixty-third  year  of  his  age, 
very  sincerely  and  widely  regretted. 

The  average  attendance  at  the  meetings  during  1792  was  10.1. 

March  6th.  Dr.  Waters  volunteered  to  be  librarian  for  one  year. 

April  3d.  The  printing  of  a  volume  of  transactions  was  discussed; 
Drs.  Shippen,  Rush,  and  Griffitts  were  appointed,  June  5th,  to  pre- 
pare a  preface  for  the  work,  and  papers  to  be  printed  were  selected 
by  ballot. 

1  The  Surgical  Works  of  the  late  John  Jones,  M.D.  Formerly  Professor  of 
Surgery  in  the  College  of  New  York,  Fellow  [?]  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  President  of  the  Humane  Society,  and  Vice-President  of  the  College 
of  Phj'sicians  of  Philadelphia,  Physician  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  and 
Philadelphia  Dispensary.  The  third  edition.  To  which  are  added  a  short 
account  of  the  life  of  the  author  with  occasional  notes  and  observations.  By 
James  Mease,  M.D.,  Kesident  Physician  of  the  Port  of  Philadelphia.  Printed 
by  Wrigley  &  Berriman,  Philadelphia,  1795. 

Copy  presented  by  Dr.  Mease  to  the  Library  Company  of  Philadelphia. 


INSTITII'I'ION    OK    COLM'lUM    OK    IMIVSICIANS    OK    I'MILA  DKf-I'H  I  A.        /)/} 

July  '>(l.  Tilt!  |)ul)lic:iLiori  ol'  Trarmuctlons  wjw  postponed  and  the 
cominitteo  diHchnr^fid. 

November  (!lli.  At  liis  own  request,  Dr.  Waters  wjis  superseded  an 
librarian  by  Dr.  Loib;  and  as  a  member  of  tlie  T'ommittfe  on 
Meteoroloify  l)y  Dr.  Parke. 

^riic  Miiimtcs  of  I7!t2  are  brief,  without  interesting  record.  Two 
Fellows  wore  elected,  and  one  of  the  Seniors  died.  The  loss  is  not 
noted. 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  GEORGE  GLENTWORTII. 

Dr.  George  Glentworth  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  July  22,  1735. 

After  completing  an  academic  course,  he  was  apprenticed  to  Dr. 
Peter  Sonmans,  a  ])hysician  and  surgeon  of  extensive  practice,  and 
a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  from  October, 
17G8.     lie  died  March  15,  1776,  aged  sixty-seven  years. 

At  the  close  of  his  apprenticeship,  Dr.  Glentworth  was  appointed 
a  junior  surgeon  in  the  British  Army. 

He  went  to  Europe  in  1755,  spent  three  years  attending  hospitals 
and  lectures,  and,  after  defending  a  thesis  on  pulmonary  consumption, 
received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  the  University  of 
Edinburgh. 

On  his  return  to  Philadelphia  he  became  the  partner  of  Dr.  Son- 
mans. 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
October  14,  1768. 

In  1777  he  relinquished  a  large  practice,  and  accepted,  first  the 
appointment  of  a  regimental  surgeon,  and  afterward  that  of  a  senior 
surgeon  in  the  military  hospital  of  the  American  army.  He  re- 
sumed private  practice  in  1780. 

In  1786  he  joined  in  founding  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  was 
one  of  the  twelve  Senior  Fellows. 

He  died  from  an  attack  of  gout  November  4,  1792,  aged  57  years. 

It  is  represented  that  he  was  noted  for  his  humanity  to  the  poor ; 
for  his  good  temper  and  agreeable  deportment,  and  for  being  a  con- 
stant reader  of  professional  books. 

The  Rev.   Dr.   Samuel   Magaw,   on   the   Sunday  next  after  his 


64  RUSCHENBERGER, 

funeral,  spoke  of  him  from  hu,  pulpit.  He  said:  "Thy  fellow 
citizens,  thy  neighborhood,  thy  family,  thy  church,  miss  thee,  vener- 
able man,  Glentworth !  the  faithful,  the  experienced,  able,  successful 
physician,  whose  pleasing  unwearied  task  it  was,  by  day  and  by 
night,  to  soften  and  relieve  the  ills  of  sickly  human  nature ;  Glent- 
worth,  the  mild,  the  sociable,  the  friendly,  the  intelligent,  the  patri- 
otic citizen ;  Glentworth,  the  amiable  pattern  of  domestic  attention, 
worth  and  respectability.  The  testimony  to  thy  virtues,  given  in 
this  solemn  place,  is  short;  not  so  shall  be  the  remembrance  of  them."^ 

Notable  and  interesting  events  connected  with  the  College  occurred 
during  the  year  1793.  The  average  attendance  at  the  nineteen 
meetings  was  10.5. 

Dr.  William  Clarkson  resigned  February  9th,  because  new  and 
different  engagements  would  prevent  him  from  discharging  his  duties 
in  the  College. 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  WILLIAM  CLARKSON. 

Dr.  William  Clarkson,  a  son  of  Dr.  Gerardus  Clarkson,  was  born 
November  7,  1763.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  College  of  New 
Jersey,  and,  in  1785,  of  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  After  his  resignation  from  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  He  was  settled  in  Bridgeton,  N.  J. ;  in  Schenectady, 
N.  Y. ;  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  and  in  John's  Island,  S.  C,  where  he 
died  September  9,  1812. 

He  married  Catharine,  a  daughter  of  William  Floyd,  who  was 
one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

May  7th.  Article  7  of  the  Constitution  was  amended  so  as  to  read : 
"  The  business  of  the  Censors  shall  be  to  inspect  the  records  and 
examine  the  accounts  and  expenditures  of  the  College,  and  report 
thereon.  And  all  communications  made  to  the  College,  after  being 
read  at  one  of  the  stated  meetings,  shall  be  referred  to  the  President, 
Vice-President,  Censors,  and  such  other  members  of  the  College  as 

1  Columbian  Magazine,  p.  367,  vol.  9,  1792. 


iNS'i'i'i'ii'i'ioN  01''  (;om,K(;k  ov  imiysicianh  ok  I'Iiii-ai>i;m'iiia.      oo 

sluill  ]h\  iioniiiiiitcd  ("or  IJic  piifposc,  \vli<)  ,sli;ill  (Ictnniiino  hy  vote 
tiikoii  by  Icillot,,  on  tin;  |)ro|)ii('ty  of  jmblishin;^  thciri  in  tlio  Trans- 
actions of   tlu!  (U)]]v,fS,('.." 

Under  a  rule  of  tlii.s  kind,  uniiiij)oitiint  or  imperfectly  cou.sidered 
osHjiyH  had  little  chance  of  publication 

A  committee  to  print,'  iinolln  r  to  ])ublisli,^  and  a  third' to  prepare 
a  preface  for  the  first  volume  of  TrannactioriH  were  appointed. 

A  special  meeting  was  held  August  2.0th,  to  consider  what  steps 
the  College  should  take,  consistently  witli  duty  to  their  fellow  citizens, 
in  connection  with  "the  prevalence  of  a  fever  of  a  very  alarming 
nature  in  some  parts  of  the  city."  Drs.  Hush,  Hutchinson,  Say, 
and  Wistar,  Avere  appointed  to  consider  the  subject  and  report  the 
next  day. 

August  26th.  It  was  resolved  to  meet  every  Monday  at  four  o'clock 
P.M.,  "to  confer  upon  the  treatment  of  the  existing  malignant  fever." 
The  following  "directions  for  preventing  the  further  progress  of  the 
malignant  fever"  were  adopted,  signed  by  the  Vice-President  and 
Secretary,  and  a  copy  ordered  to  be  sent  to  the  Mayor  of  the  city. 

August  26,  1793.  The  College  of  Physicians  having  taken  into 
consideration  the  malignant  and  contagious  fever  which  now  prevails 
in  this  city,  have  agreed  to  recommend  to  their  fellow  citizens  the 
following  means  of  preventing  its  progress  : 

First.  That  all  unnecessary  intercourse  should  be  avoided  with 
such  persons  as  are  infected  by  it. 

Second.  To  place  a  mark  upon  the  door  or  Avindows  of  such 
houses  as  have  any  infected  persons  therein. 

Third.  To  place  the  persons  infected  in  the  centre  of  large  and 
airy  rooms,  in  beds  Avithout  curtains,  and  to  pay  the  strictest  regard 
to  cleanliness  by  frequently  changing  their  body  and  bed  linen:  also 
by  removing  as  speedily  as  possible  all  offensive  matters  from  their 
rooms. 

Fourth.  To  provide  a  large  and  airy  hospital,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  city,  for  the  reception  of  such  poor  pei-sons  as  cannot  be 
accommodated  Avith  the  above  advantages  in  private  houses. 

^  Ross,  Wistar,  and  Griffitts.  '  Leib,  Currie,  and  Gibbons. 

^  Rush,  Shippen,  and  Griffitts. 


66  RUSCHENBERGER, 

Fifth.  To  put  a  stop  to.  the  Tolling  of  the  Bells. 

Sixth.  To  "bury  such  persons  as  die  of  this  Fever  in  carriages, 
and  in  as  private  a  manner  as  possible. 

Seventh.  To  keep  the  streets  and  wharves  of  the  city  as  clean  as 
possible.  As  the  contagion  of  the  disease  may  be  taken  into  the 
body,  and  pass  out  of  it  without  producing  the  fever,  unless  it  be 
rendered  active  by  some  occasional  cause,  the  following  means  should 
be  attended  to,  to  prevent  the  contagion  being  excited  into  action  in 
the  body  : 

Eighth.   To  avoid  all  fatigue  of  body  and  mind. 

Ninth.  To  avoid  standing  or  sitting  in  the  sun,  also  in  a  current 
of  air,  or  in  the  evening  air. 

Tenth.  To  accommodate  the  dress  to  the  weather,  and  to  exceed 
rather  in  warm  than  in  cool  clothing. 

Eleventh.  To  avoid  intemperance ;  but  to  use  fermented  liquors, 
such  as  wine,  beer,  and  cider,  Avith  moderation. 

The  College  conceives  Fires  to  be  a  very  ineffectual  if  not  dangerous 
means  of  checking  the  progress  of  the  fever.  They  have  reason  to 
place  more  dependence  upon  the  burning  of  Gunpowder.  The 
benefits  of  Vinegar  and  Camphor  are  confined  chiefly  to  infected 
rooms,  and  they  cannot  be  used  too  frequently  upon  handkerchiefs 
or  in  smelling  bottles  by  persons  whose  duty  calls  them  to  visit  or 
attend  the  sick. 

(The  original  of  the  above,  with  some  erasures  and  some  words 
interlined,  is  in  the  writing  of  Dr.  Rush.) 

September  3d.  An  account  of  yellow  fever  in  1762,  with  the 
method  of  cure,  by  Dr.  John  Redman,  was  read.  For  his  important 
communication  the  College  voted  him  its  thanks.^ 

The  Secretary  reported  that  twenty-six  copies  of  the  first  part  of 
Vol.  I.  of  the  Transactions  of  the  College  had  been  received  from 
the  publisher.  The  printing  committee  was  directed  to  send  a  copy 
to  the  author  of  each  paper  in  the  volume,  and  to  the  medical  societies 
of  the  United  States  and  of  Europe. 

Ordered  that  the  College  meet  every  Tuesday  and  Friday,  at  4 
o'clock,  p.  M. 

1  The  original  MS.,  written  by  Dr.  Eedman,  is  in  the  library  of  the  College 


INSTITUTION    OK    (;oi,M;(i  10    01''    I'llVSIOIANS    0 1'     l'IIII,AO);i,l'IlfA.         57 

Scpt(!ml)(!r  (Itli.  A  Icttei-  was  rocoivcd  froin  \)v.  IJusli,  "  rocom- 
mcndinfi;  the  lihci-ul  uho  of  mercury,  particularly  in  <lie  first  8t.figc  " 
of  the  epidemic  !  Also,  from  I  )i-.  ( 'hmllon,  President  of  the  MedicJil 
Society  of  the  State  of  New  York,  uHkiii;^  information  concernin;; 
the  contaf!;ious  fever  noAV  prevalent  in  the  city. 

Letters  of  similar  import,  were  received  from  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  and  Dr.  Stevens,  of  New  York,  September  I'Uh. 

Sei)tember  17th.  Drs.  liedman  and  Ourrie  were  the  only  Fellows 
present.  After  this  day  there  was  no  meijtin^'  of  the  College  till 
Novend)er  r)tli.  Then  the  President  submitted  a  note,  in  substance  : 
October  1st.  The  President  and  Secretary,  as  well  as  many  other 
members,  being  sick,  several  out  of  town,  and  the  few  remaining 
being  very  much  engaged,  the  President  and  Secretary,  after  an 
exchange  of  letters  on  the  subject,  had  determined  not  to  issue 
notices  of  meetino:s. 

O 

The  President  had  received  letters  of  inquiry  from  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society,  and  from  Dr.  Buchanan,  of  Baltimore. 
Being  too  ill  to  answer  them,  the  Secretary  had  acknowledged  their 
receipt. 

He  had  also  received,  October  30,  a  letter  from  Governor  Mifflin, 
asking : 

"  Was  the  disorder  imported  or  not  ?  If  imported,  by  what 
means  and  from  what  place  ?  If  not  imported,  Avhat  were  the  prob- 
able causes  that  produced  it  ? 

"  What  measures  ought  to  be  pursued  to  purify  the  city  from  any 
latent  infection ;  and  what  precautions  are  best  calculated  to  guard 
against  a  future  occurrence  of  the  calamity  ? 

"  I  am  persuaded  that  the  public  spirit  and  benevolence  of  the 
College  of  Ph^'sicians  will  induce  them  cheerfully  to  excuse  and 
comply  with  this  request,  which  is  intended  to  establish  a  foundation 
for  regulations  that  may  cooperate  with  their  professional  labors  in 
preserving  their  fellow-citizens  the  invaluable  blessing  of  health." 

Drs.  Ross,  Parke,  Currie,  Carson,  Foulke,  B.  Duffield,  and 
Wistar  were  appointed  a  committee  to  prepare  a  reply  to  the 
Govei'nor's  questions. 

It  is  probable  that  Dr.  Rush  was  acquainted  with  the  contents  of 
Governor  Mifflin's  letter,  and  that  the  members  of  the  committee  of 


58  RUSCHENBERGER, 

August  25th,  of  'ftliidi  lie  was  chairman,  were  not  unanimous  in 
opinion  as  to  the  source  and  nature  of  the  epidemic.  At  the  time. 
Dr.  Rush  was  confident  that  the  origin  of  the  disease  was  domestic, 
and  that  it  was  highly  contagious.  He  subsequently  (1798)  aban- 
doned his  belief  in  the  contagion  of  yellow  fever.  He  was  not  in 
accord  with  some  Fellows  of  the  College  on  the  subject  Avhicli 
engaged  so  much  attention. 

Dr.  Rush,  the  most  renowned  physician  of  Philadelphia,  who  had 
been  an  active  Fellow  of  the  College  from  its  foundation,  sent  to  the 
President  the  following  letter : 

Fo7'  the  Pi'esident  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia : 

Dear  Sir  :  I  beg  you  would  convey,  by  means  of  this  letter,  my 
resignation  of  my  Fellowship  in  the  College  of  Physicians. 

I  request  at  the  same  time  their  acceptance  of  a  copy  of  Dr. 
Wallis's  edition  of  the  works  of  Dr.  Sydenham. 

With  the  tenderest  sentiments  of  respect  for  yourself,  I  am,  dear 
Sir,  your  sincere  friend  and  the  College's  well  wisher, 

Benjamin  Rush. 

Philadelphia,  November  5,  1793. 

/ 

The  resignation  was  accepted,  and  the  Secretary  directed  to  thank 
him  for  the  gift  of  books.     Why  did  he  resign  ? 

Dr.  Charles  Caldwell,  who  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Rush,  in  his  auto- 
biography describes  the  introductory  lecture  delivered  to  the  medical 
class  at  the  University  in  November,  1793,  by  Dr.  Rush  after  his 
resignation  from  the  College  of  Physicians.     He  says : 

"The  discourse,  though  highly  colored,  and  marked  by  not  a 
few  figures  of  fancy  and  bursts  of  feeling,  was,  notwithstanding, 
sufficiently  fraught  with  substantial  matter  to  render  it  no  less 
instructive  than  it  was  fascinating.  Though  fifty-two  years  and 
more  than  seven  months  have  passed  over  me  since  the  time  of  its 
delivery,  yet  are  many  of  the  representations  it  contained  as  fresh  in 
my  memory  as  the  occurrences  of  yesterday ;  and  were  I  master  of 
the  pencil,  I  could  accurately  delineate  the  figure,  countenance,  atti- 
tude, and  entire  manner  of  the  professor,  as  he  sat  at  his  desk. 

"Nor  was  the  lecture  entirely  sombre,  lugubrious,  and  pathetic. 


INSTITUTKJN    OK    COIJ.KdK    OK    I'lIVSICIANS    OK    I'll  1 1, A  OKI, I'll  I  A.        f/J 

Far  from  il.  Aiiioiilt;  ollKir  topics,  tln!  Ooctor  refer  red  to  the  abuHc 
and  perHccutioii  lie  IkmI  siistMiiud  IVoin  the  ('<>\\t;^y.  of  I'hyKicians 
of  riiiliulelpliiii,  us  Ji  body,  iiiid  fntiii  Htivcnil  iiidividiial  pliyrti- 
cians  of  tlic  pluco,  on  iiccount  of  tlic  extent  to  wliicli  lie  had  carried 
bloodletting  in  his  pr:icti('e  in  the  epidemic,  but  more  especially  on 
account  of  a  [)iirga,tive  dose  he  had  introduced,  which  in  size  was  de- 
nounced as  perfectly  enormous.  It  was  a  mixture  of  ten  grains  of 
calonjel  and  ten  of  jalap — a  dose  which  is  now  accounted  moderate, 
at  least,  if  not  diminutive.  But  previously  to  that  time  calomel  had 
never  been  so  copiously  administered  in  I'hiladelphia,  nor,  as  far  as 
I  am  informed,  in  any  other  part  of  the  Middle  or  Eastern  Atlantic 
States.  From  three  to  five  or  six  grains  of  that  article  had  been  re- 
garded until  then  as  an  ample  dose. 

"In  his  representations  of  the  Avrongs  he  had  thus  suffered,  and  of 
the  calumnies  and  invectives  with  which  he  and  his  practice  had  been 
assailed,  the  Doctor  was  sufficiently  sarcastic  and  trenchant.  Nor 
were  his  remarks  altogether  unspiced  w'ith  humor  and  ridicule.  Of 
the  denunciation  of  his  purgative  dose  of  toi  and  ten,  as  it  was  con- 
temptuously called  by  his  enemies  and  revilers,  he  gave  the  following 
terse  and  ludicrous  account : 

'"Dr.  Kuhn,'  said  he,  'called  it  a  murderous  dose!  Dr.  Hodge 
called  it  a  dose  for  a  liorse  !  And  Barton  called  it  a  devil  of  a  dose  1 
Dr.  H.,'  lie  continued,  'who  is  nearly  as  large  as  Goliath  of  Gath, 
and  quite  as  vauntful  and  malignant,  even  threatened  to  give  me  a 
flogging.  Dr.  H.  flog  me  !  Why,  gentlemen,  if  a  horse  kicks  me, 
I  will  not  kick  him  back  again.  But  here  is  my  man  Ben  (his  coach- 
man) whose  trade  is  to  beat  beasts.  He  is  willing  to  meet  Dr.  H. 
in  my  place,  and  play  brute  with  him  as  soon  as  he  pleases.  I  have 
that  to  do  which  belongs  to  a  man.'  "^ 

November  12th.  The  committee  appointed  to  prepare  a  reply  to 
the  Governor's  communication  submitted  a  report  which  was  recom- 

'  Autobiography  of  Charles  Caldwell,  M.D.  "^'ith  a  preface,  notes,  and 
appendix.  Bj-  Harriot  W.  Warner.  Lippincott,  Grambo  &  Co.,  Philadel- 
phia, 1855.     Pages  183,  18-4. 

Possibly  Dr.  H.  means  Dr.  Hutchinson,  who  had  been  dead,  at  the  time  of  the 
lecture,  about  two  months. 


60  RUSCHENBERGER, 

mitted  with  a  request  to  have  the  facts  authenticated,  Drs.  Say, 
Leib,  and  Barton  were  added  to  the  committee. 

November  19th.  The  committee  was  discharged  ;  and  Drs.  Parke, 
Carson,  and  Griffitts  were  appointed  to  answer  the  Governor's  com- 
munication. 

November  26th.  A  reply  to  the  Governor  was  adopted ;  substan- 
tially, that  the  fever  was  imported  in  vessels  arriving  in  the  port 
after  the  middle  of  July.  Cleanliness  of  the  streets,  the  use  of  gun- 
powder as  a  disinfectant,  and  of  unslacked  lime  in  privy  wells  were 
recommended. 

December  3d.  Drs.  Samuel  DuflBeld  and  Caspar  Wistar  were 
elected  Censors  in  place  of  Dr.  Hutchinson,  deceased,  and  Dr.  Rush, 
resigned. 

Dr.  Hugh  Hodge  was  elected  a  Fellow. 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  JAMES  HUTCHINSON. 

In  his  autobiography,  Charles  Biddle  states  that  Dr.  James 
Hutchinson  "was  fat  enough  to  act  the  character  of  Fallstaff  without 
stuffing."  His  portrait,  which  is  in  the  Wistar  and  Horner  Museum 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  does  not  suggest  that  his  person 
was  of  such  size  or  figure.  Mr.  Biddle  says:  "  He  took  a  warm 
interest  in  the  politics  of  the  State,  and  was  an  active  member  of  the 
then  rising  Democratic  party.  Eminent  as  a  practitioner,  he  fell  a 
victim  to  his  noble  eiforts  in  behalf  of  the  humbler  class  of  his  fellow 
citizens  in  September  [7th],  1793." 

Yellow  fever  in  Philadelphia,  in  1793,  created  much  alarm  among 
the  citizens.  Very  many  left  the  city  in  fear  of  it.  Mr.  Biddle 
says  :  "  Although  almost  afraid  to  let  him  come  into  my  house,  I 
sent  for  Dr.  Hutchinson,  to  advise  with  him  about  removing.  Before 
Mrs.  Biddle  he  just  mentioned  that  there  was  a  dangerous  fever  in 
town,  and  that  we  had  best  leave  it,  but  when  I  went  to  the  door 
with  him  he  told  me  he  had  never  seen  anything  so  alarming,  and 
desired  me  to  get  Mrs.  Biddle  out  of  town  immediately,  and  to  go 
myself  as  soon  as  I  could.  He  said  that,  as  a  physician,  he  thought 
it  his  duty  to  remain,  and  let  the  disorder  be  ever  so  bad,  he  would 


INSTITUTION    OK    (JOI.LKOK    OF    I'HYSICIANS    OF    I'lII  LAI>KI,1'H  I  A,       01 

not  lc!iV(;  town.  I  wallaid  a  liltlo  way  down  tlic  Htmot  with  liini.  At 
parting,  lie  gavo  uw  liis  liarid,  and  said  it  wa.s  douljtf'ul  whether  lie 
should  see  me  again.  I  luiighcd  at  him,  little  suspecting  this  would 
be  the  last  time  we  should  ever  nuiet.  It  was  some  days  before  I 
could  arrange  matters  so  as  to  leave  the  city,  before  this  worthy  man 
was  taken  with  the  disorder,  and  died  in  a  few  days.  He  was  a  very 
able  j)hysician,  and  one  of  the  l^est  of  men.  A  student  of  his,  who 
staid  with  him,  said  he  wont  to  all  the  poor  people  who  sent  for  him. 
Visiting  one  of  them,  who  was  a  poor  old  woman,  he  caught  the 
infection.  This  student  was  with  him,  and  said  when  the  doctor 
opened  the  door  of  the  sick  woman's  room  there  was  such  a  stench 
came  from  it  that  he  ran  out  of  the  house.  The  doctor  went  in, 
gpened  the  windows,  and  sat  some  time  in  the  room.  That  night  he 
was  taken  with  the  fever,  which  proved  fatal  to  him.  His  death 
increased  the  alarm  very  much,  and  occasioned  many  to  leave  the 
city.  He  had  a  great  deal  of  practice,  and  was  respected  and 
esteemed  by  men  of  all  parties  that  knew  him." 

In  this  connection,  Mr.  Biddle  says  :  ''What  added  greatly  to  the 
distress  of  those  unhappy  persons  .who  took  the  fever,  was  the  differ- 
ence of  opinion  among  our  most  eminent  physicians  respecting  the 
proper  treatment  of  it.  What  one  recommended,  another  would 
condemn,  so  that  all  confidence  in  them  was  lost.  I  believe  that,  in 
general,  too  much  medicine  was  given.  I  was  reminded  at  this  time 
of  an  anecdote  I  had  often  heard  Dr.  Franklin  tell,  respecting  a 
malignant  fever  that  was  in  Barbadoes,  which  swept  off  great  numbers 
of  the  inhabitants.  At  last  they  were  out  of  medicine,  and  it  was 
expected  they  would  all  die.  It  happened,  however,  otherwise ;  for 
after  the  medicine  was  gone,  every  person  that  had  the  disease 
recovered."^ 

Dr.  Adam  Kubn,  in  his  lectures  on  yellow  fever,  says  that  Dr. 
Shippeu  informed  him  that  "!Mr.  Pryor  has  an  account  of  thirty- 
three  persons  Avho  were  pick  in  the  part  of  the  city  in  which  he  lived. 
Of  these,  seventeen  had  medical  assistance,  and  of  the  whole  number 

^  Autobiography  of  Charles  Biddle,  Vice-President  of  the  Supreme  Execu- 
tive Council  of  Pennsylvania,  1745-1S21.  Privately  printed.  E.  Claxton  & 
■Co.     Philadelphia,  1883. 


62  RUSCHENBEKGER, 

one  recovered  ;  tlie  other  sixteen  were  not  attended  by  any  physician, 
and  of  this  number  one  died !  Mr.  Pryor  had  the  disease  when  it 
prevailed  in  1762,  He  is  a  man  of  observation,  and  assisted  his 
neighbors,  and  in  his  own  family  directed  what  he  thought  proper. 
His  method  consisted  in  fomentations  with  vinegar  to  bring  on  perspi- 
ration, and  in  recommending  wine  whey  to  support  it,  by  which 
means,  he  says,  all  who  followed  his  directions  recovered. 

"  The  Rev.  Mr.  Helmuth,  Hector  of  the  German  Lutheran  con- 
gregation in  this  city,  and  who  probably  saw  as  many  in  the  disease 
as  any  person  among  us,  and  who  is  a  gentleman  of  observation, 
informs  me  that  some  persons,  not  regularly  bred,  succeeded  much 
better  in  the  treatment  of  this  disease  than  the  regular  physicians. 

"A  number  of  physicians  and  students  of  medicine  fell  victims  to 
the  fever.  They  contracted  the  disease  by  their  attendance  on  the 
sick.  They  were  treated  differently,  according  to  the  ideas  which 
they  or  their  medical  friends  entertained  of  the  nature  of  the  fever. 
Much  the  greater  number,  however,  of  those  who  died,  as  I  am 
informed,  were  attended  by  gentlemen  who  were  advocates  of  plentiful 
bleeding,  and  purging  with  calomel  and  jalap.  Another  circum- 
stance which  always  appeared  to  me  decisive  against  this  mode  of 
practice,  is  that  the  great  mortality  in  the  city  happened  after  the 
time  that  this  method  became  more  generally  employed."^ 

At  the  beofinnino;  of  his  illness,  Dr.  Hutchinson  sent  for  Dr. 
Kuhn,  who,  in  his  lectures  on  yellow  fever,  says,  substantially,  "  On 
Saturday,  the  31st  of  August,  and  within  five  hours  from  the  time 
of  the  attack,  I  saw  him,  and  received  this  account  from  him  :  That 
at  three  o'clock  that  morning  he  was  seized  with  a  most  violent  head- 
ache, attended  with  fever.  He  had  gone  to  bed  about  eleven  o'clock, 
perfectly  well ;  indeed,  he  never  felt  better,  or  in  higher  spirits.  He 
was  not  sensible  of  any  chilliness,  pain  in  the  back,  or  sickness  of 
the  stomach.  He  had  no  pain  anywhere,  except  in  his  head,  which 
he  described  as  excruciating.  His  skin  was  dry ;  his  pulse  was  not 
much  more  frequent  or  fuller  than  in  health.     It  was  determined  he 

1  Lectures  on  Yellow  Fever.  By  Adam  Kuhn.  MS.  Libr.  Coll.  Pliys. 
Philadelphia.     No.  P.,  844. 


INSTITUTION    OF    COlA.KilK    OK    I'lIYSICIANS    OI'    I'H  I I-A  l)KI,l'H  M  .        fJ.'J 

Hliould  tiil<(!  some  liixiitive,  and  as  lie  preferred  crcain  of  tarUir,  that 
was  directed. 

''  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  with  great  anxiety,  asked  me  whether  it  vfoH 
yellow  fever.  Observing  my  embarrassment,  he  immediately  an- 
swered, '  there  is  no  doubt  of  it,'  for  he  had  that  day  week  examined 
the  houses  in  Water  Street. 

"  At  my  evening  visit,  I  found  tlu;  laxative  had  operated  once. 
Pie  was  directed  to  use  the  cold  bath,  to  take  the  elixir  of  vitreol,  to 
drink  Rhenish  and  water,  lemonade,  and  eat  ripe  fruit. 

"  Ne-^t  morning,  I  found  he  had  passed  a  restless  night.  The 
pain  in  the  head  continued.  The  cream  of  tartar  had  not  operated 
a  second  time.  The  bath  had  refreshed  him  much.  He  was  desired 
to  repeat  the  cream  of  tartar  and  cold  bath. 

"In  the  evening  he  informed  me  that  the  cream  of  tartar  had 
operated  three  times,  and  to  my  extreme  regret  I  learned  that  at 
each  time  he  had  gone  down  two  pair  of  stairs,  besides  the  steps  into 
his  yard,  which  had  fatigued  him  considerably.  He  was  to  repeat 
the  bath,  continue  the  elixir  of  vitreol  and  regimen. 

"  The  next  morning,  September  2d,  he  informed  me  that  the 
cream  of  tartar  had  operated  eight  times  after  I  saAv  him,  and  that 
he  was  obliged  to  check  it  with  laudanum,  as  he  felt  himself  much 
weakened  by  it.  He  was  to  continue  the  bath  and  take  an  ounce  of 
bark  in  substance  in  the  course  of  the  da}-.  He  had  no  sickness  of 
stomach ;  the  headache  had  abated,  though  it  was  not  removed. 

"  In  the  evening,  I  found  the  bark  had  purged  him  violently  ;  he 
had  not  less  than  ten  stools  without  using  any  means  to  check  it.  I 
could  not  help  expressing  to  him  my  chagrin  at  so  unexpected  an 
effect.  I  desired  him  to  take  fifteen  drops  of  laudanum  after  every 
evacuation,  until  they  were  suppressed;  to  continue  the  bath,  etc. 
He  had  no  sickness  of  stomach  from  the  beginning ;  nothing  ap- 
peared unfavorable  except  debility  from  too  much  unintentional 
purging. 

"  Next  morning,  I  found  that  a  single  dose  of  laudanum  had 
checked  the  purging.  Though  the  pain  in  the  head  was  abated,  he 
had  been  restless  in  the  night.  He  was  to  continue  the  bath,  bark, 
and  vitreol,  and  to  use  laudanum  if  necessary. 

"  In  the  evening,  he  had  taken  six  drams  of  bark  ;  had  three  or 


64  RUSCHENBERGER, 

four  stools ;  the  bark  had  sickened  him  ;  it  was  therefore  discon- 
tinued, but  he  was  to  persevere  in  the  use  of  the  wine,  bath,  and 
vitriol.  This  was  the  fourth  day  of  his  disease.  There  was  no  un- 
favorable symptom,  except  debility,  which  was  far  from  considerable ; 
no  sickness  of  stomach  ;   no  delirium ;  pulse  regular,  good. 

"  This  was  the  last  time  I  saw  him,  for  that  evening  I  was  so 
much  more  indisposed  than  I  had  been,  that  I  found  myself  unable 
to  go  out.  I  therefore,  early  the  next  morning,  sent  him  notice  of 
my  indisposition,  and  requested  him  to  call  some  physician." 

Dr.  Currie  visited  him  that  day,  and  daily  until  he  died.   " 

A  few  hours  after  his  message  had  been  sent,  a  pupil  of  Dr. 
Hutchinson  called  on  Dr.  Kuhn,  and  informed  him  that  "  Dr.  Rush 
had  visited  Dr.  Hutchinson  and  had  recommended  him  to  take  jalap 
and  calomel,  which  the  Doctor  wished  me  to  know  and  to  have  my 
opinion.  My  answer  was  that  it  was  impossible  for  me  to  give  an 
opinion  ;  to  acquaint  Dr.  Rush  that  he  had  had  near  thirty  stools  in 
three  days,  and  if  Dr.  Rush  thought  further  purging  was  necessary, 
my  opinion  was,  he  ought  to  follow  the  advice.  I  was  at  the  same 
time  informed  that  Dr.  Hutchinson  was  no  worse  than  when  I  left 
him." 

In  a  lecture  to  his  class  Dr.  Rush  had  charged  Dr.  Kuhn  with 
misrepresenting  the  case  of  the  late  Dr.  Hutchinson.  In  defending 
himself,  Dr.  Kuhn  related  the  case  in  detail,  and  read  a  statement 
by  Dr.  Currie,  derived  from  his  own  daily  record  of  the  case  after 
his  attendance  began. 

Dr.  Currie  wrote :  "I  made  Dr.  Hutchinson  a  visit  on  the  4th  of 
September,  about  eleven  o'clock  a.m.,  which  was  the  fourth  day  of 
his  fever.  He  was  then  sitting  up  in  bed,  conversing  with  the  Health 
Officer  of  the  Port  on  business  relative  to  his  office. 

"After  the  health  officer  left,  he  gave  me  a  detail  of  his  symptoms 
and  treatment  with  permission  to  publish  it.  He  spoke  much  in 
favor  of  the  advantages  he  had  derived  from  the  cold  bath  after  his 
bowels  had  been  evacuated  by  repeated  doses  of  cream  of  tartar. 
Bark  had  deranged  his  stomach,  but  the  vitriolic  acid  agreed  well, 
and  was  grateful  to  his  palate.  He  was  now  so  well  that  he  discon- 
tinued every  kind  of  medicine,  and  made  use  of  lime-juice  punch 
occasionally  for  drink. 


iNS'rrj'ij'ri(»N  oi'  coiaa-mk  of  imivskjians  ok  i'iin-Ai»Ki,i'iii.A.      fJ5 

"  Iji  (Jio  nilvrnooM  lie  \v(!nt  down  stjiirs,  and  as  lio  rcfiirnotl  to  his 
oliainbei-  liis  nose  be^an  to  Meed,  and  continued  bleedinr^  until  he 
was  niiKili  (l(!l)ilitatcd  and  (;iiiit,. 

"At  l)e(l-tiino  lie  took  Ibrty-five  dro])s  tinet.  opii,  rested  the  fore- 
part of  the  night,  but  awoke  before  morning  with  sickness  and  great 
distress. 

"  I  visited  him  a])out  ten  o'clock  with  Dr.  Barton.  His  pulse  waa 
then  low,  skin  cold  and  dry,  his  face  bloated  and  livid,  and  his  mind 
was  considerably  deranged.  His  thirst  became  insatiable.  He  cast 
up  all  he  drank  as  soon  as  his  stomach  became  full,  with  straining 
and  noise.  In  the  intermission  of  puking  he  Avas  frequently  affected 
with  singultus.  From  this  time  he  obstinately  refused  making  use 
of  any  kind  of  remedy,  except  one  or  two  enemas,  constantly  assur- 
ing his  friends  that  there  was  nothing  the  matter  with  him,  till  the 
seventh  day  of  the  disease,  when  he  became  comatose  and  expired  on 
the  eighth." 

The  records  furnish  very  little  to  be  added  to  this  sad  story. 

The  first  secretary  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  Dr.  James 
Hutchinson,  was  born  in  Wakefield  Township,  Bucks  County,  Pa., 
January  29,  1752.  His  father,  Randal  Hutchinson,  was  a  farmer, 
and  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 

James  began  his  primary  education  in  a  school  under  Paul  Preston. 
Afterward  he  was  at  the  Burlington  Academy,  i^ew  Jersev,  at 
another  in  Virginia,  and  received  his  bachelor's  degree  with  the  first 
honor  from  the  College  of  Philadelphia. 

He  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Evans,  of  this  city.  In  1774,  the 
College  of  Philadelphia  awarded  him  a  gold  medal  for  proficiency  in 
chemistry.  The  same  year  he  went  to  London  where  he  was  a  pupil 
of  Dr.  John  Fothergill.  He  returned  home  in  1777,  by  way  of 
France,  bearing  Avith  him  important  dispatches  to  Congress  from  Dr. 
Franklin,  then  American  Minister  at  the  French  Court.  The  ship 
in  AA'hich  he  was  passenger,  when  in  sight  of  the  American  coast, 
was  chased  by  a  British  cruiser.  To  saA^e  the  despatches.  Dr. 
Hutchinson  left  the  ship  in  an  open  boat  under  fire,  and  safely 
reached  the  shore.     He  saw  her  captured  by  the  enemy,  with  all  his 


66  RUSCHENBERGER, 

baorgafie,  ineludino;  a  collection  of  medical  books  he  had  made  in 
England  and  France. 

Soon  afterward  lie  joined  the  American  army  as  Surgeon-General 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  served  throughout  the  war. 

The  Legislature  appointed  him,  1779,  a  Trustee  of  the  University 
of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  an  office  he  held  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  was  also  professor  of  materia  medica  in  that  institution 
until  it  and  the  College  of  Philadelphia  were  merged,  1791,  into  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  Then  he  was  elected  professor  of 
chemistry. 

During  several  years  he  was  Physician  of  the  Port,  and  one  of 
the  physicians  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  which  positions  he 
held  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Dr.  Hutchinson  was  an  influential  democrat,  and  was  warmly  in- 
terested in  Pennsylvania  politics.  He  always  declined  to  accept 
office,  though  often  solicited.  After  the  British  evacuated  Philadel- 
phia, he  served  as  one  of  the  Committee  of  Safety.  Being  an  inti- 
mate and  confidential  friend  of  the  leading  men  of  the  Revolution, 
he  was  received  at  headquarters  at  all  times,  and  the  Commander-in- 
Chief  often  invited  his  opinion  in  reference  to  the  medical  depart- 
ment. 

Dr.  Hutchinson  married  Miss  Sydney  Howell,  by  whom  he  had 
two  sons.  One  of  them  was  a  lawyer  in  Philadelphia,  and  the  other 
was  for  some  years  Consul  of  the  United  States  at  Lisbon.^ 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  JOHN  MORRIS. 

Another  of  the  founders  of  the  College,  Dr.  John  Morris,  one  of 
the  class  of  juniors,  died  of  yellow  fever  in  September,  1793.  He 
was  born  September  27,  1759,  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Charles 
Moore  at  Montgomery,  Pa.  He  practised  medicine  in  Burlington, 
N.  J.,  for  a  time  before  he  removed  to  Philadelphia. 

*  American  Medical  Biography :  or  Memoirs  of  Eminent  Phj'sicians  who 
have  Flourished  in  America.  By  James  Thacher,  M.D.,  etc.  Kichardson  & 
Lord,  and  Cottons  &  Barnard,  Boston,  1828. 

The  Lives  of  Eminent  Philadelphians  now  Deceased.  By  Henry  Simpson. 
William  Brotherhead,  Philadelphia,  1859. 


INSTITUTION    OF    COIJ,K(lK  OF   IMrYHIOFANS    OF    I'H  H-A  I)Kr,I'MIA.         67 

TIk!  iiverage  attendance  iit  tlio  fifteen  ineetin;f.s  of  1704  was  10.4, 
At  a  .special  inectiii^  Mjircli  lOtli,  it  was  iinnoiinccd  that  tlieeliair- 
man  of  a.  ('(»iiiiiiilt<;e  of  tlie  JIouHe  of  Hcpre.sentativeH,  appointed  to 
prepare  a  bill  "to  re<i;iiiii,te  the  j»ni(;ti(;(!  of  [)hysic  within  this  State," 
had  rc(j(uested  the  aHsistaiiee  of  the  College.  Drs.  Samuel  DufTleld, 
Parke,  iiiid  Say  were  appointed  to  wait  upon  the  Assembly's  Com- 
mittee in  the  State  House,  the  next  day  at  four  o'clock  P.M. 
The  followiui^  was  ordered  to  be  published  in  the  newspapers: 

College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  March  10,  1794.  Present 
If)  members. 

The  College,  taking  into  consideration  the  disagreeable  tendency 
of  the  many  alarming  reports  which  have  prevailed  for  some  time 
past  respecting  the  existence  of  the  disease  called  the  yellow  fever  in 
the  city,  and  being  desirous  to  relieve  the  minds  of  the  inhabitants 
from  any  unnecessary  apprehensions,  unanimously  agreed  to  inform 
their  fellow  citizens  that,  to  the  best  of  their  knowledge,  there  is  not 
a  single  case  of  the  above-mentioned  fever  in  the  city  or  Liberties. 

Published  by  order  of  the  College, 

John  Redman, 

President. 

March  14th.  The  Committee  on  the  bill  to  regulate  medical  prac- 
tice submitted  a  report. 

The  College  substantially  recommended  that,  except  graduates  of 
the  University,  applicants  for  license  to  practise  physic  within  the 
State  should  be  examined  by  persons  appointed  by  the  College  for 
the  purpose,  and  that  the  penalty  for  non-compliance  with  the  law 
should  be  considerable.  Also,  that  apothecaries  should  be  examined 
and  licensed. 

December  'Id.  Drs.  Wistar,  Say,  and  Benjamin  Duffield  were  ap- 
pointed to  consider  the  defects  of  the  health  laws  and  suggest  suit- 
able amendments  in  a  report  to  the  College, 

Their  report,  January  6,  1795,  may  be  found  in  the  published 
Proceedings  of  tJu'  College  of  Phi/sieians. 


68  RUSCHENBERGER, 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  JOHN  CARSON. 

Dr.  John  Carson,  a  son  of  William  Carson,  who  had  emigrated 
from  Antrim,  Ireland,  was  born  in  Philadelphia  November  12,  1752. 
No  record  of  his  career  has  been  found.  He  received  the  degree  of 
M.D.  from  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  while  abroad  married 
Agnes  Hunter. 

In  1786  he  participated  in  the  organization  of  the  Philadelphia 
Dispensary ;  and  from  May  11,  1786,  till  July  4,  1788,  he  was 
surgeon  of  the  First  Troop  of  Philadelphia  City  Cavalry. 

"While  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  he  was  elected,  January  7,  1794,  a  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  place  of  Dr.  James  Hutchinson,  deceased.  Dr.  John  Carson 
died  October  26,  1794. 

December  17th.  A  committee  from  the  Board  of  Health  sub- 
mitted plans  of  a  proposed  hospital  for  contagious  diseases,  which 
were  freely  discussed. 

The  avei'age  attendance  at  the  fourteen  meetings  of  1795  was  10.2. 

January  26th.  The  report  of  the  committee  on  the  health  laws 
was  sent,  as  a  memorial  of  the  College,  to  the  Legislature,^ 

At  a  special  meeting  February  10th,  the  Board  of  Health  asked 
the  cooperation  of  the  College  in  devising  a  plan  of  a  hospital  for 
the  accommodation  of  persons  afflicted  with  contagious  diseases. 

Drs.  Kuhn,  Parke,  and  Wistar  were  appointed  to  confer  with  the 
Board  of  Health  on  the  subject. 

July  7th.  In  a  letter  to  Dr.  Samuel  Duffield  the  Governor  re- 
quested the  College  to  nominate  four  of  its  members  to  advise  the 
consulting  physician  of  the  Port  (Dr.  Samuel  Duffield)  respecting 
the  quarantine  and  purification  of  vessels,  and  the  removal  of  persons 
infected  with  contagious  diseases. 

Under  instructions,  the  President  sent  to  the  Governor  a  list  of 
the  Fellows  of  the  College  from  which  he  might  make  the  appoint- 
ments desired.  The  Governor  appointed  Drs.  Kuhn,  Parke,  Wistar, 
and  Griffitts. 

^  Proceedings  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  p.  9.  Philadel- 
delphia,  1798. 


iNS'i'iTii'i'ioN   ()]''  (;()i,M';(;i';  oi'    nivsiciANS  of   i'iiii,Aiii;f,i'iiiA.       GO 

Octohci-  <itJi.  Dr.  Niclioliis  W^iy — iipprjintcd  an  aHHOci.'itc,  17t)0 — 
appeared  and  took  liis  Hciil,  !is  a  Fellow  of"  the  College,  having  been 
elected  at  the  proviouH  miU'A'ni'^. 

Drs.  John  C^iirniniiig  and  TIioiiims  ('.  .Jaino.s  were  eiecte<l  FellowH. 

The  avcray-c  attendaiioc  at  the  twelve  meetinK^  of  1700  wjih  10. 

June  7th.    Dr.  William  y\nn!in  was  elected  a  Fellow. 

Jnl)^  r)tli.  Dr.  ^^loniMs  (J,  dailies  was  elected  Secretary,  "^rhe 
College  unaiiimously  passed  a  vote  of  thanks  to  T)r.  Sainiu-l  F.  Griffitts 
for  his  punctual  and  assiduous  attention  to  the  duties  of  Secretary 
during  eight  years. 

The  average  attendance  at  the  twenty-one  meetings  of  1797  was 
9.6. 

August  15th.  The  Governor  of  the  State  addressed  the  President 
of  the  College  requesting  information  in  reference  to  the  presence  of 
yellow  fever  in  the  neighborhood  of  Penn  Street;  and  the  opinion  of 
the  College  upon  the  best  mode  of  averting  the  threatened  calamity. 

The  receipt  of  the  Governor's  letter  was  acknowledged,  informing 
him  that  a  malignant  contagious  fever  had  appeared  in  Penn  Street. 
Drs.  Currie,  Wistar,  and  Griffitts  were  appointed  to  report  on  "the 
measures  necessary  to  prevent  the  introduction  and  prevention  of 
contagious  diseases."  The  report  was  made  and  sent  to  him  August 
17th  in  form  of  a  letter. 

August  23d.  The  inspectors  of  the  Board  of  Health  requested 
the  College  to  meet  daily,  or  as  often  as  may  be  convenient,  to  pub- 
lish such  information,  and  offer  such  advice  to  the  citizens  as,  in  its 
judgment,  may  tend  to  check  the  progress  of  contagion  :  and  to 
communicate  to  the  Board,  from  time  to  time,  such  information  as 
may  be  deemed  necessary. 

Drs.  Kuhn,  AVistar,  and  Hodge  were  appointed  to  report  the  next 
day  on  the  method  of  purifying  houses,  regulating  funerals,  restrict- 
ing intercourse  with  houses  in  which  contagious  disease  exists,  and 
of  checking  the  progress  and  extension  of  contagion. 

August  24th,  5  P.M.  The  committee  reported,  and  on  the  25th 
the  report  was  amended  and  adopted,  and  ordered  to  be  laid  before 
the  inspectors  of  the  Health  Office. 


70  RUSCUENBERGER, 

September  5th.  A  letter,  dated  August  26th,  was  received  from 
the  Secretary'  of  the  Commonwealth,  requesting  the  College  to  com- 
municate to  the  Governor  now  whatever  information  it  may  have  on 
the  existing  malignant  fever;  and  as  frequently  as  may  be  con- 
venient during  the  session  of  the  Legislature,  which  was  to  meet  the 
following  Monday,  that  he  might  lay  reliable  statements  on  the  sub- 
ject before  the  members. 

The  President  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  the  letter  the  same 
day. 

October  30th.  A  letter,  dated  October  24th,  from  the  Governor 
was  read,  asking  "  What  measures  ought  to  be  pursued  to  purify  the 
city  from  any  latent  infection ;  and  what  precautions  are  best  calcu- 
lated to  guard  against  the  future  occurrence  of  a  similar  calamity?  " 

Drs.  Wistar,  Griffitts,  and  James  were  appointed  to  prepare  a 
reply  to  the  questions. 

An  answer  was  submitted  and  unanimously  adopted  November 
Tth. 

The  same  committee  was  instructed  to  draft  a  memorial  to  the 
Legislature  to  carry  into  effect  the  propositions  contained  in  the 
answer  to  the  Governor's  letter,  and,  December  5th,  after  its  adop- 
tion by  the  College,  to  present  it. 

Dr.  Adam  Seybert  was  elected  a  Fellow. 

Governor  Mifflin  did  not  regard  the  College  of  Physicians  as  the 
only  source  of  reliable  information  on  yellow  fever.  He  addressed 
the  following  communication  to  Dr.  Rush,  which  implies  that  his 
authority  in  the  premises  was  highly  estimated  at  the  time. 

Philadelphia,  6th  November,  1797. 
Sir  :  I  am  desirous  to  obtain,  for  the  information  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, the  most  correct  account  of  the  origin,  progress,  and  nature  of 
the  disease  that  has  recently  afflicted  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  with 
a  view  that  the  most  efficacious  steps  should  be  taken  to  prevent  a 
recurrence  of  so  dreadful  a  calamity.  I  have  requested  the  opinion 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  on  the  subject ;  but  as  I  understand 
that  you  and  many  other  learned  members  of  the  Faculty  do  not 
attend  the  deliberations  of  that  institution,  the  result  of  my  inquiries 
cannot  be  perfectly  satisfactory  without  your  cooperation  and  assist- 


INSTi'i'iJ'i'ioN  oi'  (;()i,ij';<ii';  dk  I'IIYskjians  ov  imiilaimj-I'Iiia.      71 

anco.  rcniiil  me,  llicicCori',  Sir,  to  bo;^  llie  favor  (A'  you,  ari'l  Huch 
of  your  hrclJircii  as  you  shall  ho  pleased  to  consult,  to  state  in  answer 
to  tiiis  letter  the  opinion  whi<'li  your  roscaTclics  and  expcrionoc  have 
ona,!)led  you  to  form  on  the  iin|)ortant  suhjcct  of  the  present  investi- 
gation.     1  aiii  respectfully,  sir,  your  most  obedient,  humble  servant, 

Thomas  Mn-i'lin. 
Dk.  Bkn.iamin  Rush. 

A  reply,  without  da,ic,  to  this  letter  signed  by  IJenjainin  Ku.sh, 
Charles  Caldwell,  William  Dewecs,  John  Redman  (Joxe,  Philip 
Syng  Physick,  James  Reynolds,  Francis  Boyes  Sayre,  John  C  Otto, 
William  Boys,  Samuel  ('ooper,  James  Stuart,  Felix  Pascalis,  and 
Joseph  Strong,  is  published  with  the  Governor's  letter.  It  covers 
six  octavo  pages.  The  doctrine  of  local  origin  of  the  fever  is  ad- 
vocated in  it.  It  is  notable  that  the  signers  were  among  the  founders 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Philadelphia.' 

The  average  attendance  at  the  seventeen  meetings  during  1798 
was  10. 

January  2d.  It  was  resolved  to  publish  the  proceedings  of  the 
College  relative  to  the  prevention  of  the  introduction  and  spreading 
of  contagious  diseases. 

At  a  special  meeting  on  the  23d,  Drs.  Wistar,  Griffitts,  and  James, 
who  had  been  appointed  to  superintend  the  publication,  reported  that 
the  work  had  been  printed.  Its  distribution  was  ordered.  The  title 
is  as  follows : 

"Proceedings  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  relative 
to  the  prevention  of  the  introduction  and  spreading  of  contagious 
diseases.  Printed  by  Thomas  Dobson,  at  the  Stonehouse,  No.  41 
South  Second  Street,  Philadelphia,  1798."  Svo.  pp.  37.  Lewis 
Library — Coll.  Phys.  of  Philada.  Pamphlets,  No.  1558. 

It  contains  all  the  correspondence,  memorials,  etc.,  in  connection 
with  the  proceedings  from  August  25,  1793.  till  December  26.  1797, 
inclusive. 

May  1st.  Dr.  James  Hall,  one  of  the  junior  founders,  having  re- 
turned to  the  city,  after  an  absence  of  some  years,  resumed  his  fel- 
lowship in  the  College. 

1  The  Medical  Repository,  vol.  i.  pp.  391-98.     ISTew  York,  1797. 


72  RUSCHENBERGER, 

August  6th.  The  President  called  a  special  meeting  in  conse- 
quence of  a  report  made  to  him  by  Dr.  Wistar  that  malignant  fever 
existed  in  the  city.  The  College  directed  the  information  to  be 
given  to  the  Board  of  Health. 

August  7th.  Drs.  Parke  and  James  were  instructed  to  wait  upon 
the  Board  of  Health  this  evening,  to  learn  what  measures  have  been 
taken  in  connection  with  the  subject  of  the  communication  made  to 
it  on  the  6th. 

November  13th.  Drs.  Wistar,  Griffitts,  and  James  were  appointed 
to  investigate  the  origin  and  progress  of  the  malignant  contagious  fever 
of  this  year.     Their  report  was  submitted  and  read  December  4th. 

December  11th.  Drs.  Kuhn,  Currie,  Parke,  Wistar,  Griffitts,  and 
James  were  appointed  to  draw  up  a  narrative  of  the  proceedings  of 
the  College  in  1793  and  1797,  and  the  facts  relative  to  the  origin 
and  progress  of  the  malignant  fever  of  1798,  with  a  statement  of  the 
best  methods  of  preventing  the  introduction  of  similar  diseases  in 
the  future. 

December  24th.  Their  report  was  adopted  and  ordered  to  be  pub- 
lished.^ 

It  is  entitled :  "Facts  and  observations  relative  to  the  nature  and 
origin  of  the  pestilential  fever  which  prevailed  in  this  City  in  1793, 
1797,  and  1798.  By  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 
Printed  by  Thomas  Dobson,  at  the  Stonehouse,  No.  41  South  Second 
Street,  Philadelphia,  1798-1800."  Pp.  52.  No.  485,  Leivis 
Library — Coll.  of  Phys.  of  Philada. 

The  opinion  of  the  College,  expressed  in  this  pamphlet,  is  that 
yellow  fever  is  imported  and  its  extension  is  a  result  of  contagion. 

The  average  attendance  at  twenty  meetings  during  1799  was  10.7. 

January  1st.  A  copy  of  the  pamphlet,  "Facts  and  Observations," 
etc.,  was  sent  to  each  member  of  the  State  and  of  the  Federal  Leg- 
islatures, of  the  City  Corporation,  of  the  Board  of  Health,  as  well 
as  to  corresponding  medical  societies. 

Letters  on  the  origin  of  fever,  addressed  to  Dr.  Currie,  by   Dr. 

1  Five  members  of  the  committee  with  Drs.  Dorsey,  Seybert,  and  Say,  con- 
stituted the  meeting. 


INKTITIITION    OK    (;<»l,l,l';<i  K    dV    I'HYSICIANH    OK    I'll  Il-A  OKI.I'III  A.         t -i 

Edward  MilUir,  of  New  Yoik,  juhI  l»y  l>is.  Is.-i.ic  I»;irid  and  Jolin 
Warniii,  oC   Boston,  were  rc;id. 

Fcbniiiry  !')i\\.  Drs.  VVislar,  (jtriditts,  and  Loib  wore  appftintcfl  to 
confer  with  members  of  the  House  of  lleiireseufativcH  of  tlio  Com- 
monwealth in  reference  to  amending  tbc  health  law  then  under  con- 
sideration, and  to  draft  a  memorial  on  the  subject. 

February  8th.  The  memorial  submitted  was  adopted  by  the  College, 
and  the  committee  directed  to  present  it  to  the  Legislature. 

It  is  a»s  follows: 

To  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Penn- 
sylvania: The  Memorial  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia 
respectfully  represents — that  they  have  considered  the  bill  for  estab- 
lishing an  health  office,  now  before  your  house,  with  that  attention 
which  a  subject  so  important  to  every  member  of  the  community 
naturally  excites,  and  are  convinced  that  it  is  materially  defective  in 
several  respects,  which  they  beg  leave  to  specify. 

1st.  The  Board  of  Health  is  enjoined  and  empowered  to  perform 
several  duties,  viz.,  to  appoint  a  resident  and  consulting  physician,  to 
make  regulations  for  the  Lazaretto,  and  the  vessels  under  quarantine, 
to  prescribe  the  mode  of  visiting  vessels,  persons,  and  houses.  "To 
determine,  when  any  suspicion  arises  in  the  mind  of  the  resident 
physician  or  quarantine  master  respecting  the  infectious  state  of  any 
vessel,  cargo,  or  crew,"  what  measures  shall  be  taken  to  purify  the 
cargo  and  restore  the  health  of  the  diseased  persons — which  said 
duties  can  only  be  performed  by  persons  who  are  acquainted  with  the 
nature  of  diseases  and  the  effects  of  the  operations  of  contagion — but 
that  bill  does  not  provide  for  the  formation  of  a  Board  of  Health 
possessed  of  such  information  ;  on  the  contrary,  each  board,  probably 
uninformed,  is  directed  to  nominate  its  successors,  whereby  errors,  if 
any  arise,  may  be  pei'petuated.  By  repeated  experience  the  College 
is  induced  to  believe  that  the  most  important  objects  of  the  law,  the 
prevention  of  the  introduction  and  extension  of  pestilential  and  con- 
tagious diseases,  will  be  lost  if  the  Board  of  Health  have  not  this 
information. 

2d.  The  law  allows  an  annual  rotation  of  the  members  of  the 
Board  of  Health,  whereby  it  will  probably  be  composed  of  new  mem- 


74  RUSCHENBERGER, 

bers  in  the  season  of  danger  when  the  experiences  of  former  years 
will  be  necessary.  Whereas,  the  only  principle  upon  which  men 
originally  unacquainted  with  the  object  of  their  appointment  can  be 
supposed  capable  of  performing  the  duties  of  it,  is  their  long  continu- 
ance in  office. 

3d.  The  law  makes  no  special  provision  for  preventing  the  intro- 
duction of  the  plague  to  which  we  are  exposed  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year,  more  especially  by  the  constant  intercourse  between  this  country 
and  Algiers,  which  has  lately  taken  place.' 

By  order  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 

John  Redman,  President. 

Thomas  C.  James,  Secretary. 

June  4th.  The  proposition  offered  May,  1798,  to  make  the  annual 
contribution  of  fellows  three  dollars,  was  adopted. 

July  1,  1799 — present  15.  A  special  meeting  was  called  by  the 
President  in  com^^liance  with  a  request  of  the  Board  of  Health,  in 
consequence  of  the  prevalence  of  an  alarming  fever.  After,  a  free 
interchange  of  opinion,  it  was  resolved  that — 

From  information  which  the  College  has  received  from  several  of 
its  members,  it  appears  that  there  exists  in  Penn  Street  and  its 
vicinity,  a  malignant  fever  of  the  same  nature  with  that  which  pre- 
vailed in  Philadelphia  in  1793, 1797,  and  1798  :  and  it  is  the  opinion 
of  the  College  that,  taking  early  and  proper  precautions,  such  as 
separating  the  diseased  from  the  healthy,  removing  the  shipping 
which  lie  from  South  to  Pine  Street,  to  a  safe  distance  from  the  city ; 
and  evacuating  and  carefully  inspecting  the  dwelling-houses,  stores, 
and  counting-houses,  and  the  wharves,  within  the  limits  aforesaid, 
will  be  the  most  effectual  means  of  checking  the  further  progress  of 
the  disease. 

Dr.  Griffitts  was  desired  to  hand  a  copy  of  the  above  to  the  Board 
of  Health. 

July  2d.  The  following  reply  was  received : 

Health  Office,  7th  mo.  2d,  1799. 
To  the  College  of  Physicians  : 

The  Board  of  Health  received  with  gratitude  the  communication 
from   your  College.     They  have  endeavored  to  give  it  the  weight  a 


INKTITIITKm    Oh'    il()\.]A'MK    OV    ]'I1YSICIAN8    OF    I'llII.A  l)i;i-l'll )  .A .         io 

coiiiuiiiiiic-iilioii  (Voni  so  rcspocta))lo  a  source  (lemari(l(;(l,  but  they  can- 
not (;()iii(;i(l(!  ill  sciiliiiiciit,  willi  you  rc^fiirdiii;^  the  propriety  of  i.SHuirig 
a  pi'()(',l;ijii;i,tioii,  or  giviii^j;  a  dinictioii  for  tlio  removal  of  tlio  inhabi- 
tants from  tiic  part  of  th(!  town  yon  montion,  or  the  vosscls  from  the 
wharves  adjoining.  A  jjiiblic  nolilication  would  perhaps  create  a 
terror  that  might  add  to  the  predisposing  cause  of  the  sickness,  if  any 
such  cause  exists.  They  are  convinced  of  the  necessity  of  early 
precaution,  but  they  also  dread  to  give  an  alarm,  which  must  inju- 
riously aifect  the  welfare  of  the  city,  and  which  may,  perhaps,  even- 
tually be  unnecessary,  the  consequences  of  which  sis  it  regards  the 
health  are  doubtful,  but  which  would  certainly  operate  powerfully 
against  the  interest  of  the  citizens.  They  solicit  your  attention  to 
the  effects  of  a  publication  from  you  on  this  subjjsct,  and  shall  be 
obliged  by  every  information  which  can  be  had  to  assist  them  in 
maturing  their  opinions  at  this  eventful  period. 

B}^  order  of  the  Board. 

Edward  Garriguks,  President. 

Paschall  Hollingsworth,  Secretary. 

It  was  resolved  that  each  Fellow  give  formal  information  to  the 
Board  of  Health,  and  also  to  the  College,  of  every  case  of  malignant 
fever  which  may  come  under  his  notice,  as  soon  as  its  nature  has 
been  ascertained ;  and,  until  further  notice,  the  College  meet  every 
other  evening  at  8  o'clock. 

August  21,  1799.  The  President,  at  the  instance  of  several  Fel- 
lows of  the  College,  called  a  special  meeting  to  consider  the  present 
state  of  health  in  the  city.  After  discussion,  it  was  agreed  to  send 
the  folloAving  to  the  Board  of  Health: 

Gentlemen:  The  College  of  Phj^sicians  conceive  it  to  be  their 
duty  to  inform  you  that  recent  events  have  confirmed  the  opinion 
which  they  have  lately  expressed  to  your  board,  and  they  feel  it 
incumbent  on  them  to  repeat,  that  a  malignant  contagious  fever,  of 
the  same  nature  with  the  disease  which  raged  here  in  the  years 
1793,  '97,  and  '98,  prevails  among  us  at  this  time  to  a  very  alarm- 
ing degree. 

By  order  of  the  College. 

Wm.  Shippen,   Vice-President. 

Thos.  C.  James,  Secretary. 


76  RUSCHENBERGER, 

Sept.  24th.  The  President  called  a  special  meeting  to  consider  the 
following  communication  from  the  Governor  of  the  State : 

Falls  of  Schuylkill,  20  Sept.,  1799. 
Sir  :  At  the  instance  of  many  of  our  fellow-citizens,  I  am  induced 
to  request  that  you  will  obtain  from  the  College  of  Physicians  a 
representation,  whether,  in  their  opinion,  the  lives  of  the  electors 
will  be  in  danger  from  the  prevalence  of  any  malignant  or  contagious 
fever  by  attending  at  the  place  fixed  by  law  for  holding  the  ensuing 
general  election,  within  the  city  and  suburbs  of  Philadelphia  ?  The 
Act  of  Assembly  renders  such  a  representation  necessary  before  the 
places  of  election  can  be  changed  ;  and  therefore  I  hope  the  College 
will  fiivor  me  with  an  early  communication  of  the  result  of  their 
deliberations  on  'the  subject.  I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  great 
respect  and  esteem,  sir,  your  most  obedient  humble  servant, 

Thomas  Mifflin. 
Dr.  Redman, 

President  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 

The  College  answered  as  follows  : 

Philadelphia,  Sept.  24,  1799. 
Sir  :  In  answer  to  your  letter  of  the  20th  inst.  I  am  directed  by 
the  College  of  Physicians  to  inform  you  that  from  present  appear- 
ances they  judge  it  will  not  be  safe  to  hold  the  election  at  the  Com- 
missioners Hall  in  Southwark — that  the  Town  House  in  the  Northern 
Liberties  will  be  safe,  and  that  it  will  be  most  advisable  not  to  hold 
the  election  at  the  State  House. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be  with  great  respect  and  esteem,  sir,  your 
friend  and  servant, 

John  Redman. 
Thomas  Mifflin,  Esq., 

Governor  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 

Nov.  26th.  The  President  called  a  special  meeting  to  consider  the 
following  communication  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth : 

Sir  :  The  Governor  directs  me  to  request  that  you  will  favor  him 
with  the  sentiments  of  the  College  of  Physicians  on  the  origin  and 


INSTITUTION    OF    i'A)\,\A<:r,K    OF    I'JI  VSKJIANH    OF    J'll  I  LA  I»FI,1'1I  I  A.  (  ( 

naturo  of"  Uk;  late  J'ovijr,  ;iii(l   ;iii_y  iii)|)ri)V('iiicnf,  tljiil  r;aii   he  iiia<J(;  in 
our  HyHUnii  ol'licaltli  laws. 

I  am,  witli  great  ix'spect,  .sir,  your  most  (jbedient  liumble  servant, 

A.  J.  Dallas,  Secretary. 

1)JI.   Rfj:>MAN.  Noveinbor  20,  1709. 

Drs.  Wistiir,  (Urinitts,  Currio,  and  James  were  appointed  to  draft 
an  answer,  which  was  submitted  and  approved  Nov.  28,  and  is  as 
follows : 

Sill:  In  compliance  with  your  rec^uest,  expressed  in  Mr.  Dallas's 
note  of  the  20tli  inst.,  the  College  was  convened  on  the  26th,  by 
their  direction.  I  now  inform  you  that  they  believe  tlie  origin  and 
nature  of  tlio  late  fever  to  be  precisely  similar  to  those  of  1793, 
1797,  and  1798. 

In  our  memorial  to  the  Assembly  in  1797,  as  w^ell  as  in  our  publi- 
cation of  last  year,  entitled  Facts  and  observations  relative  to  the 
nature  and  origin  of  pestilential  fever,  etc.,  Ave  gave  our  sentiments 
fully  on  this  important  subject,  accompanied  with  a  minute  detail  of 
facts  in  support  of  our  opinions. 

Without  entering  at  present  into  any  further  relation  of  facts, 
which  time  will  not  permit,  and  a  repetition  of  which  we  suppose  to 
be  unnecessary,  we  shall  remark  generally  that  the  parts  of  the  city 
and  of  Southwark  contiguous  to  the  river,  w'here  the  fever  this  year, 
as  heretofore,  appeared,  its  symptoms  and  -progress  all  tend  to  confiiTn 
our  former  opinions  that  it  is  a  pestilential  contagious  disease  intro- 
duced amongst  us  by  the  shipping. 

With  respect  to  the  health  laws,  we  repeat  that  the  Board  of  Health 
ought  to  consist  of  persons  who  have  a  competent  knowledge  of  the 
subject. 

Every  law  for  securing  the  city  against  the  destructive  effects  of 
any  pestilential  contagious  disease  should  have  for  its  second  object 
the  speedy  extinction  of  such  contagions  when  they  appear. 

Measures  for  the  purpose  can  be  of  no  avail  unless  they  are  under- 
taken soon  after  the  disease  is  known  to  exist,  but  the  experience  of 
the  last  two  years  has  been  that  those  who  are  not  qualified  to  judge 
promptly  may  doubt  of  the  existence  of  the  disease  until  the  oppor- 


78  RUSCHENBERGER, 

tunity  of  preventing  its  extension  is  lost.  And  that,  notwithstanding 
the  diiference  of  opinion  amongst  physicians  respecting  the  origin, 
yet  they  have  generally  been  agreed  as  to  the  existence  of  the  fever 
very  soon  after  its  appearance. 

No  person  whose  private  interest  may  be  affected  by  quarantine 
laws  should  be  a  member  of  this  board,  the  business  of  which  would 
be  more  usefully  conducted  if  the  change  of  members  were  not  so 
frequent,  as  the  experience  gained  by  one  year's  service  is  lost  by  the 
customary  rotation. 

The  laws  might  be  more  simple. 

The  quarantine  should  commence  on  the  first  day  of  May,  after 
which  time  no  vessels  subject  thereto  should  be  permitted  to  come 
up  to  the  city  until  the  middle  of  October. 

By  order  of  the  College. 

John  Redman,  President. 

November  28,  1799. 

Thomas  Mifflin,  Esq., 

Governor  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  average  attendance  at  the  twelve  meetings  during  the  year 
1800,  was  9.8;  and  of  the  thirteen  meetings  of  1801,  8.7. 

One  Associate  and  one  Fellow  were  elected  in  1800,  and  two 
Fellows  in  1801. 

It  is  noted,  in  1800,  that  the  rent  of  the  apartment  occupied  by 
the  College  was  fixed  at  $40  a  year ;  and,  Dec.  1,  1801,  twelve 
members  present,  the  by-laws  were  amended  so  as  to  make  seven  a 
quorum  for  election  of  Fellows. 

At  the  fourteen  meetings  of  1802  the  average  attendance  was  9. 

Feb.  2d.  Dr.  Glentworth  proposed  Dr.  Jenner,  and  Dr.  Parke 
nominated  Dr.  Lettsom  as  Associates. 

March  2d.  Dr.  Lettsom  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  College,  but 
Dr.  Jenner's  nomination  was  not  approved,  or  noted  on  the  minutes. 

July  6th.  Dr.  Thomas  T.  Hewson  was  elected  Secretary  of  the 
College. 

July  16th.  Present,  12  Fellows.  The  Vice-President  called  a 
special  meeting  at  the  instance  of  the  President  of  the  Board  of 


iNSTrrij'i'ioN  ov  (.'(jm-kok  of  imivskjians  of  i'nn-Ai)i;M'HiA.       t'.f 

IJciiHli,  in  c()ns(!(|ii('ii(!(^  of  Uh;  prev;ilcnce  of  an  ahirniing  fever  in  the 
vicinity  of  Vine  iind  i^'ront  Streets. 

After  a  free  interchange  of  views,  it  w;i.s  resoivcfl : 

"  l<^-om  information  wliicli  the  College  has  received  from  several  of 
its  members,  it  appears  that  a  malignant  fever  of  the  same  nature 
with  that  which  prevailed  in  1793,  '97,  '98,  and  '99  has  existed  for 
ten  or  twelve  days  past  in  the  vicinity  of  Vine  and  Front  Streets, 
and  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  College  that  the  most  effectual  means  of 
chocking  the  progress  of  the  disease  will  be  an  immediate  separation 
of  the  sick  from  the  healthy,  and  a  recommendation  to  the  healthy  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  sick  to  remove  into  the  country,  and  a 
general  suspension  of  intercourse  with  the  infected  houses." 

The  Secretai'y  was  desired  to  present  to  the  Board  of  Health  a 
copy  of  the  resolution,  with  the  two  pamphlets  published  by  the 
College. 

Nov.  2d.  Drs.  Griffitts,  Currie,  and  Wistar  were  appointed  to  con- 
sider the  present  state  of  the  health  laws.  They  submitted  a  report 
Nov.  16th.  Drs.  Wistar,  Griffitts,  Currie,  and  Leib  were  appointed 
to  draft  a  memorial  on  the  subject  to  the  Assembly  of  the  Common- 
wealth, which  was  adopted  Dec.  7th ;  and  copies  of  it  were  distributed 
to  members  of  both  houses  of  the  Legislature.     It  is  as  follows : 

To  the  Senate  and  Souse  of  Representatives  of  the  Commonwealth 
of  Pennsylvania :  The  Memorial  of  the  College  of  Physicians  re- 
spectfully showeth — That  your  memorialists  have  a  common  interest 
with  their  fellow-citizens  in  the  prosperity  of  this  city ;  that  prompted 
by  this  common  interest  they  submit  to  you  their  opinions,  the  result 
of  experience  and  mature  consideration,  on  the  system  necessary  to 
be  adopted  to  guard  against  the  introduction  of  pestilential  and 
contagious  diseases  from  foreign  countries.  They  conceive  that  the 
inefficacy  of  the  existing  regulations  contained  in  the  present  health 
laAvs  is  not  only  known  to  you,  but  that  it  is  universally  acknowledged, 
and  that  public  opinion  and  public  safety  call  for  a  more  efficient 
system.  Your  memorialists  forbear  entering  into  the  subject ;  they 
apprehend  it  to  be  unnecessary  to  enter  into  a  detail  of  the  minor 
points  of  regulation ;  they  mean  only  to  suggest  the  general  princi- 
ples of  the  law,  leaving  the  development  to  the  wisdom  of  the  Legis- 
lature. 


80  RUSCHENBERGER, 

Under  these  impressions  your  memorialists  beg  leave  to  submit  the 
following  propositions : 

That  a  Board  of  Health,  to  consist  of  not  more  than  five  persons, 
be  appointed  by  the  Governor,  who  shall  be  commissioned  during 
good  behavior,  and  receive  an  adequate  compensation  for  their 
services. 

That  no  vessel  from  any  port  or  place  specified  in  the  fifth  section 
of  the  present  health  law,  the  European  ports  of  the  Mediterranean 
excepted,  be  permitted  to  come  up  to  the  city  from  the  1st  of  May 
till  the  1st  of  October. 

That  the  Board  of  Health  have  full  power,  in  case  of  the  appear- 
ance of  pestilential  and  contagious  disease  in  the  city  or  its  suburbs, 
to  remove  the  persons  infected,  their  attendants,  and  the  families  in 
which  the  disease  occurs. 

The  Board  of  Health,  your  memorialists  conceive,  requires  a  new 
organization ;  its  duties  are  arduous  and  not  without  hazard ;  they 
require  time  and  attention,  and  necessarily  interfere  with  the  avoca- 
tions of  men  of  business  who  are  competent  to  the  situation.  It 
cannot  therefore  be  expected  that  they  can  be  effectually  performed 
unless  some  emolument  be  attached  to  the  service.  Its  members 
ought  to  be  few,  to  hold  their  ofiices  during  good  behavior,  and  be 
appointed  by  the  Governor,  inasmuch  as  promptitude  and  vigor  are 
more  the  attributes  of  small  than  of  large  bodies,  as  experience  is 
necessary  to  the  due  performance  of  their  duty,  and  as  an  efficient 
responsibility  will  thereby  be  annexed  to  the  appointment. 

Such  is  the  subtle  nature  of  contagion  and  such  the  inefficiency  of 
means  hitherto  employed  to  prevent  its  introduction,  that  nothing 
short  of  an  actual  interdiction  of  intercourse  with  the  infected  places 
appears  competent  to  its  prevention  ;  your  memorialists  are  therefore 
of  opinion  that  the  only  actual  security  of  the  citizens  against  the  im- 
portation of  diseases  of  a  malignant  and  contagious  character  from 
foreign  countries  must  be  found  in  the  total  exclusion  of  vessels  from 
infected  ports  during  the  period  above  recited. 

That  the  Board  of  Health  ought  to  have  a  plenary  power  to  re- 
move persons  infected  with  malignant  and  contagious  diseases  and 


IN.STITHTHm    OK    COIJ,KUK    OF    I'JIYSICIANH    OK    I'll  I  LAbKLI'HIA.         81 

those  wlio  Ii;iv(!  l>ecri  williiii  tlie  spliore  of  tlicir  action,  your  rncrnor- 
iiilisirt  coiKUMvc  li:is  hccii  ;iiii|ily  'lomonstrated  by  the  sad  experience  of 
ficvcnil  years.  The  iirrcstation  of  such  diseases  depends  more  upon 
the  removal  of  the  sick  than  of  the  healthy,  as  the  records  of  the 
years  '93,  '97,  '98,  '99,  and  the  present  year  will  evince,  for  even 
the  almost  entire  depopulation  of  tlu'  city  unaided  by  frost  was  insuf- 
ficient to  its  extinction. 

These  general  propositions  are  submitted  by  your  memorialista 
with  deference,  but  with  a  sincere  conviction  that  on  their  adoption 
depends  the  future  safety  of  riiiladclphia  against  the  ravages  of  that 
disease  which  has  impoverished  many  a  worthy  family,  and  con- 
signed many  a  valuable  citizen  to  the  grave. 

]3y  order  of  the  College. 

John  Redman,  President. 
Thos.  T.  Hewson,  Secretary. 

At  the  twelve  meetings  of  1803,  the  average  attendance  was  7.7. 

January  4th.  Drs.  Robert  Harris  and  Charles  Caldwell,  by 
declining  to  pay  the  annual  contribution  for  three  successive  years, 
have  vacated  their  seats.  The  Secretary  was  directed  to  furnish 
them  with  a  copy  of  this  minute. 

At  the  twelve  meetings  of  1804,  the  average  attendance  was  7. 

July  3d.  Previous  to  the  annual  election,  a  letter  was  read  from 
Dr.  Redman,  expressing  a  desire  that  another  should  be  elected 
President  in  his  place.  No  change  of  officers  was  made.  The 
Secretary  was  directed  to  inform  Dr.  Redman  of  his  election,  and  to 
assure  him  of  the  respect  and  esteem  of  the  College. 

October  2d.  Di-s.  Currie,  Seybert,  and  Hewson  were  appointed  to 
assist — as  prescribed  by  Article  7  of  the  Constitution  of  the  Society 
— the  Presidents  and  Censors  to  consider  what  papers  in  possession 
of  the  College  are  proper  for  publication. 

The  average  attendance  at  the  seventeen  meetings  of  1805  was  7.5. 
January  1st.  The  Committee  selected  thirteen  papers  to  be  pub- 
lished. 

6 


82  RUSCHENBERGER, 

The  Committee  on  Publication  was  requested  to  examine  the 
pajters  on  malignant,  contagious  fever,  and  report  Avliat  measures  in 
reference  to  them  are  proper  to  be  taken  by  the  College. 

April  2d.  The  Vice-President  was  requested  to  ask  Dr.  Munson, 
Sr.,  of  New  Haven,  as  to  the  authenticity  of  Coleman's  "  History 
of  the  Importation  of  Yellow  Fever  into  New  Haven  in  1794." 

June  -tth.  The  use  of  the  room  occupied  by  the  College  was 
granted  to  the  Agricultural  Society  on  condition  that  it  pa}^  half 
the  yearly  rent  of  the  room,  $20. 

July  2d.  William  Shippen  was  elected  President ;  Adam  Kuhn, 
Vice-President ;  Samuel  Duffield,  Thomas  Parke,  Caspar  Wistar,  and 
Samuel  P.  Griffitts,  Censors;  Thomas  Say,  Treasurer;  and  Thomas 
T.  Hewson,  Secretary. 

August  20th.  At  a  special  meeting,  called  at  his  request,  Dr. 
Currie  stated  that  a  malignant  fever  had  appeared  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Catharine  and  Water  Streets. 

September  10th,  Dr.  Currie  stated  that  the  malignant  fever  had 
spread  considerably  in  Southwark,  but  the  number  of  cases  within 
the  city  limits  had  not  increased ;  also,  that  he  and  Dr.  James  had 
been  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Health  to  request  the  College  to 
point  out  the  means  of  preventing  the  contagion  from  extending  in 
the  city. 

Drs.  Griffitts,  Wistar,  and  Parke  were  appointed  to  confer  with 
the  Board  of  Health  on  the  subject. 

September  19tli.  A  special  meeting,  called  at  the  request  of  the 
Board  of  Health,  in  reference  to  the  following  letter  from  the 
Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  : 

Lancaster,  September  15,  1805. 

Sir  :  The  Governor  directs  me  to  call  the  attention  of  the  Board 
of  Health  to  the  25th  Section  of  the  Act  of  Assembly,  passed  the 
fifteenth  day  of  February,  1799,  entitled  "An  Act  to  regulate  the 
General  Elections  within  the  Commonwealth,"  and  request  that  the 
Board  will  be  pleased  to  inform  him  whether  the  state  of  the  malig- 
nant fever  at  present  prevailing  in  the  suburbs  and  City  of  Philadel- 
phia will  render  it  necessary  to  change  the  places  fixed  by  law  for 


INSTFTlITrON    OF    f;or,Li;(JK    OF  I'lrVSKTANS  OF  IMin,AI»KIJ'HIA.       83 

lioldiiin;  tlio  iK^Kt  goiieriil  el(!cti()iiH  witliiii  the  H.-imo,  and  if  ho,  to 
point  out  the  phices  they  may  deem  moHt  convenient  for  said  pur- 
poses.    I  am,  sir,  very  respectfully, 

^'ou^  most  ohcdiciit  servant, 

T.    M.    TlIOMI'HON. 

Ebenezmk   Ki';i!(!uson,  Esq., 

President  of  the  Board  of  Health. 

P.  S. — Be  pleased  to  coiiimiinicMtc  this  to  the  College  of  Physicians 
of  tlic  City  of  Philadelphia. 

The  College  directed  the  Secretary  to  furnish  the  Board  of  Health 
■with  a  copy  of  the  following  resolution  :  That  it  is  the  opinion  of 
the  College,  that,  from  present  appearances,  it  will  not  be  safe  to 
hold  the  election  at  the  Commissioners'  Hall  in  Southwark  ;  that 
the  usual  places  of  holding  the  elections  in  the  City  and  Northern 
Liberties  "will  be  safe- 
October  1st.  In  a  letter  to  the  Vice-President,  dated  New  Haven, 
May  8, 1805,  Dr.  Eneas  Munson  confirmed  his  account  of  the  origin 
of  the  yellow  fever  at  New  Haven  in  1794. 

December  10th,  Drs.  Griffitts  and  James  were  appointed  to  super- 
intend the  publication  of  the  papers  on  malignant  fever. 

The  work  is  entitled :  "  Additional  Facts  and  Observations  Rela- 
tive to  the  Nature  and  Origin  of  the  Pestilential  Fever.'"  By  the 
College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia.  8vo.,  pp.  99.  Printed  by 
A.  Bartram.  For  Thomas  Dobson,  at  the  Stonehouse,  No.  41  South 
Second  Street.  Philadelphia,  1806.  Lewis  lAhrary,  Coll.  Phys.  of 
Philada.,  M.  485. 

Copies  of  the  work  were  distributed  February  4,  1806. 

The  average  attendance  of  the  12  meetings  of  1806  was  6,7  ;  of 
the  12  meetings  of  1807,  was  7.2  ;  of  the  12  meetings  of  1808,  was 
6.5:  of  the  12  meetiuo-s  of  1809,  was  6.5  \  of  the  12  meetings  of 
1810,  was  6.3 ;  of  the  13  meetings  of  1811,  was  6.6,  and  of  the  12 
meetings  of  1812,  was  5.9. 

During  the  first  twenty  years  of  the  recorded  existence  of  the  Col- 
lege, ending  January,  1807,  the  average  attendance  at  the  meetings 
was  numerically  small ;  but  relative  to  the  number  of  Fellows  it  was 
as  large  as  it  is  now.     In  January,  1787,  the  College  consisted  of 


84  .  RUSCHENBERGER, 

24  Fellows;  the  founders.  BetAveen  that  time  and  January,  1807, 
22  were  elected,  making  an  aggregate  of  46.  From  this  are  to  be 
deducted  three  who  forfeited  their  fellowship  ;  three  who  resigned, 
and  six  who  died,  making  12,  leaving  the  number  34.  And  two  or 
three  were  absent  from  the  city  during  months  at  a  time.  From 
these  data  it  is  conjectured  that  about  one-third  of  the  Fellows  in  the 
city  attended  the  stated  and  special  meetings. 

Many  of  the  Fellows  of  the  College  were  members  of  other  socie- 
ties of  the  time,  which  claimed  their  attention  and  presence ;  and  the 
Fellows  generally  were  actively  engaged  in  professional  business. 

The  American  Medical  Society  still  existed.  The  Philadelphia 
Medical  Society  was  carried  on  with  spirit,  and  held  weekly  meet- 
ings. Those  Fellows  of  the  College  who  were  professors  in  the 
University,  as  well  as  others,  were  very  frequently  present,  and  the 
fortnightly  stated  meetings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
were  usually  attended  by  some  of  the  Fellows  of  the  College,  many 
of  whom  were  members  of  it,  as  well  as  of  the  Philadelphia  Medical 
Society. 

The  Chemical  Society  of  Philadelphia,  which  was  instituted  in 
1792,  held  stated  meetings  weekly,  in  the  Philadelphia  Laboratory, 
or  Anatomical  Hall.     Some  of  the  Fellows  of  the   College  were 
members  of  it.    The  chief  purpose  of  this  Association  was  to  acquire 
information  relative  to  the  minerals  of  the  United  States.     A  stand- 
ing committee  of  five  was  charged  with  the  duty  of  analyzing  any 
mineral  which  might  be  submitted  to  it,  provided  it  were  sent  free  of 
expense,  with  an  account  of  the  locality  and  situation  in   which  it 
was  found.     The  analyses  were  made  without   charge.     Notice  of 
these  terms  was  published  in  several  newspapers  of  the  United  States. 
In  1797  the  members  of  the  Analyzing  Committee,  to  either  of  whom 
a  mineral  might  be  submitted  for  examination  and  report  were : 
Thomas  Smith,  No.  19  North  Fifth  Street. 
James  Woodhouse,  No.  13  Cherry  Street. 
Samuel  Cooper,  No.  178  South  Front  Street. 
Adam  Seyhert,  191  North  Second  Street. 
John  C.  Otto,  37  North  Fourth  Street.^ 

1  The  Weekly  Magazine,  Philadelphia,  February  3,  1798. 


INSTITUTION    OF    (JOLLKliK    OF    JMI  YHK'IANS    OF    I'ill  hADi;LI'HI  A.       85 

In  April,  171)H,  ^I'liomas  P.  Smith  delivered  a  "learned  and  ingeni- 
ous oration  "  before  the  Soeiety,  a  eofjy  of  wliieh  was  requested  for 
publieation.     George  Lcc  was  the  .Junior  Seerctary. 

The.  oflicer.s  of  the  Cnieniieal  fSociefy  of  IMiihidelithia  in  1H02,  were 
James  Woodhoiise,  J^re.ndmt ;  Felix  l*iiH(;aliH  and  John  Jiadman, 
Vice-Presidents ;  Willimn  S.  .Jacobs,  Librarian;  William  Brown, 
John  S.  Dorsey,  Curates;  John  Y.  Bryant,  Treasurer;  Thomas 
Brown,  Secretary} 

A  Society  for  investigatiiu)  the  causes  for  the  late  mortality  in 
this  city  is  about  to  be  instituted,  and  a  book  for  the  subscription  of 
such  as  mean  to  become  members  of  it,  lies  at  the  bookstore  of  Mr. 
Arnn-od,  No.  41  Chestnut  St.' 

This  public  notice  probably  relates  to  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of 
Philadelphia. 

From  the  mutilated  record  of  proceedings  of  this  short-lived 
society,  bits  of  its  history,  the  names  of  some  of  its  members  may 
be  learned. 

January  15,  1798.  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Philadelphia.  Pre- 
sent, Physick,  President;  Caldwell  and  Reynolds,  Vice-Presidents; 
Rush,  Strong,  Cooper,  Otto,  Coxe,  Budd,  Dewees,  Pascalis,  Heylin, 
Gallaher,  and  Sayre. 

The  by-laws  were  discussed.  Adjourned  to  meet  -January  22d,  6 
o'clock  P.M.  at  Mr.  Lee's  school-room  in  Norriss  Alley. 

January  22d.  In  addition  to  those  named  above  Dr.  Mease  is  noted 
among  those  present. 

July  9,  1798.  Roll  of  members  to  be  called,  and  fines  of  absentees 
to  be  collected. 

August  8th.  The  Academy  presented  to  the  Board  of  Health  a 
document  embracing  its  views  on  the  yellow  fever,  then  prevailing, 
which  was  published  for  the  information  of  the  public  and  signed  by 
the  President,  Philip  Syng  Physick,  and  Secretary,  Francis  Bowes 
Sayre.^ 

1  The  Philadelphia  Directory,  City  and  County  Kegister  for  1802.    By  James 
Robinson. 

The  names  of  Fellows  of  the  College  are  in  italics. 

"  The  Weekly  Magazine,  vol.  i.  p.  31.     Philadelphia,  179S. 

'  History  of  Yellow  Fever,  1798.     By  Thomas  Condie  and  Richard  Folwell. 


86  RUSCHENBERGER, 

Novemb.er  20th.  Francis  Bowes  Sayre  and  Cooper  reported  dead. 
Dr.  Mease  was  appointed  to  read  a  memoir  of  Sayre,  and  Dr.  Coxe 
a  memoir  of  Cooper.     J.  C.  Otto,  Secretary. 

December  lOtb.  A  seal  of  the  Society  was  adopted,  with  the  legend, 
"  The  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Philadelphia.  Instituted  January  8, 
1798." 

The  incorporation  of  the  Society  was  proposed. 

It  was  resolved  to  meet  in  the  future  at  Mr.  Pool's  school-room  in 
Cherry  Alley. 

December  17th.  Dr.  Caldwell  delivered  the  semi-annual  address,  a 
copy  of  which  was  requested  for  immediate  publication. 

Dr.  Mease  read  the  report  of  a  committee  appointed  to  draft  an 
answer  to  the  publication  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 

Dr.  Coxe  delivered  an  eulogium  on  Dr.  Sayre. 

January  15,  1799.  The  answer  to  the  College  of  Physicians  was 
ordered  to  be  inserted  in  the  several  newspapers  of  the  city. 

Dr.  Mease  read  his  eulogium  on  Dr.  Cooper. 

February  11,  1799.  Ordered  that  6  copies  of  Dr.  Caldwell's  semi- 
annual address  be  given  to  each  member  of  the  Academy  ;  that  300 
copies  be  retained  by  the  librarian,  and  the  rest  to  be  disposed  of  by 
Mr.  Bradford.^ 

At  a  stated  meeting  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  following 
were  elected  officers  for  1799 :  Philip  Syng  Physick,  President ; 
Charles  Caldwell  and  William  Dewees,  Vice-Presidents  ;  John  C. 
Otto,  Secretary ;  James  Gallaher,  Librarian ;  William  Budd, 
Treasurer. 

Charles  Caldwell,  William  Dewees,  James  Mease,  Felix  Pascalis, 
and  James  Reynolds,  Committee  on  Correspondence. 

John  Redman  Coxe,  John  C.  Otto,  James  Stewart,  and  Rene  La 
Roche,  Committee  on  Meteorology. 

Benjamin  Rush,  Philip  Syng  Physick,  and  Joseph  Strong,  Com- 
mittee on  Revision. 

William  Budd,  James  Gallaher,  and  Isaac  Heylin,  Committee  on 
Annual  bills  of  Mortality. 

1  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania.     Collection  of  Manuscripts. 


INHTITUTION    OF    <  OM  JKi  K  OF   PMYSr^'I  ANS    OF    I'll  I  I  ,AI)i;i,I'll  I A  .       87 

'Die  AciidoTTiy  will  piiMisli  :i,  v(»luiii(;  of  tnins;u;tionH  in  tlio  couthc 
of  ii  few  weeks.' 

The  Aciideinj  of  Medici jk;  of  I'liiladelphia  did  n'»t  long  survive. 

The  Medical  Lyceum  of  iMiihidelpliia  was  founded  in  1804. 

The  following  list  of  its  officers  is  given  in  Robinson's  Philadelphia 
Directory  for  1806. 

Drs.  John  Redman  Coxc,  William  P.  Dcwees,  N.  Chapman,  and 
John  S.  Dorsey,  Presidents ;  Dr.  E.  Grifliths,  Treasurer ;  Dr.  J.  C. 
Rousseau,  Librarian  ;  Dr.  C.  Meredith,  Curator ;  Dr.  G.  Farquhar, 
Corresponding  Secretary  ;  and  Samuel  Tucker,  Recording  Secretary.^ 

A  prize  of  a  gold  medal  Avorth  fifty  dollars  was  offered  February 
5, 1808,  for  the  best  essay  on  the  question,  "Does  the  human  body 
possess  the  power  of  absorbing  substances  applied  to  its  surface?  "^ 
The  essays  were  to  be  submitted  before  January  1,  1809.  No  award 
was  made.     The  offer  of  the  prize  was  renewed  February  22,  1809. 

For  1809  the  oflicers  were  John  Syng  Dorsey,  President ;  Messrs. 
Armstrong"  and  Mezyek,  Vice-Presidents  ;  Elijah  Griffiths,  Treas- 
urer; Dr.  Barton,  Jun.,  Librarian;  Dr.  William  Shaw,  Curator; 
Dr.  J.  C.  Rousseau,  Corresponding  Secretary ;  and  —  Clark,  Re- 
cording Secretary. 

Notice  of  the  Medical  Lyceum  after  1819  has  not  been  met  with. 

The  number  of  Fellows  habitually  present  at  the  meetings  was 
probably  somewhat  restricted,  not  only  by  the  meetings  of  several 
societies  in  which  they  were  interested,  but  also  by  the  lack  of  pub- 
lication of  transactions.  Fellows  of  the  Society  in  many  instaijces 
published  papers  in  periodicals,  in  preference  to  presenting  them  to 
the  College. 

Drs.  Thomas  T,  Hewson,  Joseph  Parrish,  John  C.  Otto,  and 
Thomas  C.  James  edited  "The  Eclectic  Repertory  and  Analytical 

1  Medical  Eepository,  1799. 

2  Medical  Museum,  vol.  2,  1806. 
'  Medical  Museum,  vol.  5,  1808. 


88  RUSCHENBEEQER, 

Review,  INIedical  and  Philosophical.  Edited  by  a  Society  of  Physi- 
cians." The  first  quarterly  number  appeared  October,  1810,  and  the 
publication  continued  till  October,  1820.  The  first  number  of  a  nevr 
series  Avas  begun  January,  1821,  entitled  "  The  Journal  of  Foreign 
Medical  Science  and  Literature,"  being  a  continuation  of  the  "Eclec- 
tic Repertory,"  conducted  by  Samuel  Emlen,  Jr.,  M.D.,  William 
Price,  M.D.  Vol.  3,  1823,  edited  by  Samuel  Emlen,  Jr.,  M.D.,  and 
the  4th  and  last,  1824,  by  John  D.  Goodman,  M.D. 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  cause,  the  College  was  in  a  languid 
condition  during  several  years. 

June  2,  1807,  the  entrance  fee  Avas  reduced  from  $26.67  to  $15. 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  JOHN  REDMAN. 

After  more  than  eighteen  years'  service  Dr.  Redman,  in  compli- 
ance with  his  often  expressed  Avish,  Avas  relieved  of  the  presidency  of 
the  College  July  2,  1805.  He  died  of  apoplexy  at  the  advanced 
age  of  86  years,  March  19,  1808,  two  years  and  eight  months  after 
Dr.  William  Shippen  had  been  elected  in  his  place. 

He  had  been  a  fiiithful  and  efiicient  officer,  rarely  absgnt  from  the 
meetings  ;  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  College,  and  yet  no  notice 
of  his  death  is  recorded  on  its  minutes. 

The  many  references  to  him  in  the  preceding  pages  imply  that  he 
was  highly  respected  in  the  community  on  account  of  his  benevolent 
character  and  professional  skill.  His  deportment  seems  to  have  been 
always  sincere,  pleasant,  but  somewhat  sedate.  He  is  not  named  in 
connection  with  any  occasion  of  mirth  or  festivity  ;  but  Dr.  Benjamin 
Rush,  who  habitually  garnered,  or  rather  hoarded,  every  scrap  of 
manuscript  Avhich  came  to  him,  has  left  among  his  papers  the  follow- 
ing :  "  Dr.  Redman's  Toast, — The  dignity  and  success  of  the  healing 
art :  And  long  health,  competent  wealth,  and  exquisite  happiness  to 
the  individual  practitioner,  Avho  makes  the  health,  and  comfort  and 
happiness  of  his  fellow  mortals  one  of  the  chief  ends  and  delights  of 
his  life,  and  acts  therein  from  motives  that  render  him  superior  to  all 
the  difficulties  he  may  have  to  encounter  in  the  pursuit  thereof."^ 

1  Eush  MS.,  vol.  22,  p.  8. 


INSTITUTION    (»!''    COIJ.KO  lO    OK    IMIVSKMANS    OF     I'll  [  l,.\  IiKIJ'lII  A .  89 

By  pi'cscrviiif^  tJiiit,  l)it  of  |);i|)cr,  l)i'.  Kinli  Ikih  iincoii.sciouHly  cast 
a  littlo  gem  on  tlie  (^jiini  of  his  dear  oM  iiKistcr.  It  is  a  witnesH  of 
his  devotion  to  "the  lioiilin<^  :ul,;"  and  indicates  what  the  conduct 
and  qualifications  of  tlio  "individual  practitioner"  should  be,  in  his 
opinion,  to  deserve  the  many  blessin«^s  Avhich  he  provisionally  wifHies 
for  liiin.  TIic  loast  was  good  ;iiid  .■ipplicable  when  deliveix'd,  is  now, 
and  (svcr  will  be.  It  holds  up  prc(;c[)ls  which,  if  generally  followed 
as  closely  as  the  first  president  of  the  College  seems  to  have  followed 
them,  would  augment  the  worthiness  of  the  profession,  and  conse- 
quently the  esteem  of  the  people  for  its  members. 

Dr.  Redman  was  born  in  I'liiladclphia,  February  27,  1722,  He 
was  educated  at  Mr.  Tennent's  Academy,  and  studied  medicine  under 
Dr.  John  Kearsloy.  When  he  was  qualified  to  practise,  he  went  to 
Bermuda,  where  he  remained  several  years,  and  thence  to  Europe. 
He  passed  one  year  in  Edinburgh,  attended  lectures,  dissections,  and 
hospitals  in  Paris,  and  graduated  at  Leyden,  July,  1748.  After  pass- 
ing some  time  at  Guy's  Hospital,  he  returned  to  and  settled  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  soon  acquired  celebrity. 

He  was  one  of  the  physicians  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  from 
1751  to  1780  ;  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia, 
1765 ;  and  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  from 
January  19,  1768.  When  he  retired  from  practice,  1784,  he  was 
elected  an  elder  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church. 

He  published  in  1759,  A  Defence  of  Inocidation. 

During  forty  years  Dr.  Redman  resided  on  the  west  side  of  Sec- 
ond Street,  about  a  hundred  yai'ds  south  of  Arch  Street. 

He  "was  somewhat  below  the  middle  stature,  his  complexion  was 
dark,  his  eyes  black  and  uncommonly  animated  ;  and  his  gesture  and 
speech  such  as  indicated  a  mind  always  busy  and  teeming  with  new 
and  original  conceptions  of  human  and  divine  things,'"^ 

Dr.  Redman  was  "an  antiquated  looking  old  gentleman,  usually 
habited  in  a  broad-skirted  dark  coat,  with  long  pocket  flaps,  buttoned 
across  his  under  dress ;  wearing,  in  strict  conformity  with  the  cut  of 
his  coat,  a  pair  of  Baron  Steuben's  style  of  military  boots,  coming 
above  the  knees  for  riding.     His  hat  flapped  before  and  cocked  up 

^  Medical  Museum,  vol.  v. 


90  RUSCHENBERGER, 

smartly  behind,  covering  a  full  bottomed  powdered  wig — in  front  of 
which  might  be  seen  an  eagle  pointed  nose,  separating  a  pair  of 
piercing  black  eyes — his  lips  exhibiting  (but  only  now  and  then),  a 
quick  motion,  as  though  at  the  moment  he  was  endeavoring  to  extract 
the  essence  of  a  small  quid."^ 

At  a  special  meeting,  July  25,  1808,  Dr.  Caspar  Wistar  was  chosen 
by  ballot  to  prepare  an  eulogium  in  commemoration  of  Dr.  William 
Shippen,  late  President  of  the  Society,  which  was  delivered  in  the 
college  hall  in  Fourth  Street,  March  7, 1809,  in  presence  of  different 
societies  invited  to  attend.^ 

Dr.  Adam  Kuhn  was  elected  President,  Dr.  Samuel  Duffield,  Vice- 
president,  and  Dr.  William  Currie,  a  Censor,  September  6,  1808. 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  WILLIAM  SHIPPEN. 

Much  has  been  said  of  the  career  of  Dr.  Shippen  in  preceding 
pages.     Yet  something  may  be  properly  added. 

Dr.  William  Shippen,  Jr. — commonly  called  professor,  to  dis- 
tinguish him  from  his  eminent  father,  William  Shippen,  the  elder — 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Oct.  21,  1736,  and  died  in  Germantown, 
July  11,  1808,  aged  71  years.' 

He  received  a  bachelor's  degree  from  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
in  1754.  His  father  taught  him  medicine  till  1758,  when  he  went 
to  Europe.  In  1761  the  University  of  Edinburgh  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine.  He  returned  to  Philadelphia 
in  May,  1762,  and,  the  same  year,  Nov.  16,  delivered  at  the  State 
House  an  introductory  lecture  to  a  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy 
the  first  delivered  in  Philadelphia,  if  not  in  America.  The  regular 
course  began  at  his  father's  house  in  Fourth  St.,  Nov.  26th.  His 
lectures  were  repeated  yearly  till  Sept.  23, 1765,  when  he  was  elected 

^  Watson's  Annals,  vol.  ii.  p.  382. 

-  This  discourse  was  not  printed  till  after  Dv.  Wistar's  death,  1818. 
'  Descendants  of  Dr.  William  Shippen.    Compiled  by  Mr.  Charles  E.  Hilde- 
burn. 

The  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography,  vol.  i.  p.   109,  1877. 


INSTITUTION    OK    (;OIJ,K(!IO    OK    I'll  V.SICIANS    OF    I'll  II-A  DKIJ'II  I  A.         01 

})r<)fc',SHor  of  iiii:i,l()iny  aiul  Hiirgcry  in  Uk;  Mctiical  Scliool  of  tlic  Col- 
lege of  r]iila(leli)hia,  which  had  been  phinned  and  inaugurated  by 
Dr.  Jolin  Morgan,  May,  1765. 

After  the  College  was  Huperseded  by  the  University  of  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania  its  trustees  elc(;ted  him.  May  11,  1780,  professor  of 
anatomy,  surgery,  and  midwircry.  Afterward  he  was  professor  of 
anatomy  in  the  University  of  iV'tiiisylvaiiia  till  IHOO,  when  be 
retired. 

He  was  appointed,  July  15,  177G,  "  chief  jdiysician  of  the  flying 
camp."  He  submitted  to  Congress,  March,  1777,  a  plan  for  the 
organization  of  a  ho.s})ital  department,  Avhich,  with  some  modifica- 
tion, was  adopted.  Congress  elected  him,  April  11,  1777,  "Director- 
General  of  all  the  military  hospitals  of  the  Armies  of  the  United 
States,"  an  office  from  which  he  resigned  Jan.  3,  1781. 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
Nov.  1767,  one  of  its  Curators  for  1771,  and  one  of  its  Secretaries 
for  1772. 

If  be  contributed  anything  to  the  literature  of  either  medicine  or 
science,  it  has  not  been  found.  His  claim  to  the  enduring  approba- 
tion of  his  fellow-citizens  mainly  rests  on  his  being  the  pioneer  of 
systematic  teaching  of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  Philapelphia,  for 
■which  be  W'as  eminently  qualified.  His  skill,  his  eloquence  as  a 
teacher,  exercised  during  forty  years  in  the  first  medical  school  of 
the  country,  made  bim  widely  known  at  home  and  abroad,  and  won 
for  him  permanent  distinction  and  respect  in  the  medical  world. 

Nov.  o,  1811,  Drs.  Parke  and  Griffitts  were  appointed  to  confer 
with  the  Board  of  Health  in  compliance  with  its  request.  They  re- 
ported, Feb.  4,  1812,  that  the  Board  of  Health  urged  the  coopera- 
tion of  the  College  in  an  application  to  the  Legislature  for  renewal 
of  the  health  law. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  one  of  the  senior  class  of  founders  of  the 
College,  died  April  19,  1813.  He  resigned  in  1793.  Though  he 
has  been  the  subject  of  many  eulogies  his  life  has  not  been  precisely 
described. 


92  RUSCHENBERGER, 


NOTICE  OF  DR.  BENJAMIN  RUSH. 


Dr.  Rush  was  born  on  his  father's  farm,  twelve  or  fourteen  miles 
northeast  of  Philadelphia,  Dec.  24,  1745.  Both  his  grandfather, 
James  Rush,  who  died  in  1727,  and  his  father,  John  Rush,  were 
gunsmiths.  Their  ancestors,  most  of  them  members  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  followed  William  Penn  to  this  country  1683. 

While  Dr.  Rush  was  very  young  his  father  died,  and  left  him  to 
the  care  of  his  mother,  to  whose  affectionate  effort  he  was  indebted 
for  his  education.  Her  very  limited  means  prompted  her,  for  the  wel- 
fare of  her  son,  to  establish  herself  on  Market  Street  east  of  Second, 
in  a  retail  trade  of  groceries  and  provisions.  Her  place  of  business 
was  indicated  by  a  sign,  and  known  as  the  "Blazing  Star."  The 
crown  of  her  enterprise,  industry,  and  maternal  devotion  is  seen  in 
the  renown  of  her  son :  she  alone  enabled  him  to  achieve  it. 

About  the  age  of  eight  or  nine  years  Rush  was  placed  in  the  West 
Nottingham  grammar  school,  sixty  miles  southwest  from  Philadel- 
phia, then  in  charge  of  his  uncle,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Finley. 
After  due  preparation  he  was  transferred  to  the  College  of  New 
Jersey,  at  Princeton,  from  which  he  received  the  bachelor's  degree 
in  1760,  before  he  had  completed  his  fifteenth  year. 

He  was  next  apprenticed  to  Dr.  John  Redman  for  six  years.  He 
kept  a  common-place  book,  and  in  it  made  notes  of  his  observations 
on  the  yellow  fever  prevalent  in  1762.  During  his  seventeenth 
year  he  translated  the  Aphorisms  of  Hippocrates  from  Greek  into 
English. 

At  the  conclusion  of  his  apprenticeship  he  went  to  Europe,  and 
after  publicly  defending  a  thesis,  De  Coctione  cihorum  in  ventriculo, 
the  University  of  Edinburgh  conferred  upon  him,  in  1768,  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  medicine.  Then  he  passed  some  time  in  London, 
attending  hospitals  and  lectures.  After  a  visit  to  Paris,  he  returned 
to  Philadelphia  in  the  spring  of  1769,  started  in  the  practice  of 
medicine  and  Avas  soon  elected  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  College 
of  Philadelphia. 

February  26,  1768,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society ;  a  curator,  1770-72 ;  one  of  the  secretaries, 


INS'l'I'l'iri'loN    <)l''    COlA.V.r.K    (tV    I'llVKICIANS    Ol'     I'll  I  LA  I)i;/, I'll  I  A.         [)6 

1778— 7*5;  one  ol"  Uio  conncilloi-s,  178(J ;  ;nid  one  of  the  vice-pi'eHi- 
dents,  I71>7  to  1801.  Ifc  eontiilmted  six  papers  to  the  Transactions 
of  the  Society. 

lie  was  active  ainoii<f  those  wlio  ))]iirin(;d  and  established  the 
Phihxdclphia  Dispensary,  in  1786,  and  w;is  one  of  its  attending 
physicians. 

In  1789  he  was  elected  professor  of  the  tlieory  and  pnictice  of 
medicine,  vice  Dr.  Morgan,  deceased;  and  was  one  of  the  physicians 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  diiriiiii;  thirty  years. 

He  was  a  member  of  Congress  six  and  a  half  months,  fi-om  July 
20,  1770,  and,  after  it  had  been  engrossed,  signed  the  J^cclaration  of 
Independence,  which  had  been  adopted  prior  to  his  election. 

He  was  appointed,  in  1777,  physician-general- of  the  military  hos- 
pital of  the  middle  department. 

In  1789  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention  of  Pennsylvania  for 
the  adoption  of  the  federal  constitution. 

President  John  Adams  appointed  him  Treasurer  of  the  Mint  of  the 
United  States ;  he  held  the  oflBce  during  the  last  fourteen  years  of 
his  life. 

Dr.  Rush  possessed  quick  perception  and  tenacious  memory.  He 
was  an  early  riser,  persistently  industrious,  and  his  facility  in  the 
use  of  language  in  writing,  conversation,  and  public  speaking  was 
eminent. 

"  His  gentleness  of  manner,  his  sympathy  with  the  distressed,  his 
kindness  to  the  poor,  his  varied  and  extensive  erudition,  his  profes- 
sional acquirements,  and  his  faithful  attention  to  the  sick,  all  united 
in  procuring  for  him  the  esteem  and  respect,  and  the  confidence  of 
his  fellow-citizens,  and  thereby  introducing  him  to  an  extensive  and 
lucrative  practice." 

During  several  years  he  had  from  fifteen  to  thirty  private  pupils, 
students  in  his  ofiice. 

His  philanthropy  was  manifested  in  promoting  whatever  seemed  to 
him  likely  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  mankind.  He  favored  all 
means  of  education,  recommended  the  establishment  of  free  schools 
in  every  county  of  the  State.  He  was  active  in  promoting  the 
nterests  of  Dickinson  College,  at  Carlisle,  Pa.  He  advocated  tem- 
perance, and  was  president  of  the  Society  for  the  Abolition  of  Slavery. 


94  RUSCHENBERGER, 

He  condemned  the  use  of  tobacco  and  was  opposed  to  capital  pun- 
ishment. 

In  spite  of  his  general  benevolence  he  was  dogmatic,  impatient  of 
contradiction,  and  often  unreasonably  resentful.  Some  conflict  of 
opinion  on  College  affairs  with  the  Provost,  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  Ewing, 
prompted  him  to  sever  his  membership  with  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
of  which  the  Rev.  Dr.  was  pastor.  His  attitude  was  unfriendly  and 
resentful  to  those  medical  friends  whose  opinions  in  connection  with 
yellow  fever  were  in  conflict  with  his  own.  His  relations  with  many 
of  the  medical  men  of  Philadelphia  became  so  unpleasant  to  his  sen- 
sitive nature  that,  in  1797,  he  expressed  readiness  to  remove  to  New 
York,  provided  he  were  appointed  to  a  medical  professorship  in 
Columbia  College. 

Aug.  13,  1813.  Dr.  Samuel  Duffield  declined  reelection  to  the 
oflBce  of  Vice-President,  because  his  condition  of  health  prevented 
him  from  attending  the  meetings  of  the  College. 

Aug.  2,  1814.  Arrears  of  rent  for  three  years  were  ordered  to  be 
paid. 

An  ineffectual  application  to  reduce  the  rent  of  the  room  occupied 
by  the  College  to  less  than  forty  dollars  a  year  was  made  Dec.  6, 
1814,  and  again  March  7,  1815. 

July  4,  1815,  the  reported  balance  in  the  treasury  was  $141.81. 

Jan.  2,  1816,  an  examination  and  selection  of  papers  in  possession 
of  the  College  suitable  for  publication  was  ordered. 

Aug.  5,  1817.  The  decease  of  our  much  respected  President,  Dr. 
Adam  Kuhn,  having  taken  place  since  our  last  meeting,  the  Secre- 
tary is  directed  to  record  it. 

NOTICE  or  DR.  ADAM  KUHN. 

Dr.  Adam  Kuhn  was  born  in  Germantown,  Philadelphia,  Novem- 
ber 17,  1741,  old  style.  His  grandfather,  John  Christopher,  and 
his  father,  Adam  Simon  Kuhn,  were  natives  of  Furfeld,  a  small  town 


INSTI'IMI'I'ION    OK    (;OIJ,K(JI';    01''     IMIYSIOIANS    01"    I'll  K-A  OKI, I'll  I  A.  !*.> 

on  tlic  Ncckiir  in  Llic  circle  of  Suabia.  Jiotli  came  to  J'liiladcl|jliia 
in  1788. 

Adam  Simon  Kiilin  was  a  bright  man,  improved  liy  a  lihoral  edu- 
Ciition,  and  was  considered  a  very  skilful  and  HucccHsful  practitioner 
of  medicine,  lie  waH  a  magistrate  of  the  borough  of  Jjancaster  and 
an  elder  of  the  Lutheran  Church. 

Dr.  Adam  Kulin's  first  studies  in  medicine  were  directed  by  his 
father.  In  the  autumn  of  1701,  he  left  JMiiladelphia  and  arrivcfl  at 
Upsal,  by  way  of  London,  early  in  January,  1702,  having  traversed 
Norway  and  a  part  of  Sweden.  He  studied  botany  and  medicine 
under  Jjinnirus  and  the  other  professors  of  the  University  of  Upsal 
until  July  or  August,  1704.  Then  he  returned  to  London  and 
remained  about  a  year.  He  went  to  Edinburgh  and  received  the 
degi'ee  of  M.D.  from  the  University,  June  12,  1767,  his  thesis 
being  De  Lavatione  Frigida. 

While  abroad  he  visited  France,  Holland,  and  Germany. 

He  returned  from  London,  and  settled  in  Philadelphia,  January, 
1768.  He  soon  accjuired  a  respectable  practice  and  a  high  degree 
of  estimation  amons;  his  elder  medical  brethren. 

In  January,  1768,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  materia  medica 
and  botany  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia;  and  in  January,  1774, 
one  of  the  physicians  of  a  society  instituted  for  inoculating  the  poor 
for  smallpox.  During  the  preceding  year,  1773,  above  300  persons 
died  of  smallpox.  The  unsettled  state  of  public  affairs  put  an  end 
to  the  society  in  April. 

He  was  elected  one  of  the  Physicians  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital, May,  1775,  and  after  serving  the  institution  more  than  twenty- 
two  years,  he  resigned  in  January,  1798. 

He  was  one  of  the  consulting  physicians  of  the  Philadelphia  Dis- 
pensary, founded  1786,  and  was  always  among  the  foremost  of  its 
steady  friends  and  patrons. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  fi'om 
January  19,  1708 ;  one  of  the  curators  from  1709  to  1771,  and  a 
councillor  from  1790  till  1802. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  of  which 
he  was  elected  President,  September  0,  1808. 

He  was  appointed  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 


96  RUSCHENBERGER, 

cine,  November,  1789,  in  the  University  of  the  State,  and  to  the 
same  chair,  in  January,  1792,  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
from  Avhich  he  resigned  in  1797. 

He  married,  in  the  island  of  St.  Croix,  May,  1780,  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  Isaac  Hartman,  Esq.,  and  had  two  sons. 

He  relinquished  practice  in  the  autumn  of  1815.  Fully  sensible 
of  his  approaching  dissolution,  he  died  July  5,  1817,  aged  seventy- 
five  years. 

His  thesis,  and  a  short  letter  to  Dr.  John  C.  Lettsom,  on  diseases 
succeeding  the  transj)lantation  of  teeth,  printed  in  the  Memoirs  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  London,  vol.  i.,  are  his  only  publications. 
"  This  is  not  the  only  instance  in  which  a  dislike  to  appear  before 
the  public  has  deprived  us  of  the  experience  of  those  who  were  best 
qualified,  by  their  talents  and  observations,  to  communicate  instruc- 
tion." 

"  Dr.  Kuhn  was  not  remarkable  for  the  powers  of  imagination ; 
but  in  sound  judgment  he  greatly  excelled.  His  talent  for  observa- 
tion was  profound.  He  was  through  life  a  studious  reader ;  a  lover 
of  music  from  his  youth ;  remarkably  abstemious  and  regular  in  his 
diet,  and  neat  in  his  person." 

He  was  reserved  in  his  general  intercourse,  but  affable  and  com- 
municative in  the  company  of  his  friends.  His  manners  were  void 
of  ostentation  or  assumption.  In  conduct  he  was  firm  and  decisive; 
and  he  was  strictly  punctual  and  observant  of  all  his  engagements.^ 
His  sincerity  is  manifest  in  the  following  extract  from  his  MS.  lec- 
tures on  yellow  fever : 

"The  consequences  that  have  attended  it  [yellow  fever  of  1793] 
have  interested  the  feelings  of  the  whole  community  in  the  highest 
degree;  but  the  practitioners  of  physic  in  this  city  are  more  particu- 
larly concerned,  as  it  has  not  only  brought  the  spirit  of  discord  among 
them,  but  has  certainly  lessened  the  confidence  in  the  art  and  the 
professors  of  it  which  they  heretofore  possessed  in  an  eminent  degree. 

1  The  Eclectic  Eepertorj'  and  Analytical  Eeview,  vol.  viii.  p.  235.  Phila- 
delphia, 1818. 

Keprinled  in  separate  form.  See  Pamphlets,  vol.  8.  Library  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 

Also,  in  Thacher's  American  Medical  Biography. 


INSTITUTION    OF    C()l,],K<'.l]    OF    PIirSICIANS    OF    IMIILA  OKMMI  lA.         07 

As'  I  inoan  to  coiillnu  uiy  rciiiaiks  in  ;i  great  nicaHuro  to  what  came 
under  my  own  observation,  it  may  be  proper  to  mention  tliat  I  saw 
the  first  patient  in  this  fever  on  the  23(J  of  August  [17!i'j],  and  the 
last  on  the  I'ith  of  September.  The  state  of  my  healtli  then  render- 
ing me  incapable  to  continue  my  attendance  on  the  sick,  I  quitted 
the  city  on  the  14th  of  September,  and  returned  on  the  Ist  of  No- 
vember. Within  that  period  I  visited  near  70  diflfcrent  patients;  of 
these,  10  only  IkkI  the  yellow  fever,  including  two  for  whom  I  pre- 
scribed, though  \  had  it  not  in  my  power  to  visit  them,  and  three 
whom  I  attended  in  consultation,  being  patients  of  other  gentlemen 
of  the  profession.  I  ought  to  observe  that  I  was  confined  by  indis- 
position from  the  3d  to  the  10th  of  September;  that  I  then  visited 
a  few  patients  until  the  12th,  but  finding  my  strength  not  equal  to 
the  task,  and  my  headache  and  fever  returning,  I  left  the  city,  as 
before  observed,  on  the  14th.  Of  these  ten  five  died,  but  it  is  with 
a  satisfaction  I  want  words  to  express  that  I  can  with  truth  declare 
that  every  person  for  whom  I  prescribed  within  48  hours  of  his  being 
seized  with  the  fever  recovered  and  continues  in  health,  except  the 
mode  of  treatment  was  changed,  which  happened  in  the  case  of  the  un- 
fortunate Dr.  Hutchinson,  after  sickness  prevented  me  from  continu- 
ing my  attendance  on  him.  Of  the  other  patients  whom  I  attended 
within  that  period,  some  labored  under  diseases  peculiar  to  the  climate 
at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  others  were  attacked  with  influenza, 
which  prevailed  generally  as  an  epidemic  in  the  city  at  the  same 
time."^ 

March  3,  1818.  The  Secretary  was  directed  to  record  the  death 
of  Dr.  Caspar  "VVistar,  which  occurred  January  22, 1818,  in  his  o8th 
year. 

April  7th.  Drs.  Parke  and  Grifiitts  were  appointed  to  publish  Dr. 
Wistar's  eulogium  on  Dr.  William  Shippen. 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  CASPAR  WISTAR. 

Dr.  Caspar  Wistar  was  born  in  Philadelphia  September  13,  1761, 
and  educated  at  the  Penn  Charter  School.     His  discernment  of  the 

1  ]\IS.  Lectures  on  Yellow  Fever.  By  Adam  Kuhn.  Libr.  Coll.  Phys. 
Phila.,  F.  844. 

7 


98  RUSCHENBERGER, 

need  and  comfort  of  medical  aid  to  those  hurt  at  the  battle  of  Ger- 
raantown  in  1777  determined  his  choice  of  profession.  He  became 
a  pupil  of  Dr.  John  Redman,  and  during  the  last  year  of  his  appren- 
ticeship attended  the  practice  of  Dr.  John  Jones.  In  1782  the 
University  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine.  He  sailed  for  England  October, 
1783,  and,  after  spending  a  year  in  London,  went  to  Edinburgh. 
The  University  of  that  city  conferred  upon  him,  June,  1786,  the 
degree  of  M.D.,  after  publicly  defending  his  thesis,  De  Animo 
Demisso.  After  an  absence  of  more  than  three  years,  he  returned 
to  Philadelphia  January,  1787.  He  Avas  appointed  an  attending 
physician  of  the  Philadelphia  Dispensary  the  same  year. 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
July  20,  1787;  was  one  of  the  curators  1792-94;  one  of  the  vice- 
presidents  1792—1814;  and  succeeded  Thomas  Jefferson  as  President, 
January  6,  1815.  He  contributed  six  papers  to  the  Transactions  of 
the  Society. 

In  1788  he  married  Isabella  Marshall,  who  died  in  1790. 

In  1789  he  was  elected  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  College  of 
Philadelphia. 

In  the  autumn  of  1793  he  was  appointed  a  physician  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital,  and  resigned  in  1810. 

He  married  Elizabeth  Mifflin  in  1798. 

He  was  elected  to  the  professorship  of  anatomy  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1808,  and  filled  the  office  at  the  time  of  his 
death. 

He  succeeded  Dr.  Rush  as  President  of  the  Society  for  the  Abo- 
lition of  Slavery;  and  was  one  of  the  censors  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  from  December  3,  1793,  till  he  died,  January  22,  1818. 

Dr.  Wistar  was  in  every  respect  an  exemplary  man,  remarkable 
for  his  strong  good  sense,  amiable  deportment,  professional  skill,  and 
superior  qualifications  as  a  teacher  of  anatomy.  His  social  disposi- 
tion induced  him  to  entertain  in  a  modest  way  at  his  home,  every 
Saturday  evening,  medical  and  other  friends,  as  well  as  distinguished 
strangers  who  came  to  the  city.  To  continue  those  pleasant  gather- 
ings, members  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  soon  after  his 


INSTITUTION    OF    GOLLEUK    OF    PHYSICIANS    OF    rillLADKLI'ill A.         00 

(Icalh,  instituted  a  social  club,  and,  as  a  token  of  appreciation  of  liis 
worth,  c!i,1I(mI  it  tiie  Wistiir  I'arty.  Every  Haturday  evenin;^  each 
uiciiiIh'i-  of  tlic  (•liil»  ill  liiiii  entertained  a  company  of  invited  guesta, 
sprcjuiin^  before  tlieiii  ;i,  I'epast  of  such  solids  as  may  be  taken  with 
fork  or  ,sj)ooii  without  the  iiid  of  knife. 

Circumstances  connected  with  the  civil  war  brou^^ht  the  Wistar 
Tarty  to  an  end  in  180P>,  or  1(SG4.  Only  one  or  two  of  the  members 
at  that  time  have  survived  the  suspension.  The  places  of  the  de- 
ceased have  been  filled.  The  party  has  been  revived.  The  archives 
of  the  club,  and  tlie  old  copper-plate  from  which  the  notable  cards 
of  invitation  (illustrated  by  a  portrait  of  Dr.  Wistar)  were  printed, 
have  been  conveyed  to  it.  Dr.  Caspar  Wister,  a  kinsman  of  the 
eminent  professor,  gave  the  first  Wistar  Party  of  the  repaired  organi- 
zation on  Saturday  evening,  January  8,  1887  ;  and  so,  what  was  for 
very  many  years  a  prominent  feature  in  the  social  character  of 
Philadelphia,  has  been  restored,  and  is  likely  to  be  permanent. 

The  following  verses,  by  Dr.  George  Bensell,  of  Germantown,  ex- 
press the  general  sense  of  the  public  loss  at  the  time,  caused  by  the 
death  of  Dr.  W^istar  : 

Wistar  is  dead  1  his  gentle  spirit's  flown, 
In  blessed  trust,  to  happier  worlds  uni^nown  ; 
And  many  an  aching  heart  and  tearful  eye 
Give  the  sad  proof,  the  best  of  men  must  die. 
The  good,  the  wise,  the  multitude  deplore, 
^he  virtues  that  they  loved  are  now  no  more. 
Thou,  who  from  others  oft  the  stroke  did  sta}-. 
While  Death  hung  o'er  his  seeming  destin'd  prey. 
Fate  turn'd  aside,  and  oh  !  could  no  one  save 
And  rescue  thee,  like  other.*,  from  the  gra%'e  ! 
Alas  I  could  no  one  of  the  Healing  Art 
Save  from  the  tomb,  that  good,  that  generous  heart. 

While  genius,  learning,  wisdom  bow  the  head 
And  deeply  mourn  their  favorite,  Wistar,  dead. 

Under  instructions,  Drs.  Griffitts  and  Parrish  had  printed  a  hun- 
dred copies  of  the  by-law^s  corrected  up  to  April  7,  1818. 

When  the  by-laws  were  first  printed,  1790,  the  College  consisted 
of  28  Fellows.* 


100 


RUSCHENBERGER, 


Thirty-one  years  after  its  foundation  only  18  names  are  on  the 
roll  of  Fellows : 


Thomas  Parke,  F., 
AVilliam  Curvie,  F., 
Samuel  Powel  GriflBtts,  F., 
Thomas  T.  Hewson, 
Thomas  C.  James, 
Joseph  Parrish, 
Michael  Leib, 
Plunket  F.  Glentworth, 
Adam  Seybert, 


Nathaniel  Chapman, 
Henry  Neill, 
Samuel  Stewart, 
Edwin  A.  Atlee, 
Wm.  P.  C.  Barton, 
Isaac  Cleaver, 
John  Moore, 
Samuel  C.  Hopkins, 
John  W.  Moore. 


Seven  Associates : 
James  Tilton, 
David  Hosack, 
Samuel  Bard, 


John  R,  B.  Rodgers, 
Lewis  Jones  Jardine, 

William  Boys, 
Joseph  P.  Minnick, 


Between  Jan.  2,  1787,  and  April  7,  1818,  33  had  been  elected 
Fellows,  making,  with  the  24  founders,  an  aggregate  of  57.  Of 
these  32  had  died,  3  were  dropped,  and  4  were  placed  on  the  roll 
of  Associates. 

Of  11  Associates  elected  prior  to  1818,  1  had  become  a  Fellow, 
and  3  had  died,  leaving  7  on  the  list. 

A  list  of  all  deceased  Fellows  and  Associates  is  printed  with  the 
by-laws.^ 

The  entrance  fee  was  fifteen  dollars — reduced  to  ten  dollars, 
December  5,  1820 — and  the  annual  contribution  was  three  dollars. 
Provided  every  Fellow  was  punctual  in  the  payment  of  his  contribu- 
tion, the  yearly  income  of  the  College  was  fifty-four  dollars. 

July  7,  1818.  Thomas  Parke  was  elected  President ;  Samuel 
P.  GriJffitts,  Vice-President ;  William  Currie,  Thomas  T.  Hewson, 
Plunket  F.  Glentworth,  and  Henry  Neill,  Censors;  Thomas  C. 
James,  Treasurer ;  and  Joseph  Parrish,  Secretary. 

^  Charter,  Constitution,  and  By-Laws  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Phila.- 
delphia,  1818. 

Lewis  Libr.  Coll.  Phys.,  Med.  Tracts,  vol.  x.  No.  1383. 


INSTITUTION    OF    COM-KdK    OK    J'irYSICIANS    OF    I'HI  LAUKM'II  I  A.      101 

Tlio  active  interest  of  tlie  (Jollege  in  forming,  e.stabliHliinf.',  and 
maintaining  the  I'liarinacopaMa  of  the  United  StateH,  renders  a 
somewhat  detailed  account  of  itH  procceding.s  in  this  connection 
appropriate. 

CONNECTION  OF  TlIK  (JOLLKOK  WITH  TIIK   I'll ARMACOPfEIA. 

Niipolcon  the  (Jreat,  in  1(S03,  ordered  to  be  prepared  the  Codex 
Medieamentarius  scic  Pharmacopoeia  Gallica.  An  ordinance  of 
the  King  of  France,  August  8,  181G,  directed  it  to  be  printed  forth- 
with, and  every  apothecary  to  procure  a  copy  of  it  within  six  months 
of  the  date  of  its  publication,  and  prepare  his  medicines  according  to 
its  formulas,  under  a  penalty  of  500  francs.^ 

Long  before  that  work  was  begun  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia  endeavored  to  interest  the  medical  public  in  the  forma- 
tion of  a  pharmacopoeia  for  the  United  States. 

At  a  stated  meeting  of  the  College,  June  3,  1788,  John  Redman, 
John  Jones,  Adam  Kuhn,  William  Shippen,  Jr.,  Benjamin  Rush, 
Samuel  P.  Griffitts,  Caspar  Wistar,  and  James  Hutchinson  were 
appointed  a  committee  to  form  a  pharmacopoeia  for  the  use  of  the 
College.  As  a  result  of  their  discussion  of  the  subject  the  idea  of 
preparing  a  work  for  local  use  seems  to  have  been  abandoned. 

Nine  months  after  the  appointment  of  this  committee,  the  College 
ordered,  April  7,  1789,  a  copy  of  the  following  circular  to  be  sent 
"  to  the  most  respectable  medical  characters  in  the  United  States  :  " 

Sir  :  The  Physicians  of  this  city,  from  a  desire  of  extending 
medical  knowledge,  and  of  promoting  hai'mony  and  uniformity  in 
the  practice  of  physic,  have  associated  themselves  under  the  name  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 

With  a  view  to  render  their  institution  more  extensively  useful, 
the}^  have  resolved  to  address  the  most  respectable  medical  characters 
in  the  United  States,  intimating  their  Designs,  and  requesting  such 
information  as  may  be  most  conducive  to  carry  them  into  effect. 

One  of  the  Objects  of  the  College  has  been  that  of  forming  a 
Pharmacopoeia  adapted  to  the  present  state  of  medicine  in  America ; 

^  Eeleclic  Kepertory,  vol.  vii.  p.  267. 


102  RUSCHENBERGER, 

for  which  purpose  a  committee  of  their  members  has  been  some  time 
since  appointed,  Avho  have  made  some  progress  in  their  work. 

When  we  consider  the  great  number  of  publications  of  this  kind 
which  Europe  has  been,  and  is  annually  producing,  Ave  think  no 
doubt  can  arise  of  the  absolute  necessity  of  some  standard  amongst 
ourselves  to  prevent  that  uncertainty  and  irregularity  which  in  our 
present  situation  must  infallibly  attend  on  the  compositions  of  the 
Apothecary  and  the  prescription  of  the  Physician. 

And  as  we  wish  this  Work  may  be  accommodated  to  the  practice  of 
medicine  throughout  the  United  States,  and  that  every  useful  addi- 
tion may  be  made  to  former  publications,  we  request  that  you  will 
favor  us  with  your  sentiments  on  the  subject,  and  particularly  inform 
us  what  Native  American  Remedies  have  been  discovered  amongst 
you.  It  will  be  necessary  to  give  the  botanical  and  vernacular 
names  of  such  substances,  and  to  ascertain  their  virtues  with  most 
scrupulous  Precision. 

As  we  are  desirous  of  publishing  a  volume  of  Transactions  as 
often  as  materials  are  aiForded,  we  shall  be  much  obliged  to  you  for 
whatever  Communications  you  may  favor  us  with  on  medical  subjects. 

Although  we  particularly  address  those  Physicians  who  are  best 
known  to  us,  yet  as  there  must  be  many  others,  men  of  learning  and 
rank  in  the  Profession,  the  knowledge  of  whom  has  not  yet  reached 
this  place  from  the  want  of  that  intercourse  which  would  be  so  desir- 
able and  useful  to  the  Advancement  of  Medical  Science,  we  wish 
that  you  would  communicate  to  them  our  intentions  and  that  they 
would  excuse  this  unavoidable  omission,  and  furnish  us  with  their 
assistance  as  though  they  were  severally  addressed. 

Letters  and  communications  are  to  be  directed  to  the  President  or 

Secretary  of  the  College. 

Signed  by  order  of  the  College, 

John  Redman,  President. 

Samuel  Powel  Griffitts,  Secretary. 

Philadelphia. 

One  hundred  copies  were  ordered  to  be  printed  and  the  Censors 
directed  to  forward  them  to  the  proper  persons. 

May  4,  1790.    A  letter  from  Dr.  James  Tilton,  President  of  the 


INSTITUTION    OK    COLl.VMK    OK    I'll  VSICTANS   OK    I'll  I  I-M»KM'II  I  A.      103 

McdicaJ  Society  of  the  Stale  of  Dcliiwan".  rclMtiii;^  to  tlic   I'liamia- 
copociii  was  I'cad. 

Augu.st  8,  1700.  A  loiter,  July  18,  171)0,  from  the  Medical 
Society  of  New  Haven,  addressed  to  the  President  of  the  College, 
Dr.  John  Redman,  was  read :  Suhstantially  that  the  Society  will  be 
hapjjy,  if  in  its  power,  to  afford  the  smallest  assistance  to  the  laud- 
able design  of  forming  a  pharmacopoeia  adapted  to  the  present  state 
of  medicine  in  America.  The  letter  is  signed  by  the  committee 
of  correspondence,  Leverett  Hubbard,  Encus  Munson,  Ebenezer 
Beardsly,  Ebnathan  Beech,  and  Samuel  Nesbett. 

The  subject  was  not  abandoned.  May  3,  17U1,  Dr.  Benjamin  S. 
Barton  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  committee  on  the  pliarma- 
copocia.  The  committee  reported  to  the  College  November  G,  and 
December  4,  1702;  and  January  1,  and  April  2,  1793,  and  was 
continued.  Dr.  Thomas  Parke  was  added  to  the  committee  Jan- 
uary, 1704. 

Drs.  Griffitts,  Barton,  and  James  -were  appointed  June  G,  1707, 
to  prepare  and  submit  to  the  College  a  statement  "  of  all  medicinal 
substances  and  pharmaceutical  processes  "  which  seem  proper  to  be 
included  in  the  intended  pharmacopoeia. 

It  is  not  doubted  that  leading  physicians  in  different  sections  of 
the  country  felt  the  need  of  a  pharmacopoeia,  and  that  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Colleo-e  in  this  connection  had  increased  their  interest  in 
the  subject,  and  led  the  way  to  the  formaHon  of  the  Pharmacopoeia 
of  the  United  States. 

The  Pharmacopa}ia  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  the  first 
of  the  kind  in  the  United  States,  was  published  in  Boston,  1808. 
It  was  fully  noticed  and  commended  for  its  accuracy.^ 

A  printed  circular,  dated  New  York,  November  21,  1818,  and 
signed  by  David  Hosack,  John  R.  B.  Rogers,  Samuel  L.  Mitchell, 
John  Stearns,  John  Watts,  Jr.,  T.  Romeyn  Beck,  Lyman  Spalding, 
Wright  Post,  and  Alexander  H.  Stevens,  was  sent  by  Lyman  Spald- 
ing, secretary  of  the  committee,  to  Dr.  Joseph  Parrish,  Secretary  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  with  a  request  that  he 

1  The  Medical  Kepository.    Second  liexade,  vol.  5,  p.  396.     ]Sew  York,  1808. 


104  RUSCHENBERGER, 

would  hand  it  to  the  Pi-esident  that  it  might  be  laid  before  the  Col- 
lege  at  its  next  meetinfj. 

The  plan  proposed — detailed  in  a  circular  issued  March  4,  1818 
— was  : 

1.  That  the  Pharmacopoeia  should  be  formed  by  and  under  the 
authority  of  the  several  incorporated  Medical  Societies,  the  several 
incorporated  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  or  medical  schools, 
and  such  medical  schools  as  constitute  a  Faculty  in  any  university 
or  college  in  the  United  States;  and  in  case  there  should  be  any 
State  or  Territory  in  which  there  was  no  incorporated  medical  society, 
medical  college,  or  school,  that  voluntary  associations  of  physicians 
and  surgeons  in  such  State  or  Territory  should  be  respectfully  invited 
to  unite  in  the  undertaking. 

2.  That  the  formation  of  a  pharmacopoeia  may  not  be  undertaken 
unless  it  should  receive  the  approbation  of  a  majority  of  the  afore- 
said institutions  in  the  United  States. 

3.  That  a  convention  should  be  held  in  each  of  the  four  grand 
divisions  of  the  United  States  to  be  composed  of  delegates  from  the 
medical  societies,  schools,  and  associations. 

4.  That  each  district  convention  should  form  a  pharmacopoeia,  or 
select  one  in  general  use,  and  make  therein  such  alterations  and 
additions  as  may  adapt  it  to  the  present  state  of  medical  science ;  and 
elect  delegates  to  meet  in  general  convention  in  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton on  the  1st  of  January,  1820. 

5.  That  the  convention  should  form  the  national  work  from  the 
district-convention  pharmacopoeias. 

6.  That  each  district  convention  should  be  held  at  such  time  and 
place  as  may  be  agreed  upon  by  a  majority  of  the  aforesaid  institu- 
tions in  the  respective  districts. 

Dr.  Lyman  Spalding  devised  the  plan  just  described  and  sub- 
mitted it,  January,  1817,  to  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society.^ 

Feb.  2,  1819.  A  circular  was  received  from  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  proposing  the  above  plan  for  the  forma- 

*  Keport  on  the  Pharmacopcsias  of  all  Nations.  By  J  M.  Flint,  Surgeon, 
TJ.  S.  Navy.  In  the  Sanitary  and  Statistical  Report  of  the  Surgeon-General  of 
the  Navy  for  the  year  1881. 


INSTI'IUTION    OF    COLLKdK    OK    I'lIYSICIANH    OF    I'll  H,A  OKI, I'll  I  A.       U)') 

tion  of  <a,  riiil  ioiiiil  [)liiirin;icoj)(t;iii,  aiid  tli;iL  (l(;l(;g!itcH  from  tli<;  middle 
district  hIiouIcI  moot  in  l'liil;idel[)liiii,  .Juno  1,  181!). 

Tlio  plan  proposed  in  circulars,  dated  March  4  and  Nov.  21,  1818, 
from  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York,  was  approved. 
Drs.  Parke,  Oriditts,  llew.son,  Jones,  Stewart,  Atlee,  and  I'arrish 
were  a{)pointed  delc^a.tes  from  the  (Jolicge  to  meet  delegates  from 
other  societies,  June  1. 

The  chamber  of  the  Collcifc  was  offered  as  a  place  of  meetin;;. 

To  aid  the  ])reparatiou  of  the  work,  the  College  had  printed,  May, 
1810,  the  outline  of  a  pharmacoixieia.^ 

The  Convention  of  the  Middle  States  for  the  formation  of  a  Na- 
tional Pharmacopoeia  met  June  1,  1819,  in  the  chamber  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 

The  following  named  delegates  were  present : 

From  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia:  Drs.  Thomas 
Parke,  Samuel  P.  Griffitts,  Thomas  C.  James,  Thomas  T.  Hewson, 
Edwin  A.  Atlee,  Joseph  Parrish,  Samuel  Stewart. 

Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  Neiv  York :  Drs.  Samuel  L. 
Mitchell,  John  R.  B.  Rodgers,  John  AVatts,  Jr.,  Lyman  Spalding, 
Alexander  PI.  Stevens. 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeoyis  of  the  State  of  Neiv  York : 
Drs.  Wm.  J.  Macneven,  John  W.  Francis. 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  the  Western  District  of 
New  York:    Dr.  Lyman  Spalding. 

New  Jersey  Medical  Society :  Drs.  Charles  Smith,  John  Yan 
Cleve. 

The  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland:  Drs. 
Samuel  Baker,  Elisha  De  Butts. 

The  Medical  Society  of  Delaware :    Dr.  Allen  McLane. 

diedical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia:  Drs.  Henry  Hunt, 
Thomas  Henderson. 

Dr.  Thomas  Parke  was  elected  President ;  Dr.  Samuel  L.  ^litchell, 
Vice-president ;  Lyman  Spalding  and  Samuel  Baker,  Secretaries  of 
the  Convention. 

*  Pharmacopoeia.  8vo.  pp.  40.  An  interleaved  copy,  presented  by  Dr.  Edwin 
A.  Atlee,  is  in  tlie  Library  of  the  College,  Ko.  3362. 


106  RUSCHENBERGER, 

Two  pharmacopoeias  in  outline  and  a  code  of  ethics  were  submitted 
to  the  convention  and  considered. 

Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  Alexander  II.  Stevens,  Lyman  Spalding, 
John  Watts,  Jr.,  of  New  York;  Thomas  Parke,  Thomas  T.  Hew- 
son,  of  Philadelphia ;  Allen  McLane,  of  Wilmington,  Del. ;  Elisha  Do 
Butts,  Samuel  Baker,  of  Baltimore ;  and  Henry  Hunt,  of  AVashing- 
ton,  D.  C,  were  appointed  to  represent  the  body  at  the  general  con- 
vention for  the  formation  of  a  pharmacopoeia,  to  meet  in  Washington, . 
D.  C,  Jan.  1,  1820. 

The  convention  of  the  Middle  States  adjourned  sine  die,  June  4, 
1819. 

A  convention  of  delegates  from  societies  and  institutions  of  the 
eastern  district  of  the  United  States  met  in  Boston,  June  1,  1819. 

Medical  Society  of  New  Hampsldre:  Drs.  Reuben  D.  Mussey, 
Ebenezer  Learned,  Matthias  Spalding,  and  John  P.  Batchelder. 

Medical  Society  of  3Iassachuse.tts :  Drs.  John  C.  Warren,  John 
Goram,  Jacob  Bigelow,  James  Thacher,  and  George  C.  Shattuck. 

Medical  Society  of  Vermont:  Drs.  Erastus  Torrey,  and  Selah 
Gridley. 

Brown  University  in  Mhode  Island:  Dr.  William  Ingalls. 

Medical  Society  in  Mhode  Island:    Dr.  Solomon  Brown. 

Medical  Society  in  Connecticut :    Dr.  Eli  Ives. 

Dr.  Warren  was  chosen  Chairman,  and  Dr.  Bigelow  Secretary. 

The  delegates  from  Massachusetts  submitted  a  plan  of  pharmaco- 
poeia, which  was  referred  to  Drs.  Mussey,  Goram,  Torrey,  Ingalls, 
and  Ives  for  examination  and  amendment.  On  their  motion  the 
pharmacopoeia  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  as  now  revised, 
was  adopted  by  the  convention  to  be  presented  to  the  general  con- 
vention at  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan.  1,  1820. 

Drs.  Ives  and  Bigelow  were  chosen,  by  ballot,  to  represent  the 
eastern  district  in  the  genei'al  convention. 

The  convention  adjourned  June  2,  sine  die. 

The  national  convention  for  forming  a  pharmacopoeia  met  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  Jan.  1,  1820,  and,  on  the  8th,  announced  that 
the  faculty,  by  a  spontaneous  effort,  and  without  public  summons 
or  compensation,  had  compiled  a  Codex  Medicamentarius,  or  Book 
of  Rules  and  Directions,  for  selecting  and  compounding  the  articles 


iNri'i'iTiri'ioN  ()!''  (;()i,i;i';(;i';  ui'    i-iiyskmans  of  I'Iiii-aiikumiia.      107 

ciniiloycd  in  piJiclicc.  'J'lio  wliolc  civilized  world  may  bcliold  u  ;^roat 
and  j^rowiiii-;  iiiition,  spcakinf^  a  Hiinilar  lan^^uage,  posHCS.sirig  tlio  Hamc 
general  laws,  using  a  unifoi'ni  denomination  of  value,  and  eonform- 
ing  to  each  other  in  tlic  I'ules  of  preserving  health,  and  of  preparing 
remedies. 

A  committee  of  five  was  appointed  to' superintend  the  publication 
of  the  work  of  the  convention. 

Dr.  Samuel  \j.  Mitchell  was  i'l-esident,  and  I)r.  Thomas  'W  llew- 
son  Secretary  of  the  convention,  which  ceased  .January  8,  1820. 

February  T,  1<S20.  The  delegates  from  the  College  to  the  general 
convention  at  AVushington  submitt(!d  their  report. 

The  undersigned,  who  were  deputed  by  the  district  convention 
held  in  this  city,  in  the  month  of  June,  1819,  as  members  of  the 
College,  to  meet  the  delegates  in  the  general  convention  a.sscmbled 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  on  the  1st  of  January,  1820,  for  the  purpose 
of  forming  a  National  Pharmacopoeia,  have  the  honor  to  report: 

That  in  addition  to  the  prospectus  agreed  upon  in  the  convention 
of  the  middle  district,  the  delegates  from  the  northern  district  pre- 
sented a  regular  manuscript  pharmacopoeia.  After  a  mature  exami- 
nation of  the  list  of  simples,  preparations,  and  compounds  contained 
in  these  two  plans,  the  general  convention  agreed  upon  the  several 
articles  deemed  necessary  to  be  introduced  into  the  work  Avhicli  had 
been  confided  to  them. 

In  forming  the  materia  medica  list  some  difficulties  arose, 
occasioned  principally  by  the  multifarious  articles  presented,  "whose 
virtues  were  not  generally  known,  though  according  to  reports,  made 
on  very  respectable  authority,  they  appeared  to  be  Avell  entitled  to  the 
attention  of  the  medical  practitioner. 

Wishing  not  to  exclude  articles  of  real  value,  as  not  yet  intro- 
duced into  general  practice,  desirous  at  the  same  time  of  not  over- 
loading the  catalogue  of  simples  to  be  kept  in  the  apothecary  shop 
as  essential  articles  of  the  materia  medica,  the  general  convention 
determined  on  forming  tAvo  lists  according  to  the  circumstances  pred- 
icated above. 

In  the  arrangement  of  the  materia  medica  the  plan  proposed  in  the 
middle  district  convention  has  been  departed  from.  From  the  variety 
and  confused  character  of  the  synonymes  employed  to  designate  par- 


108  RUSCHENBERQER, 

ticular  articles  great  difficulties  presented,  to  obviate  which  appeared 
to  be  an  object  of  primary  importance.  By  selecting  the  article  to 
be  employed  in  medicine,  and  giving  it  an  alphabetical  arrangement, 
according  to  the  most  approved  nomenclature,  in  the  leading  column, 
and  referring,  in  the  second  column,  to  such  authors  as  had  described 
the  sources  from  which  the  article  was  derived,  it  was  believed  that  a 
clear  and  scientific  list  of  the  materia  medica  would  be  found  accessi- 
ble to  the  common  apothecary,  at  the  same  time  affording  that  degree 
of  precision  required  in  a  wide  extent  of  country  where  so  many  and 
discordant  denominations  prevail.  In  this  plan  a  preference  is  given 
to  the  Avriters  of  this  country  for  the  most  obvious  reason,  the  desire 
of  rendering  the  work  intelligible  to  every  American. 

The  list  of  preparations  and  compounds  is  pretty  nearly  what  was 
agreed  on  in  the  convention  of  the  middle  district.  Few  additions 
have  been  made,  and  where  several  jDreparations  of  nearly  the  same 
character  had  been  introduced,  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  make  the 
selection  according  to  the  most  approved  formula,  so  that  the  list  has 
been  increased. 

A  committee  of  five  persons  has  been  appointed  to  arrange  and 
prepare  the  work  for  the  press,  who  will  be  glad  to  receive  aid  of 
those  who  take  an  interest  in  the  work, 

Thomas  Parke. 
Thomas  T.  Hewson. 

Philadelphia,  1st  February,  1820. 

February  1,  1820.  The  expenses  of  the  delegates  of  the  College 
to  the  general  convention,  $119.33,  were  ordered  to  be  paid  ;  and, 
May  17,  those  of  Dr.  Hewson  while  in  New  York  as  one  of  the 
publication  committee. 

The  College  was  admitted  to  be  entitled  to  a  share  of  the  copy- 
right of  the  Pharmacopoeia,  which  amounted  to  $246. 

September  4,  1821.  Drs.  Samuel  P.  Griffitts,  Thomas  C.  James, 
and  Thomas  T.  Hewson,  who  had  been  appointed  for  the  purpose, 
August  7,  reported  that  they  had  carefully  revised  the  Pharmacopoeia, 
and  presented  a  list  of  suggested  alterations,  to  be  sent  to  the  publi- 
cation committee  to  aid  in  a  further  revision  of  the  work. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  general   convention  at  Washington, 


INSTITUTION    OF    OOI.LKOK    OK    I'KYSICIANH    OF    I'H  I  LA  (>i;iJMI  lA.       109 

January,  1820,  it  wiis  (h.'lci-iniiicd  tliaL  the  pliarrnacopfcia  Hlioiild  be 
revised  every  ten  yeans,  and  to  this  end  the  PreHldent  of  it  was 
directed  to  notify  all  the  incorporated  State  medical  societies,  colleges, 
and  schooi.s,  on  the  first  of  January,  1828,  to  elect  delegates  to  rejjre- 
sent  thcni  in  the  general  convention  to  be  assembled  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  January,  1830. 

April  29,  1828.  A  printed  circular  from  the  President  of  the 
general  convention  of  January,  1820,  Dr.  Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  notify- 
ing the  institutions  concerned  tliat  each  is  authorized  to  elect  three  of 
its  members  to  represent  it  in  the  convention  to  meet  in  Washington, 
January  1,  1830,  and  requesting  that  the  names  of  the  delegates 
chosen  be  sent  to  him  before  April  1,  1829,  was  presented  by  Dr. 
Ilewson.^ 

Drs.  Ilewson,  Joseph  Ilartshorne,  and  George  B.  Wood,  were 
appointed  to  examine  the  national  pharmacopoeia,  and,  before  the 
election  of  delegates  to  the  convention  is  held,  report  any  amend- 
ments, corrections,  and  additions,  which  they  may  deem  advisable. 

January  27,  1829.  On  motion  of  Dr.  Ilewson,  the  Secretary  was 
directed  to  send  to  each  Fellow  a  copy  of  a  resolution  that  the  mem- 

J  "Writ  for  the  Medical  Convention  of  1830." 

"  Whereas,  the  Convention  that  was  held  at  the  city  of  Washington  in  the 
month  of  January,  1820,  for  forming  a  Pharmacopoeia  for  our  United  Stales  of 
America  did  resolve  that  the  President  of  that  Convention  should,  on  the  first 
day  of  Januarj'^,  1828,  issue  writs  of  election  to  the  several  incorporated  State 
Medical  Societies  in  the  Northern,  Middle,  Sout-hern,  and  Western  districts  of 
the  Nation,  requiring  them  to  ballot  for  three  delegates  to  a  General  Convention 
to  be  held  at  Washington,  on  the  first  day  of  January,  1830,  for  the  purpose  of 
revising  the  American  Pharmacopoeia  ;  and  whereas,  the  several  institutions,  as 
aforesaid,  are  by  the  same  authority  requested  to  forward  to  the  President  on 
or  before  the  first  day  of  April,  1829,  the  names  of  the  three  persons  chosen; 
with  sundry  other  provisions  contained  in  the  historical  introduction  to  the  work, 
to  which  the  reader  is  referred. 

"Now,  therefore,  I,  Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  give  notice  to  all  the  incorporated 
Medical  Societies,  Colleges  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Medical  Schools,  and 
Faculties  of  Universities,  Colleges,  and  all  other  authorized  bodies  that  tbey 
choose  proper  persons  to  represent  them  in  the  General  Convention  to  be  held 
in  January,  1830,  for  revising  the  Pharmacopoeia. 

"Given  under  my  hand,  this  first  day  of  January,  1828,  at  the  city  of  New 
York. 

Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  President." 


110  RUSCHENBERGER, 

bers  be  requested  to  furnish  the  committee  on  the  pharmacopoeia  a 
statement  of  their  observation  or  experience  in  connection  with  articles 
of  materia  raedica  not  in  the  national  pharmacopoeia,  and  sugges- 
tions for  its  improvement. 

Dr.  Bache  Avas  added  to  the  committee. 

June  30,  1829.  The  committee  on  the  pharmacopoeia  was  author- 
ized to  employ  Mr.  D.  B.  Smith,  at  the  expense  of  the  College,  to 
make  some  experiments  for  the  use  of  the  committee. 

November  24,  1829.  The  committee  presented  a  final  report,  of 
which  the  concluding  paragraph  is  as  follows :  "  The  critical  exami- 
nation of  formulas  and  processes,  the  collating  of  authorities,  both 
chemical  and  pharmaceutical,  and  the  discussions  incident  to  their 
inquiries,  have  imposed  on  your  committee  the  necessity  of  holding 
not  less  than  one  hundred  meetings,  have  protracted  their  labors 
beyond  what  was  anticipated,  and  have  prevented  them  from  making 
an  earlier  report." 

Drs.  George  B.  Wood  and  Franklin  Bache  were  appointed  dele- 
gates to  represent  the  College  in  the  general  convention  of  January 
1,  1830,  and  their  expenses  were  directed  to  be  paid. 

January  26,  183U.  They  reported  in  substance  that  very  few  of 
the  delegates  were  in  Washington  on  Friday,  January  1st,  the  day 
appointed  for  the  meeting  of  the  convention,  and,  therefore,  organiza- 
tion was  deferred  until  Monday,  January  4th.  Those  then  present 
wereDrs.  Lewis  Condict  and  Isaac  Pearson,  from  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  State  of  New  Jersey ;  Dr.  John  L.  Morris,  from  the  Medical 
Society  of  Delaware ;  Dr.  James  H.  Miller,  from  the  Medico-Chi- 
rurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland ;  Drs.  Thomas  Henderson  and  N.  W. 
Worthington,  from  Columbia  College,  D.  C. ;  and  Drs.  Wood  and 
Bache,  from  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  :   eight  in  all. 

Dr.  Lewis  Condict  was  elected  President,  and  Dr.  Thomas  Hender- 
son, Secretary. 

Believing  that  the  number  of  delegates  present  was  inadequate  to 
impart  to  the  action  of  the  convention  the  authority  and  influence 
requisite  to  secure  the  object  in  view,  it  was  determined  to  invite  the 
assistance  of  all  congressmen  present  who  were  also  members  of  the 
profession,  as  well  as  of  the  Surgeon-General  of  the  Army,  and  the 
Senior  Surgeon  of  the  Navy. 


INSTITUTION    01''   OOLLKdP;    OK    I'lIYSICIANS    OF    I'll  ILA  l>i:i,IMI  I  A.        Ill 

Jiiiiiiiiiy  .Otli.  Sur;rcon-(jli'rieriil  .io.scj)li  Lovcll,  l)v.  Natliun  (iaitlicr, 
of  Kentucky,  and  Dr.  (}.  E.  Mitchell,  of  Maryland,  mcmbcr«  of 
ConfijrcHS,  joined  tlic  convention. 

The  revised  draft  of  a  pharniacopcjeia  from  the  Colle^^e  of  I'liysi- 
cians  of  Philadelphia  was  presented,  and  referred  to  a  committee  of 
five,  including  the  delegates  from  the  College. 

A  committee  was  appointed  to  devise  a  method  for  assemhling  the 
next  convention. 

January  (Uh.  ^fhe  convention  nict  in  oneof  the  rooms  of  the  Capitol, 
occupied  by  the  Cohnnl)ian  Institute.  Dr.  Samuel  Swan,  member  of 
Congress  iVom  New  Jersey,  and  Dr.  Bailey  Washington,  Surgeon  U. 
S.  Navy,  took  their  seats. 

January  7th.  The  committee  to  which  it  had  been  referred,  re- 
ported that  in  its  opinion,  "the  draft  of  pharmacopoeia  presented  by 
the  Philadelphia  delegates  was  decidedly  superior  to  the  original  work, 
and  should  be  adopted  as  the  basis  of  the  new  edition,"  and  recom- 
mended that  it  should  be  referred  to  a  committee  composed  of  mem- 
bers from  each  of  the  large  cities  of  the  Union,  authorized,  after 
diligent  examination,  to  amend  or  alter,  and  then  publish  it,  as  the 
National  Pharmacopoeia:  The  appointment  of  members  of  the  com- 
mittee was  not  restricted  to  the  delegates  present.  They  were  selected 
on  account  of  their  supposed  interest  in  the  subject,  which  was 
inferred  from  their  connection  Avith  the  convention  of  1820.  The 
committee  consisted  of  Dr.  Thomas  T.  Hewson,  chairman,  and  two 
members  from  each  of  these  cities :  Philadelphia,  New  York,  Boston, 
Baltimore,  Washington,  D.  C,  Charleston,  S.  C,  Lexington,  Ky., 
and  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

A  copy  of  the  draft  of  the  pharmacopceia  was  to  be  furnished  to 
the  members  of  each  city,  which,  after  due  consideration,  was  to  be 
returned  with  amendments  suggested  to  the  chairman,  who  will  notify 
all  the  members  to  meet  in  Philadelphia  at  any  time  he  may,  at  his 
discretion,  determine. 

At  this  meeting  the  proposed  amendments  will  be  adopted  or 
rejected  after  due  discussion. 

The  chairman  was  authorized  to  fill  vacancies  in  the  committee, 
with  the  consent  of  the  President  and  Secretarv  of  the  convention. 


112  RUSCHENBERGER, 

The  method  of  assembling  the  National  Convention  of  1840 
requires  the  President  to  notify  the  institutions  concerned,  through 
the  medical  journals,  January  1,  1839,  to  elect  delegates,  and  report 
their  names  to  him  immediately  after  their  election.  The  names 
reported  are  to  be  published  by  him,  October,  1839,  in  the  medical 
journals,  with  a  request  that  these  delegates  meet  in  convention  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  on  the  first  Monday  in  January,  1840.^ 

When  the  reading  of  the  report,  summarized  above,  was  concluded, 
the  College  voted  its  thanks  to  the  delegates  for  their  services,  and 
authorized  Drs.  Hewson,  Wood,  and  Bache,  to  have  a  copy  of  the 
draft  of  the  pharmacopoeia  made  for  each  city  named,  at  the  expense 
of  the  College. 

The  founding  and  publishing  of  this  very  important  work  is  ascrib- 
able  very  largely,  if  not  exclusively,  to  the  enterprise  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia.  It  was  the  only  institution  represented 
in  the  very  slenderly  attended  national  convention  that  presented  a 
draft  of  a  pharmacopoeia.  Without  it  there  would  have  been  no  basis 
for  the  revision  of  the  work  by  this  convention. 

General  interest  in  the  subject  seems  to  have  flagged  after  the 
publication  of  the  pharmacopoeia  of  1820.  No  medical  institution 
of  New  England  or  New  York  sent  delegates  to  the  National  Con- 
vention of  1830,  Dr.  Samuel  L.  Mitchell,  of  New  York,  the  presi- 
dent, did  not  appear  at  the  meetings. 

An  explanation  may  be  interesting  at  this  time. 

An  attempt  was  made,  either  designedly  or  through  misunder- 
standing, to  forestall  the  national  convention,  and  so  supersede  its 
work. 

The  prescribed  method  of  constituting  a  convention  to  meet 
January  1,  1830,  was  that  the  president  should,  on  the  first  of 
January,  1828,  "  issue  writs  of  election  to  the  several  incorporated 

^  The  gentlemen  appointed  on  the  committee  were  Dr.  Thomas  T.  Hewson 
chairman  ;  Drs.  Jacob  Bigelow  and  John  W.  Webster,  for  Boston;  Alexander 
H.  Stevens  and  John  Watts,  for  New  York  ;  George  B.  Wood  and  Franklin 
Bache,  for  Philadelphia;  Samuel  Baker  and  Elisha  De  Butts,  for  Baltimore; 
Thomas  Henderson  and  N.  W.  Worthington,  for  Washington;  John  E.  Tres- 
cott  and  James  Moultrie,  for  Charleston,  S  C.  ;  W.  H.  Kichardson  and  R.  W. 
Dudley,  for  Lexington,  Ky. ;  John  Morehead  and  Charles  E.  Pierson,  for  Cin- 
cinnati. 


INSTITUTION    OF    C'OIJ.K(iE   OF   rJIY.SICIANS    OF    I'llILA  hKLI'lI  lA.       113 

State  niediciil  societies,  etc.,  in  the  northern  (li.strict,  rffjiiiring 
them  to  ballot  for  three  delej^ates  to  a  general  convention  to  be  hehl 
at  Washington  on  I  lie  first  of  .Inimary,  18^30,  for  the  purpose  of 
revising  the  American  phaniiacopceia ;  and  that  these  several  institu- 
tions be  rc((uest('d  to  forwai'd  to  the  president,  on  or  before  the  first 
day  of  Ajjril,  1<S2!),  the  names  of  three  persons  thus  designated  by 
ballot;  and  the  president  of  the  convention  is  hereby  re<iuested,  on 
the  said  day,  to  assort  and  count  the  said  votes,  and  to  notify  the 
three  persons  who  shall  have  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  their 
election  ;  and  in  case  there  should  not  be  three  persons  who  have  a 
greater  number  of  votes  than  others,  then  the  said  president  is  desired 
to  put  a  ballot  into  the  box  for  each  of  those  persons  who  have  an 
equal  number  of  votes,  and  draw  therefrom  such  number  of  ballots 
as  shall  make  the  number  of  delegates  three,  and  notify  a.s  before." 
This  method  to  be  applicable  alike  to  the  middle,  southern,  and 
western  districts. 

The  prescription  for  constituting  the  second  convention  was  con- 
strued to  mean  that  it  was  limited  to  twelve  members,  three  repre- 
senting each  of  the  four  districts — that  the  institutions  of  the  districts 
were  not  severally  authorized  to  representation,  and  that  the  president. 
Dr.  Mitchell,  the  sole  judge  of  the  district  election,  was  to  receive 
and  count  the  ballots  cast  in  each. 

Proceeding  in  accordance  with  this  view,  Dr.  Mitchell  decided 
that  Drs.  Eli  Ives,  of  New  Haven,  Jacob  Bigelow,  of  Boston,  and 
Daniel  Oliver,  of  Hanover,  had  been  elected  delegates  from  the 
Northern  District^  and  Dr.  James  McXaughton,  of  Albany,  John 
B.  Beck  and  A.  "W.  Ives,  of  Xew^  York,  delegates  for  the  Middle 
District. 

These  six  delegates  and  the  president  regarded  themselves  to  be 
the  duly  constituted  National  Convention  for  revising  the  pharma- 
copa?ia ;  and  by  mutual  consent,  previously  ascertained,  they  met  in 
New  York,  Jan.  1,  1830,  "for  the  sake  of  convenience,"  instead  of 
proceeding  to  Washington. 

They  resolved  "■  to  pi*epare  and  publish  an  improved  edition""  of 
the  pharmacopoeia,  and,  for  the  purpose,  to  meet  again  on  the  first 
Wednesday  of  June,  1830,  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons,  in  New  York.     By  means  of  a   circular,  they  invited  the 

8 


114  RUSCHENBERGER, 

medical  societies  and  institutions  not  represented  to  send  a  delegate  to 
this  convention  of  seven  to  assist  in  tlie  revision.  On  the  second  day 
of  June  ten  delegates  were  present — five  from  Now  York,  two  from 
Yale,  one  from  South  Carolina,  one  from  Ohio,  and  one  from  Berkshire. 

They  issued  a  volume  entitled — The  Pharmacopoeia  of  the  United 
States  of  America.  By  the  Authority  of  "Gfencral  Convention  for 
the  formation  of  the  American  Pharmacopoeia^''  held  in  I8o0. 
Second  edition :  from  the  first  edition^  published  in  1820,  with 
additions  and  corrections.  S.  Converse,  Neio  York,  November, 
1830." 

A  reviewer  says  that  book-agents  were  employed  to  sell  it  to  the 
apothecaries  of  different  towns,  going  from  shop  to  shop  chanting  its 
worth.  Nevertheless,  the  spurious  work  was  not  largely  sold.  The 
authors  of  it  were  disappointed.  Their  work  did  not  earn  for  them 
a  character  for  eminently  precise  learning,  or  very  scrupulous  dealing.^ 
No  one  seems  to  have  supposed  that  they  were  ignorant  of  the  pro- 
ceedino's  of  the  National  Convention  at  Washington.  Be  that  as  it 
may,  no  conclusive  reasons  are  now  apparent  to  justify  their  course 
in  the  premises. 

Tlie  Pharmacopoeia  of  the  United  States  of  Amei'ica,  By  Au- 
thority of  the  National  Medical  Convention,  held  at  Washington, 
A. P.  1830.  Johii  Crrigg,  Philadelphia,  1831,  Avas  published  early 
in  the  year,  and  was  well  received  by  the  profession.^  Its  New  York 
counterfeit  lost  the  little  circulation  it  may  have  had  when  first 
uttered. 

In  July,  1831,  Drs.  Wood  and  Bache  announced  that  they  would 
publish  a  Pispensatory  of  the  United  States,  designed  especially  to 
illustrate  the  pharmacopoeia.  It  was  issued  in  January,  1833.  The 
fifteenth  edition  appeared  in  March,  1883.  This  excellent  work 
helped  to  give  currency  to  the  first,  as  well  as  to  the  subsequent 
decennial  revisions  of  the  Pharmacopoeia. 

July  2,  1839,  the  College,  in  compliance  with  due  notice,  elected 
Drs.  George  B.  Wood,  Franklin  Bache,  and  Henry  Bond  delegates 

^  The  North  American  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  vol.  xi.,  January,  1831, 
pp.  178-200. 

2  Ibid.,  April,  1831,  pp.  441-455. 


INSTITUTION    OK    (JOM-KHJO    OK    IMIYSICIANH    OK    I'll  I  l,A  OKIJMI I  A.        115 

to  tlio  Niitioiiiil  M(!(liciil  Convciitioii  for  llic  revision  of  tlic  f>li;iriii:i- 
copdiia.  Siil)S('(|ii('iilly  i>r.  Wood,  liiiviii;.'  been  ;i])f)oi)itc(l  to  represent 
the  IJnivcnsity  of  I'ciinsyl vaiiia,  resigned,  nml  l)r.  Joseph  Carson 
waH  elocled  in  his  place. 

December  24,  l(S;j!>.  Dis.  Tlionias  'J\  Jlew.son,  (ieorgc  li.  \V<;0(1, 
and  Franklin  ]iache,  wbo  h;i(l  been  a  committee  to  revise  the  phar- 
macopeia of  1880,  reported,  in  substance,  that  they  harl  begun  work 
toward  the  close  of  May  and  up  to  date  had  given  close  attention  to 
it,  meeting  usually  three  times  a  week.  Availing  themselves  of  per- 
mission granted  by  the  College  they  IkkI  engaged  the  assistance  of 
practical  ])harmacists,  William  Hodgson,  Jr.,  and  William  Proctor, 
Jr.  They  hnd  noted  in  an  interleaved  copy  of  the  first  decennial 
revision  of  the  |tliarni;icop(eia  the  amendments  which  they  proposed, 
and  prepared  also  explanatory  notes  on  the  alterations  recommended, 
combined  with  the  reports  of  Messrs.  Hodgson  and  Proctor  on  par- 
ticular processes,  which,  should  the  report  be  adopted,  may  be  useful 
to  the  delegates  by  enabling  them  to  understand  the  aims  of  the 
committee. 

March  3,  1840.  The  report  of  the  delegates,  dated  January  20, 
was  presented.  Substantially,  that  they  had  assisted  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  National  Medical  Convention  at  Washington,  Jan.  1, 
1840,  and  besides  themselves  were  present :  Theophilus  Dunn,  of 
the  Rliode  Island  Medical  Society ;  Lewis  Condict,  of  the  New 
Jersey  Medical  Society ;  G.  B.  Wood,  from  the  University  of 
Pemisylvania ;  Robley  Dunglison,  from  the  Jefferson  3Iedical 
College  :  Wm.  W.  jNlorris  and  James  Couper,  from  the  Delaware 
3fedi('al  Society ;  John  R.  W.  Dunbar,  John  C.  S.  Monkur,  and 
Edward  Foreman,  from  the  Washington  University,  Baltimore ; 
Joshua  J.  Cohen,  from  the  jNIedico-Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maiyland ; 
Thomas  Sewall  and  N.  W.  Worthington.  from  the  Medical  Society  of 
the  District  of  Columbia  ;  Thomas  Miller,  Harvey  Liudsley,  and  John 
M.  Thomas,  from  Columbia  College^  Washington,  D.  C.  ;  John  W. 
Davis,  from  the  Vincennes  Medical  Society,  Indiana ;  and  AVilliam 
Bacon  Stevens^  from  the  Ceorgia  Medical  Society,  twenty  in  all.  It 
is  notable — in   connection  with  the  proceedings  of  1830 — that  no 

^  Bishop  of  Pennsylvania  from  January  2,  1S62. 


116  RUSCHENBERGER, 

delegates   from    Massachusetts,    Connecticut,    or   New   York   were 
present. 

Dr.  Condict  was  elected  President,  Dr.  Wood,  Vice-President, 
Dr.  Wortliington,  Secretary,  and  Dr.  Harvey  Lindsley,  Assistant 
Secretary.  The  Surgeon-General  of  the  Army  and  the  Senior 
Surgeon  of  the  Navy  were  invited  to  participate  in  the  proceedings. 

Again  the  only  papers  submitted  to  the  Convention  were  from  the 
College.  They  were  referred  to  a  committee  (Bache,  Davis,  Stevens, 
Cohen,  and  Dunn)  to  report  a  plan  of  revision  and  publication. 

The  communication  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  all  com- 
munications thereafter  received  were  referred  to  the  committee  of 
revision  and  publication,  consisting  of  seven  (Wood,  Bache,  Dungli- 
son,  Cohen,  Dunn,  Stevens,  and  Sewall)  of  which  three  Avere  a  quorum. 
The  committee,  which  was  to  meet  in  Philadelphia  at  the  call  of  the 
chairman,  was  authorized  to  request  the  cooperation  of  the  Colleges 
of  Pharmacy  of  the  United  States,  to  fill  vacancies,  to  publish  the 
revision  and  take  whatever  measures  necessary  to  accomplish  the 
object  of  this  convention.  The  committee  was  directed  to  report,  on 
the  conclusion  of  its  labors,  its  proceedings  to  the  Secretary  of  this 
Convention,  to  be  laid  by  him  before  the  next  one. 

The  time  of  meeting  of  the  National  Medical  Convention  was 
changed  from  January  to  May,  because  the  difiiculty  of  winter  travel 
prevented  many  delegates  from  being  present. 

The  President  was  instructed  to  notify  all  institutions  concerned, 
May  1,  1849,  to  elect  three  delegates  to  attend  the  National  Medical 
Convention  on  the  first  Monday  of  May,  1850,  and  request  each 
body  to  make  a  careful  revision  of  the  pharmacopoeia  and  report  the 
result  to  the  meeting.  He  was  also  to  request  medical  and  pharma- 
ceutical institutions  to  send  the  names  of  their  delegates  to  him  as 
soon  as  elected  that  they  may  be  published  in  the  medical  journals 
and  newspapers  in  February  or  March,  of  1850. 

The  College  voted  its  thanks  to  Drs.  Bache,  Bond,  and  Carson, 
for  their  services,  and  ordered  their  expenses,  in  all  $112.47,  to  be 
paid. 

The  committee  of  revision  held  its  first  meeting  February  10, 
1840.     Their  work  was  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1842. 


INSTITICI'ION    OK    COLIJsCM    OK    l-JIYSICIANS    OK    I'll  I  I,A  l)KI,I'II  f  A .        117 

As  sl,:d,i!(l  iilrc:idy,  llic  ('<,llcir,;  of  j'liy.siciaris  of  I'liiliiflolpiiia 
assisted  to  create  and  fdim  ihc  |)liarinacop(cia  published  in  1820.  In 
the  manner  described,  the  College  contributed  the  result  of  careful 
reviews  of  the  work  in  aid  of  the  revisions  made  under  the  authority 
of  the  National  Medical  Conventions  of  18:50,  '40,  '50,  '00,  'TO,  and 
'80.  Except  the  sixth,  all  the  revisions  of  the  |ili;irraacop(Bia  were 
prepjtred  and  published  in  Philadclpliia. 

The  convention  of  1850  coiisisted  of  thirty  members  present,  of 
whom  five  were  the  first  dele^'ates  ever  ndmittcd  from  colleges  of 
pharmacy.  Of  the  seventy-nine  delegates  present  in  the  convention 
of  1880,  twenty-one— little  more  tlian  a  fourth — were  from  pharma- 
ceutical institutions.  Of  these  thirteen  were  appointed  on  the  com- 
mittee of  revision  and  publication,  consisting  of  twenty-five  members. 
It  was  instructed  to  award  the  publication  to  the  publisliing  house 
offering  the  best  terms.  In  the  execution  of  this  instruction  there 
was  disagreement.  The  work  was  issued  in  New  York,  1882,  by 
publishers  whose  bid,  in  the  opinion  of  many,  was  the  least  eligible  of 
all  the  bids  made.  Had  the  best  terms  offered  been  accepted,  the 
publication  would  have  continued  in  Philadelphia. 

The  value  of  the  labors  and  incidental  expenses  of  the  College  in 
aiding  to  establish  and  foster  the  pharmacopoeia  through  many  years — 
more  than  a  half  century,  is  measurable  by  the  degree  of  importance 
accorded  to  the  work.  It  is  for  the  common  benefit  of  the  people. 
This  fact  is  a  very  cogent  if  not  conclusive  reason  why  it  should  be 
hereafter  maintained  under  the  authority  and  at  the  expense  of  the 
United  States,  and  cease  to  be  among  the  charitable  cares  of  local 
medical  institutions.  Pharmacopoeias  of  European  States  are  com- 
piled and  published  at  national  expense,  under  authority  of  each 
government. 

The  Pharmacopoeia  is  not  the  only  work  for  the  common  welflire 
to  which  the  College  has  given  efficient  help.  It  has  always  been 
ready  to  aid  in  the  preservation  of  the  public  health,  and  in  the  pro- 
motion of  investigations  likely  to  benefit  it,  directly  or  indirectly. 

The  desire  to  print  the  Transactiims  of  the  College  was  manifested 
at  long  intervals.  Drs.  J.  W.  Moore  and  Otto  were  appointed  Feb- 
ruary 1,  1820,  to  assist  the  censors  in  selecting  those  papei-^  in 
possession  of  the  College  which  they  might  consider  suitable  for  pub- 


118  RUSCHENBERGER, 

lication.     The  poverty  of  the  Society  at  the  time  made  such  occu- 
pation premature. 

The  College  consented,  August  1,  1820,  to  examine  such  essays  as 
might  be  submitted  for  prize  medals  oifered  by  the  Humane  Society 
for  the  best  two  dissertations  on  Suspended  Animation  from  Submer- 
sion, and  express  its  opinion  of  the  comparative  merits  of  the  essays. 

December  5,  1820.  The  entrance  fee  to  the  College  Avas  reduced  to 
ten  dollars. 

The  following,  addressed  to  the  President  of  the  College,  was  read : 

The  Select  and  Common  Councils  at  their  last  meeting  appointed 
a  joint  committee  "to  inquire  into  the  facts  connected  with  the  ap- 
pearance and  prevalence  of  malignant  or  pestilential  disease  during 
the  past  summer  and  present  autumn,  and  report  those  means  they 
may  deem  best  adapted  to  prevent  its  recurrence  or  to  check  its  prog- 
ress." That  Committee  respectfully  invites  the  College  of  Physicians, 
the  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Board  of  Health,  the  Lazaretto  phy- 
sician, the  Port  physician  and  others,  to  communicate  answers  to  the 
following  questions,  directing  to  No.  225  Spruce  Street. 
By  order  of  the  joint  Committee, 

John  R.  C gates,  Qliairman. 

November  29,  1820. 

1st.  Had  you  an  opportunity  of  observing  any  cases  of  malignant 
fever  in  Philadelphia  in  the  months  of  July,  August,  September,  and 
October,  1820? 

2d.  In  those  districts  which,  according  to  your  experience,  were 
most  affected  by  disease,  what  peculiar  causes  were  discovered  which 
did  not  exist  in  other  parts  of  the  city  ? 

3d.  Did  the  disease  abate  in  any  considerable  degree  before  the 
appearance  of  frost  ? 

4th.  What  means  should  be  adopted  with  a  view  of  preventing  the 
recurrence,  or  of  checking  the  progress  of  malignant  autumnal  fever 
in  this  city  ? 

Drs.  Hewson,  Griffitts,  and  Emlen  were  appointed  to  prepare 
answers. 

At  a  special  meeting,  Dec.  20th,  they  submitted  a  report  which  was 


iNSTrru'i'ioN  01''  (;()i,i,i;(ii';  ni-  i-iivsicians  ok  imiii-adku'Iiia.      \\U 

ordered  to  he  tnuisiiiiUed   U)  tlie  clini  1111:111  of"  tlie  joint  coiiirnittcc  of 
the  Select  and  Common  Council  of  ilic  city,  as  follows: 

The  Coll('<^c  of  Physiciiiiis  of  l'liil;i(lcl|ilii;i  liavc  deliberately  con- 
Hid(;i-ed  the  (|iiesti()iiH  j)roj)(),sed  hy  you  on  llu;  21<th  of  Novemhcr  last, 
and  Iinvc  directed  the  foUowing  rej)lieH  thereto  to  be  conimunieated 
to  you  : 

1st.  Most  of  the  nieml)crs  of  the  CoJleire  Imd  an  opportunity  of 
observing  cases  of  malignant  fever  in  Philadeljihia,  in  the  months  of 
July,  August,  September,  and  October  last.  The  type  was  as  ma- 
lignant as  we  have  ever  knoAvn  it.  Those  persons  who  remained  in 
the  infected  district,  after  being  taken  sick,  seldom  recovered.  Reme- 
dies did  not  appear  to  have  the  usual  effects  in  these  cases. 

2d.  The  Board  of  ITealtli,  from  their  more  correct  knowledge  of 
the  facts,  arc  best  (qualified  to  give  satisfactory  answers  to  these 
particulars. 

3d.  The  disease,  tliough  malignant,  was  partial.  It  gave  way  in 
appearance  to  frost,  but  not  in  that  striking  manner  wliich  had 
occurred  in  years  when  it  was  more  widely  spread. 

4th.  During  the  months  of  June,  July,  August,  and  September 
every  vessel  from  the  coast  of  Africa,  West  Indies,  and  Continent  of 
America  to  the  southward  of  Cape  Fear,  should  undergo  a  strict 
search  and  perform  an  effectual  quarantine.  This  proceeding  should 
take  place  during  the  whole  year  with  respect  to  vessels  from  the 
Mediterranean. 

To  prevent  the  spreading  of  malignant  fever  amongst  us,  the 
Board  of  Health  should  have  full  power  to  remove  vessels  and  per- 
sons, and  prevent  communication  with  infected  places  :  also,  to  have 
infected  houses  and  bedding  thoroughly  cleansed.  And,  lastly,  we 
would  advise  strict  attention  to  the  means  for  producing  cleanliness 
and  free  ventilation,  especially  in  those  parts  of  the  city  near  the 
Delaware,  where  the  malignant  fever  has  always  made  its  first 
appearance. 

This  cannot  be  done  whilst  Water  Street  continues  in  its  present 
confined  situation,  with  the  accumulated  filth  of  many  years,  and, 
for  the  most  part,  without  privies.  We,  therefore,  strongly  recom- 
mend the  prosecution  of  the  plan  now  in  contemplation  for  removing 
the  whole  of  the  buildings  from  the  east  side  of  Front  St.,  inclusive, 


120  RUSCHENBERGER, 

to  the  river,  beginning  at  Vine  and  ending  at  South  St.,  according 
to  the  original  plan  of  William  Penn,  the  wise  and  intelligent  founder 
of  our  city.^ 

April  3,  1821.  The  College  was  pressed  for  its  rent,  which  had 
not  been  paid  during  more  than  four  years.  A  committee  appointed 
for  the  purpose,  reported  that  it  had  borrowed  |250,  for  ninety  days? 
at  the  usual  rate  of  bank  discount.  The  arrears  of  rent,  $228.33, 
were  paid. 

July  3d.  The  note  was  due.  Its  payment,  as  far  as  the  condition 
of  the  treasury  would  allow,  Avas  ordered  ;  and  the  treasurer  reported, 
Aug.  7,  that  he  had  paid  $150  on  account  of  the  note,  and  had  a 
balance  of  $27.87  in  the  treasury. 

Feb.  5,  1822.    The  rent  for  the  preceding  year,  |20,  was  paid. 
July  2d,  the  treasury  had  been  overdrawn  $6.66. 

July  3,  1823.  Bills  for  fuel  and  rent,  and  balance  of  the  note, 
with  interest,  $110,  had  been  paid,  leaving  the  College  still  in  debt 
to  the  treasurer,  $18.62. 

These  records  of  financial  deficiency  should  not  be  forgotten. 

April  6,  1824.  Drs.  Neill,  James,  Parrish,  Hewson,  and  Otto 
were  appointed  to  prepare  a  fee  bill,  which  was  considered  at  subse- 
quent meetings  and  adopted  Nov.  2d. 

June  1st,  A  proposition  to  reduce  the  entrance  fee  from  ten  to  five 
dollars  was  ordered  to  lie  over  for  three  months. 

Oct.  5th.  It  was  proposed  that  the  meetings  of  the  College  during 
the  winter  season  should  be  at  seven  o'clock  p.m. 

Nov.  2d.  Dr.  Joseph  Parrisli  stated  to  the  College  that  John  Zim- 
merman, a  prisoner  at  Orwigsburg,  Schuylkill  Co.,  Pa.,  was  to  be 

^  A  detailed  history  of  this  fever  may  be  found  in  "An  Account  of  the  Yellow 
or  Malignant  Fever  in  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  summer  and  autumn  of 
1820,  with  some  observations  on  that  disease.  Eead  before  the  Academy  of 
Medicine.  By  Samuel  Jackson,  M.D.,  President  of  the  Board  of  Health." 
Published  in  the  Philadelphia  Journal  of  the  Medical  and  Physical  Sciences, 
vol.  1,  1820,  and  vol.  2,  1821. 


INSTITUTION    01''    (JOfJJ'KJ)';    OK    I'll  YSKJI ANS    OK    I'll  II-A  bKI.l'll  I  A.        121 

oxecutcd  oil  the  30l,h  iii.sL;iiiL,  for  the  murder  of  his  diiughter,  and 
that  there  were  strong  reasoriH  for  believing  that  lie  was  insane  when 
he  committed  the  crime  and  is  Htill. 

Drs.  Griditts,  James,  Otto,  and  ['arrish  were  instructed  to  ascer- 
tain the  facts  of  the  case,  and,  if  deemed  expedient,  to  request  a 
special  meeting  of  tlie  College. 

Nov.  9th.  Spc(M:il  meeting.  The  committee  confirmed  Dr.  I'ar- 
rish's  report,  and  submitted  a  memorial  which  was  adopted,  as  follows  : 

To  John  Anthony  Shidtz,  Governor  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  in  conformity  with  the 
nature  of  their  institution  and  of  their  practice  in  important  cases, 
respectfully  call  the  attention  of  the  Chief  Magistrate  of  the  Com- 
monwealth to  a  subject  which  is  deeply  interesting  to  humanity  and 
to  civil  society. 

We  have  learned  from  the  public  papers  that  John  Zimmerman  is 
now  in  the  prison  of  Orwigsburg,  Schuylkill  Co.,  Pa.,  under  sentence 
of  death  for  murder  of  the  first  degree,  and  that  the  30th  of  the 
present  month  is  the  day  appointed  for  his  execution.  From  infor- 
mation received  by  members  of  the  College,  there  appear  to  them 
sufficient  grounds  to  conclude  that  the  murder  was  committed  by  said 
Zimmerman  in  a  state  of  insanity. 

We  have  ascertained  that  the  prisoner's  mother  was  for  many 
years  afflicted  with  mental  derangement,  and  that  two  of  his  sisters 
have  been,  for  some  time,  also  insane. 

The  illness  of  the  prisoner's  daughter  at  the  time  he  destroyed 
her,  with  the  unremitting  attention  he  is  said  to  have  paid  her  during 
her  sickness,  subjected  him  to  the  combined  operation  of  great  bodily 
fatigue  and  mental  anxiety,  wliieli  were  causes  especially  calculated 
to  produce  a  malady,  to  which  it  would  appear  he  possessed  a  very 
strong  hereditary  predisposition. 

Medical  men,  whose  opportunities  for  acquiring  information  in 
mental  diseases  are  most  extensive,  are  fully  aware  of  the  difficulty 
of  arriving  speedily  at  correct  judgment  in  some  cases  of  most  decided 
insanity,  for  it  is  a  well-known  fact  that  maniacs  who  are  neces- 
sarily placed  under  confinement,  from  a  regard  to  the  safety  of  the 


122  RUSCUENBERGER, 

community,  Avill  often  display  astonishing  acuteness  and  system  in 
accomplishing  plans  that  are  founded  on  the  most  inconsistent  and 
irrational  premises. 

Under  these  views,  and  deeply  impressed  Avitli  the  awfuluess  of 
consigning  to  death  a  felloAV-man,  who,  if  insane,  cannot  be  regarded 
as  accountable  for  his  actions,  we  do,  as  Christians  and  citizens  of 
Pennsylvania,  most  respectfully  and  earnestly  entreat  that  the  Gov- 
ernor will  cause  to  be  delayed  the  execution  of  the  sentence  of  death 
on  the  prisoner  Zimmerman  until  his  real  condition  can  be  satis- 
factorily ascertained. 

Jan.  22,  1825.  The  Governor  replied  to  the  memorial,  Jan,  17, 
that  he  had  respited  the  execution  of  the  unfortunate  Zimmerman 
from  time  to  time,  and  caused  his  mental  condition  to  be  examined 
by  three  respectable  neighboring  physicians,  who  do  not  agree  in 
opinion  ;  and  now,  under  the  circumstances,  he  felt  it  to  be  his  duty 
to  respite  him  till  March  30th.  He  requested  that  the  College 
would  appoint  some  of  its  members  to  visit  the  unfortunate  Zim- 
merman. 

The  committee  to  which  the  Governor's  letter  was  referred,  re- 
quested, in  a  communication  adopted  by  the  College,  Feb.  1st,  to  be 
furnished  with  the  notes  of  evidence  taken  by  the  presiding  j  udge  at 
Zimmerman's  trial,  previous  to  visiting  the  prisoner.  The  Governor 
could  not  comply  with  the  request,  because  he  had  not  possession  of 
the  notes  of  testimony  asked. 

The  Fellows  selected  to  visit  Zimmerman  plead  the  inconvenience 
of  leaving  their  business  in  the  city  during  the  prevalence  of  an 
epidemic  influenza,  and  were  excused.  In  their  places,  Drs.  Parke^ 
James,  Otto,  J.  Wilson  Moore,  and  Parrish,  or  any  two  of  them, 
were  appointed,  and  instructed,  March  26,  1825,  to  go  to  Orwigs- 
burg,  and,  armed  with  the  Governor's  commission,  examine  Zim- 
merman. 

April  5th.  They  reported  that  they  reached  Orwigsburg  in  the 
evening  of  March  28th,  and  remained  until  the  morning  of  the  30th. 
Within  that  time  they  had  four  interviews  with  Zimmerman,  heard 
the  testimony  of  the  sheriff  and  his  deputies,  and  carefully  considered 
the  judge's  notes  of  evidence  taken  at  the  trial.  The  result  of  this 
investigation,  they  said,  "leaves  not  a  doubt  in  our  minds  that  for 


INSTITUTION    OK    OOl-M'Xi  K    OK    I'llYSICIANS    OK    I'll  II-A  OKI-I'H  I  A.       123 

scvcriil  (l;i.ys  prcvioii.s  to  llic  dcatli  of  Kosiiia  /iiniucriii;iri,  lip  to  tlio 
period  wlieii  tlic  prisoner  camo  under  our  observation,  he,  the  said 
Joliii  /iiiiiiiictniMii,  hiis  ]>c<'n  ;i(Iliclf(l  with  insanity." 

Tnos.  rAKKK, 
Jos.  Paiuush, 
John  W.  Mooue. 

April  2,  1826. 

An  authenticated  copy  of  tliis  report  was  sent  to  the  Governor. 
Zininierman's  sentence  was  not  executed.  Th*'  intervention  of  the 
College  in  this  case  cost  the  Society  $50.2"),  travelling  expenses  of 
the  connuittee. 

Nov.  2,  1824.  The  Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy  represented 
that  there  was  reason  to  believe  that  some  practitioners  received  a 
royalty  on  prescriptions,  as  a  consideration  for  sending  them  to  certain 
apothecaries,  and  asked  the  College  of  Physicians  to  aid  in  extin- 
guishing the  evil  practice. 

The  subject  was  referred  to  a  committee,  and  after  receiving  its 
report,  the  College  of  Physicians  assured  the  Philadelphia  College  of 
Pharmacy,  Dec,  7th,  that  none  of  its  Fellows  had  ever  degraded  him- 
self by  such  collusion,  and  hoped  that  the  College  of  Pharmacy  may 
be  able  to  restrain  its  members  from  such  improper  conduct.  At 
the  same  time  attention  was  invited  to  those  apothecaries  who  habit- 
ually prescribe  for  those  who  neglect  to  apply  for  proper  medical 
advice. 

March  1, 1825.  The  College  of  Pharmacy  appointed  a  committee — 
Messrs.  D.  B.  Smith,  Henry  Troth,  and  Peter  Lehman — to  confer 
with  committees  constituted  by  the  medical  profession  on  "  the  most 
advisable  means  of  discountenancing  and  checking  the  evil." 

The  College  of  Physicians  considered  its  participation  in  the  pro- 
posed action  inexpedient,  because  it  would  be  "  assuming  authority 
over  the  members  of  another  association,"  and,  therefore,  declined 
the  conference,  and  at  the  same  time  expressed  its  opinion  that  the 
laudable  efforts  of  the  College  of  Pharmacy  to  check  the  improper 
practice  of  medicine  by  apothecaries  would  be  eftectual. 

As  long  as  there  are  medical  practitioners  and  apothecaries  whose 
conduct  is  not  controlled  by  professional  ethics  or  rules  of  honor, 
irregularities  and  vicious  practices  of  the  kind  just  referred  to  will 


124  RUSCHENBEKGER, 

continue   to   exist,   and   measures  to   repress   them   -will   be   always 
required. 

June  6,  1826.  The  secretary  was  directed  to  record  "  the  death 
of  our  much  respected  vice-president,"  who  died  May  12th,  in  his 
sixty-seventh  year. 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  SAMUEL  POWEL  GRIFFITTS. 

Samuel  Powel  Griffitts,  the  third  and  last  child  of  William  Griffitts 
and  his  wife  Abigail  Powel,  who  were  members  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  July  21,  1759. 

He  was  educated  at  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  studied  medicine 
under  Dr.  Adam  Kulm,  and  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Medicine  from  the  University  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  July, 
1781. 

He  went  to  Paris  the  same  year,  and  spent  some  time  there  attend- 
ing lectures  and  visiting  the  hospitals.  In  the  fall  of  1782,  he  re- 
paired to  Montpellier ;  and  at  the  Medical  School  there,  which  was 
then  famous,  he  followed  a  course  of  lectures.  He  devoted  a  part  of 
the  spring  and  early  summer  to  visiting  various  places  on  the  conti- 
nent, and  reached  London  in  June,  1783.  In  the  autumn  he  went 
to  Edinburgh  and  returned  to  London  in  the  spring  of  1784.  After 
an  absence  of  three  years,  diligently  employed  in  observation  and 
study,  he  returned  to  Philadelphia  m  the  autumn  of  the  same  year. 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
January,  1785,  and  was  one  of  its  Council  1791—97. 

In  1786  he  took  an  active  part  in  founding  the  Philadelphia  Dis- 
pensary, Many  ascribe  this  work  to  his  exertions  alone.  But  in 
a  short  manuscript  found  among  his  papers  Dr.  Griffitts  gives  the 
credit  to  another.  He  says :  "  In  the  spring  of  1785,  Dr.  Henry 
Moyes,  who  was  then  in  Philadelphia  giving  a  course  of  lectures 
upon  natural  philosophy,  proposed  to  some  persons  of  his  acquaintance 
there,  the  instituting  a  public  dispensary  for  the  medical  relief  of 
the  poor,  much  on  the  same  plan  as  those  of  London  and  other  large 
cities  of  Great  Britain.  The  Doctor  drew  up  the  plan  thereof, 
assisted  by  S.  Powel ;  but  on  account  of  his  short  stay  in  Philadel- 
phia, delayed  making  any  further  progress  in  the  business,  except 


INSTITUTION    OK    VA>\A.l'MK    OK    I'll  VSIC'lANS    OK    I'll  I I-A  01,1, I'll  I A  .       125 

tiilkiiii^  of  it,  ;llll()ll<^^sl,  liis  (Viciids,  iinil  dcsiriii;^  mo  to  kccj)  it  in  niiu'l, 
and  to  look  out  (or  ;i,  proper  lioiisc.  On  tlie  return  of  the  ]>octor  to 
the  city,  the  Hubjuct  was  revived;  ;ind  nfter  several  convernations 
between  Dr.  Moyes,  S.  Powel,  Dis.  Jiush,  Jlall,  Morris,  and  him- 
self, a  plan  was  agreed  upon  by  them,  and  the  institution  organized. 
The  first  meeting  of  llie  nnmagers  and  physicians  was  held  at  the 
City  Tavern,  February  10,  17HG,  when  it  was  resolved,  as  the  first 
step,  tliat  the  managers  aiid  physicians  should  collect  subscriptions. 
At  the  next  meeting,  Fcl)ruary  24th,  they  reported  320  subscribers. 

Dr.  Griffitts  was  a  manager,  and  for  seven  years  an  attending 
physician  of  the  institution.  During  forty  years,  with  very  few 
exceptions,  he  was  a  daily  visitor  at  the  Dispensary.  To  meet  the 
demands  of  the  jioor  for  medical  relief,  caused  by  a  large  increase  of 
population,  a  dispensary  was  established  in  Soutlnvark  and  one  in 
the  Northern  Liberties  in  1816.  In  the  foundation  of  these  addi- 
tional charities  he  was  probably  no  less  actively  interested  than  he 
had  been,  thirty  years  before,  in  instituting  the  first :  so  that,  as 
Dr.  Emerson  says,  "he  may  be  fairly  considered  as  the  father  of  the 
dispensaries  of  his  native  city." 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Humane  Society  from  1786,  and  joined 
the  Pennsylvania  Society  for  Promoting  the  Abolition  of  Slavery, 
which  was  chartered  in  1789. 

He  married  Mary,  a  daughter  of  William  Fishbourne,  in  1787, 
who,  Avith  their  six  children  survived  him. 

He  was  appointed  professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  1792,  and  resigned  the  office  after  four  years' 
service,  1796. 

During  the  prevalence  of  yellow  fever  in  1793,  "97,  '98,  '99,  1802 
and  1805,  his  services  were  conspicuous.  "  He  stood  in  the  midst  of 
the  desolation,  and,  regardless  of  personal  danger,  Avas  solely  intent 
upon  extending  relief  to  his  suflering  fellow-citizens."' 

When  the  French  refugees  from  St.  Domingo,  Avho  escaped  from 
the  successful  insurrection  there  in  1793,  arrived  in  Philadelphia, 
destitute  of  all  but  their  lives,  they  found  Dr.  Griffitts  to  be  their 
efficient  friend.  He  spoke  their  language  fluently.  He  was  very 
active  in  procuring  money  and  means  and  applying  them  to  relieve 
the    necessities   of   the   sufferers.     In  a  short    time  §12,000  were 


126  RUSCHENBERGER, 

collected  from  our  citizens  for  their  use,  a  large  part  of  wliicli  was 
confided  to  Dr.  Griffitts  for  distribution  among  tliem. 

"When  the  Philadelphia  yearl}!-  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
in  1811,  proposed  to  make  suitable  provision  for  the  care  of  such 
of  its  members  as  wei'e  deprived  of  their  reason.  Dr.  Griffitts 
eagerly  enlisted  himself  in  the  cause.  The  subject  had  been  on  his 
mind  many  years.  As  soon  as  the  Society  had  determined  that  an 
institution  should  be  founded  and  placed  under  the  direction  of  the 
contributing  members  of  the  Philadelphia  yearly  meeting,  he  drew 
up  the  plan  and  took  a  most  active  part  in  all  the  duties  connected 
with  the  erection  of  the  buildings  and  arrangements  for  the  reception 
of  patients.  His  labor  contributed  largely  to  the  institution  of  the 
Friends'  Asylum,  near  Frankford. 

Dr.  Griffitts  was  an  early  riser,  and  always  began  the  day  by 
reading  some  part  of  the  New  Testament  in  Greek  or  Latin.  "  Im- 
pressed with  a  deep  sense  of  the  paramount  obligations  of  religion, 
he  was  seldom  known  to  be  absent  from  the  meetings  of  worship  or 
business  of  his  society."  All  his  conduct  was  characterized  by 
punctuality. 

'•  The  private  Avorth  and  domestic  virtues  of  Dr.  Griffitts  will 
forever  endear  his  memory  to  his  family,  and  to  all  who  knew  him 
intimately.  As  a  friend,  he  was  kind,  sincere,  and  obliging ;  as  a 
husband  attentive  and  affectionate :  as  a  father  fond  and  indulgent. 
His  piety  was  founded  on  the  Christian  dispensation,  as  inculcated 
in  the  precepts,  and  maintained  in  practice  by  the  rehgious  Society 
of  Friends." 

July  4,  1826.  Thomas  C.  James  was  elected  Vice-President  of 
the  College,  in  place  of  Dr.  Griffitts  deceased. 

May  1,  1827.  A  resolution,  introduced  at  a  previous  meeting, 
was  adopted  that  each  member,  in  turn,  beginning  at  the  head  of 
the  list,  shall,  at  each  stated  meeting,  read  an  original  or  selected 
paper  which  shall  be  the  subject  of  discussion;  and  that  "every 
person  failing  to  perform  the  duty  shall  pay  the  sum  of  one  dollar." 

Dr.  Parke  read  the  first  paper,  On  tlte  Use  of  Qold  and  Warm 
Bathing,  July  3d.  At  each  subsequent  meeting  during  many  years 
a  paper  was  read.       To  create  and  foster  a  custom  of  presenting 


INSTITUTION    OK    COI.LKUK    0 1 '    I'llYSICIANS    OK    I'll  I  LA  OKI, I'll  I  A.      127 

contrihiilioiis  of  the  kiml,  in  .spiU;  oi'  hick  of  iiicmiih  to  puMi.'-li  tlio 
Transactions,  it  \v:is  rosolvc<l,  .I;iiiii;ii-v  'J!i,  l-S^H,  tli;it  tlic  author  of 
any  pjiper  road  bc^l'oro  tlu;  College  irii<^lit  puldisli  it,  iti  flic  N<>rlh 
Amcricavi  Medical,  and  Sunjical  Journal.  Octohcr  24,  1S21',  wlicn 
it  was  his  turn  to  read  a  papci-,  Dr.  Parke  excused  liiniself,  ami  jtaid 
the  fine,  one  dollar.' 

Sei)tetid)er  4,  IS^T.  The  stated  meetings  of  the  .Society  were 
up  (o  this  time  held  in  the  afternoon.  It  wa.s  resolved,  the  propo- 
sition havinu;  hccii  submitted  March  G,  1827,  that  the  hour  of  meet- 
ini;-  in  iiiture  be  at  seven  o'clock  I'.M.  from  October  until  March, 
and  at  eii^ht  o'clock  p.m.  from  April  till  September. 

A  motion,  made  October  2d,  that  the  stated  meeting.s  be  held  on 
the  last  Tuesday  in  each  month,  was  adopted  December  4,  1827. 

At  this  meeting  Drs.  Neill,  Meigs,  liiian,  Mitchell,  and  Ilodge 
submitted  a  proj)osition  that  the  number  of  fellows  of  the  College 
shall  not  e.vceed  forty.  It  was  considered  January  20,  1828,  and 
postponed. 

In  consequence  of  the  change  in  the  time  of  meeting,  the  bill  for 
rent  included  a  charge  of  $6  a  year  for  caudles. 

July  29,  1828.  The  death  of  Dr.  AVilliam  Currie,  one  of  tlie 
founders  of  the  College,  wdio  died  June  loth,  is  recorded. 

NOTICE    OF    DR.  WILLIAM    CURRIE. 

WiLLiA.Ai  Cfrrie.  a  son  of  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  wdio  was  a 
native  of  Scotland,  was  born  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  1754. 
It  was  designed  that  William  should  become  a  clergyman.  AVith 
this  view  his  education  was  directed.  Under  the  instruction  of  his 
father  and  competent  teachers,  he  acquired  thorough  knowdedge  of 
Latin  and  Greek,  and  a  superficial  knowledge  of  the  Hebrew  lan- 
guages. 

It  is  stated  that  at  an  early  age  he  had  imbibed  opinions  in  conflict 
Avith  those  inculcated  by  the  Thirty-nine  Articles,  and  for  this  reason 
he  was  not  willing  to  become  a  public  teacher  in  the  Church.     He 

1  The  treasurer  reported,  November  26,  183o,  ihat  the  fines  paid  up  to  date 
amounted  to  SIT. 


128  RUSCIIENBERGER, 

preferred  the  medical  profession,  and  was  apprenticed  to  Dr.  Kearsley. 
After  the  close  of  his  apprenticeship  he  attended  the  medical  lectures 
of  the  Collegfi  of  Philadelphia.  No  dii>loina  was  conferred  upon  him. 
"Whether  he  obtained  from  the  professors  (as  his  contemporary  and 
fellow  constituent  of  the  College  of  Plijsicians,  Benjamin  Duffield, 
did,  because  no  commencement  was  held  in  1774)  certificates  that  he 
had  attended  their  lectures  has  not  been  ascertained.  It  is  certain, 
however,  that  he  did  not  write  M.B.  or  M.D.  after  his  name  on  the 
title-page  of  any  one  of  the  several  books  and  pamphlets  which  he 
published. 

He  entered  the  American  Army  as  a  surgeon  early  in  the  revolu- 
tionary conflict.  In  1776  he  was  attached  to  the  military  hospital 
on  Long  Island,  and  subsequently  at  Amboy. 

His  father  was  a  tory,  and  viewed  the  resistance  of  the  colonies 
to  the  authority  of  the  mother  country  as  highly  improper.  lie 
earnestly  endeavored  to  dissuade  his  son  from  entering  the  army, 
and  promised,  if  he-  had  determined  to  engage  in  military  service,  to 
use  his  influence  to  obtain  for  him  a  surgeon's  commission  in  an 
English  regiment.  Young  Currie  was  inflexible.  He  conceived  it 
to  be  his  duty  to  prefer  the  service  of  his  country,  in  spite  of  the 
toil,  danger,  and  privations  incident  to  it,  rather  than  that  of  its 
oppressors  with  all  its  advantages  then  seemingly  in  prospect. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  began  to  practise  medicine  in  the  town 
of  Chester,  and  soon  afterward  married. 

The  Philadelphia  Directory  for  1785  records  his  residence  at  the 
corner  of  Second  and  Pine  Streets. 

He  Avas  elected  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
July,  1792,  and  contributed  to  the  Transactions,  vol.  iv.,  a  paper 
On  the  Insalubrity  of  Flat  and  Marshy  Situations  ;  and  Directions 
for  Preventing  or  Correcting  the  Effects  thereof. 

For  many  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Health,  and 
senior  physician  of  the  Magdalen  Asylum. 

His  first  wife  having  been  dead  some  time,  he  married,  1793,  the 
widow  of  Dr.  Busch,  They  had  one  son  and  three  daughters.  The  son 
and  one  daughter  survived  their  parents.  The  death  of  Mrs.  Currie, 
in  1816,  made  upon  him  a  profound  and  lasting  impression.  From 
that  time  it  is  stated  that  his  mental  vigor  gradually  abated,  but  he 


iNSTJ'rirrioN  ov  coia.faik  of  I'lrvsioiANS  of  i'nn,Ai>i.i,i'(riA.      129 

addressed  ii,  hii^lit  (^oniiiiiiiiic^iilion,  l)c(:c,tiilH'r  <!,  1820,'  to  t.lu;  Joint 
committee  of  iIk^  City  (Jouneils  on  the  yellow  fever  of  that  year. 
He  became  hoj)eIen,sly  ehildisli  later,  and  so  eoritinued  till  lii.s  death 
in  182S. 

Dr.  Currie  was  well  a(;(|iiaiiil((l  witli  iiKMJiciil  literature,  and  wa« 
liiglily  estimated  by  cotemporai-y  physicians,  lie  was  a  successful 
practitioner,  and  amassed  considerable  wealth.  He  was  always, 
however,  extremely  |ilain  in  his  di-rss  :iiid  manners,  and  strictly 
temperate  in  all  thin<i;s.  To  the  deservin;^  poor  he  freely  gave  his 
professional  services,  and,  in  cases  of  need,  money  also. 

"  In  private  life,  Dr.  Currie  presented  a  truly  amiable  disposition. 
It  must  be  acknowledo;ed  that  in  the  warmth  of  conversation  his  love 
for  satire  would  lead  him  occasionally  to  place  in  a  ludicrous  light 
the  foibles  of  his  professional  opponents,  but  for  this  he  in  some 
measure  compensated  by  alwa3^s  giving  them  full  credit  for  whatever 
talents  or  estimable  qualities  they  might  possess.  Throughout  life 
he  observed  a  stern  integrity,  which  would  never  permit  him  to  do 
injustice  knowingly  even  to  the  character  of  an  enemy." 

Though  he  did  not  assent  to  the  doctrines  of  the  trinity  and  of 
eternal  punishment,  he  was  a  member  and  constant  attendant  of 
the  Episcopal  Church.  He  was  an  attentive  student  of  the  Bible. 
Before  retiring  to  rest  at  night  he  habitually  read  a  chapter  in  the 
Greek  or  English  Testament,  and  so  manifested  his  spii'it  of  religious 
devotion. 

June  30,  1829.   The  censors  reported  the  balance  in  the  treasury 
9.42. 


Jan.  31,  1832.  The  college  appointed  Drs.  Otto,  Bache,  and 
Wood,  to  confer  with  a  committee  of  the  Philadelphia  College  of 
Pharmacy  on  the  means  of  introducing  the  Pharmacopoeia  into 
general  use.  As  the  result  of  the  conference  the  original  of  the 
following  paper  was  ordered,  March  27 th,  to  be  preserved  in  the 
archives,  and  a  copy  of  it  to  be  sent  to  the  College  of  Pharmacy. 

1  Keport  of  the  Joint  Committee  of  Councils,  relative  to  the  Malignant  or 
Pestilential  Disease  of  the  Summer  and  Autumn  of  IS'20,  in  the  City  of  Phila- 
delphia.    Philadelphia,  1821. 

9 


130 


RUSCHENBERGER, 


The  undersigned  members  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Phila- 
delphia, convinced  of  the  importance  of  having  o  uniform  standard 
for  the  preparation  of  medicines,  and  believing  the  Pharmacopoeia 
prepared  by  the  National  Medical  Convention  of  1820,  and  revised 
by  that  which  met  at  Washington  in  January,  1830,  to  be  the  best 
adapted  to  meet  this  object,  do  hereby  recognize  the  authority  of  the 
same,  and  agree  to  use  their  influence  with  the  apothecaries  to  pro- 
cure the  adoption  of  its  formulae  in  the  shops. 


Thomas  Parke, 
Thomas  C.  James, 
John  C.  Otto, 
Joseph  Parrish, 
Joseph  Hartshorne, 
Thomas  T.  Hewson, 
Henry  Neill, 
J.  Wilson  Moore, 
Charles  D.  Meigs, 


N.  Chapman, 
Henry  Bond, 
Hugh  L.  Hodge, 
Franklin  Bache, 
George  B.  Wood, 
William  Darrach, 
Charles  Lukens, 
B.  H.  Coates, 
John  Buan, 


John  Moore, 
J.  K.  Mitchell, 
John  Bell, 
R.  M.  Huston, 
George  Fox, 
R.  La  Roche, 
J.  P.  Gebhard, 
Thos.  H.  Ritchie, 
Joseph  Togno. 


April  12.  The  Board  of  Health  requested  the  college  to  ap- 
point a  committee  "to  institute  an  impartial  examination  into  all 
the  facts  in  relation  to  the  epidemic  cholera,  and  to  report  in  detail 
the  result  of  the  investigation  for  the  benefit  and  satisf\iction  of  the 
unprofessional  as  well  as  of  the  medical  part  of  the  community." 

Drs.  Thos.  C.  James,  T.  T.  Hewson,  H.  L.  Hodge,  Joiin  Bell, 
C.  D.  Meigs,  B.  H.  Coates,  and  R.  La  Roche,  were  appointed  in 
accordance  with  the  request,  which  was  amended  and  adopted  May 
31st,  and  sent  to  the  Board  of  Health. 

May  28,  1833.  In  accordance  with  instruction,  the  secretary 
reported  that  he  had  prepared  lists  of  all  the  fellows  and.  associates 
elected  since  the  origin  of  the  society.  He  was  directed  to  have 
blank  leaves  inserted  in  the  first  volume  of  minutes,  and  record 
upon  them  the  names,  with  a  note  of  loss  by  death,  resignation,  and 
forfeiture  of  membership,  according  to  his  plan. 

Nov.  26.  The  balance  in  the  treasury  was  |308.42.  The  treas- 
urer and  secretary  were  directed  to  invest  the  surplus  in  some  pro- 
ductive stock.     They  reported,  Dec.  31st,  that  they  had  purchased 


INSTITUTION    OK    (!0  |,|,|.;(J  K    OK    IMIVSICIANS    OK    I'll  I  l-A  IMOM'IM  A.        \'.U 

)|;50!S  oClhc  six  per  aint.  (/licsjipcakf;  ;iii(l  I  )(i;i\v;ir(;  ('iwial  loan  for 
fi^D.S.TO.  This  is  the  first  indication  of  financial  owe  noted  on  the 
minutes  in  forty-six  years. 

Tlie  By-laws  being  out  of  print,  they  were  referr<;d,  June  'J.-'), 
183;'),  to  Drs.  I)ond,  Bachc;,  and  Ilodge,  to  examine  and  report 
"  whether  it  is  ('X[)edi('nt  to  make  any  alterations  in  them."  They 
sui^ij^ested  aniendments  in  Scptemhcr.  'I'lie  hy-laws  were  considered 
at  the  suhsefpicnt  mcctin<fs,  section  by  section,  and  unanimously 
adopted,  May  27,  1834.  They  were  printed,  with  a  list  of  the 
fellows,'  2f)(}  copies,  and  each  fellow  su)>f)lic<l  with  one  July  1st. 

Notable  chanties  were  made.  The  charter  superseded  the  consti- 
tution. The  by-laws  were  made  to  conform  to  its  provisions.  The 
number  of  associates  was  limited  to  forty,  ten  of  whom  should  be 
foreign.  Candidates  for  fellowship,  instead  of  applying  for  admis- 
sion, were  to  be  proposed  by  three  fellows,  and  balloted  for  at  the 
next  or  subsequent  meeting.  The  entrance  fee  was  fixed  at  ten, 
and  the  annual  contribution  at  three  dollars. 

The  stated  meetings  were  to  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  of 
every  month  ;  from  October  to  March  at  7,  and  from  April  to  Sep- 
tember at  8  o'clock  P.M. 

The  by-laws  provided,  besides  a  committee  of  three  fellows  on  the 
library,  standing  committees,  1,  on  the  TheoiT  and  Practice  of  Medi- 
cine ;  2,  on  Surgery  ;  3,  on  Midwifery  ;  4,  on  Diseases  of  Children  ; 
5,  on  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy ;  6,  on  Meteorology  and  Epi- 
demics ;  7,  on  Public  Hygiene.  It  was  a'  duty  of  the  president  and 
vice-president,  at  the  stated  meeting  in  August  of  every  year,  to 
assign  the  felloAvs  to  one  or  other  of  these  committees.  Each  com- 
mittee was  required  to  submit  an  annual  report  at  stated  times. 

Each  paper  intended  for  the  Transactions  was  to  be  referred  to  a 
special  committee. 

The  duties  of  the  committee  on  the  library  were  to  purchase 
books,  take  care  of  the  library,  as  well  as  of  all  papers  confided  to  it 
by  the  college,  and  cause  them  to  be  published  under  its  direction. 


^  Included  in  vol.  iii.  Summarv  of  Transactions  of  College  of  Physicians, 
ISig-SO,  printed  1834.     Number  of  Fellows  then  31. 


132  RUSCHENBERQER, 

Feb.  3,  1835.  Dr.  Parrisli  announced  the  death  of  the  president, 
Dr.  Thomas  Parke,  the  last  survivor  of  the  founders  of  the  college, 
who  died  January  9th,  in  the  86th  year  of  his  age. 

NOTICE  OF  DR.  THOMAS  PARKE. 

His  biographer,  Dr.  Joseph  Parrish,  said,  June  7,  1836  :  "  I  have 
often  listened  with  delight  to  conversations  in  this  room  [hall  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society]  many  years  ago,  and  from  aged 
lips  have  heard  many  interesting  facts  and  anecdotes  they  derived 
from  those  who  were  old  when  they  were  young.  I  might  enume- 
rate the  venerable  Kuhn,  Duffield,  Parke — and  of  lesser  age — 
Wistar,  Griflfitts,  Glentworth,  etc.  These,  with  many  more,  may  be 
remembered  as  links  in  that  chain  which  connects  us  with  an  honor- 
able generation  that  has  now  passed  away." 

Thomas  Parke,  the  fourth  president,  and  the  last  one  Avho  was  a 
founder  of  the  college,  was  born  in  Chester  County,  Pa.,  August  6, 
1749,  0.  S.  He  became  a  pupil  of  Robert  Proud,  then,  1765,  a  cele- 
brated classical  teacher  in  this  city.  He  studied  medicine  during 
three  years,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Cadwalader  Evans.  The 
College  of  Philadelphia  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Medicine,  June  5,  17J0.  He  seems  to  have  been  always  content 
with  this.  At  that  period  as  much,  and  perhaps  considerably  more, 
study  and  preparation  were  necessary  to  obtain  that  degree  than 
have  been  requisite  since  to  secure,  from  some  of  our  many  com- 
peting institutions,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine. 

He  went  to  London  in  1771,  attended  the  clinical  practice  of 
Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's  Hospitals,  heard  a  course  of  lectures  at 
Edinburgh,  and  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  1773.  He  at  once 
began  to  practise  in  partnership  with  Dr.  Evans,  his  former  master. 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
Jan.  21,  1774,  and  was  one  of  the  curators,  1795-96. 

He  married,  April,  1775,  Rachel,  eldest  daughter  of  James  Pem- 
berton,  who  died  in  1786,  leaving  a  daughter  and  two  sons.  They 
survived  their  father,  who  remained  a  widower,  and,  during  his  long 
life  and  declining  years,  were  pleased  to  minister,  in  the  most  affec- 
tionate manner,  by  day  and  by  night,  to  his  happiness  and  comfort. 


INSTITUTION    OK    (;OI,IJ':(iK    <)V    I'llVSICIANH    OK    I'll  I F-A  I)KI,I'U  I  A.        I'i'i 

Their  fili:il  (hivoljon  was  mo.st  lovin;,' iuid  exemplary;  it  in  cited  jw 
conclusive  evidenci!  of"  the  excellence  of  their  ftither's  nature. 

Dr.  I?iirl<(!  was  elected  one  of  tiie  physicians  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital  in  1777,  and  served  till  IH2-') — a  term  of  4.'>/Jj  years. 
None  was  more  riiitlil'iill v  assiduous  in  attention  to  his  duty. 

His  abilities  were  marked  nioreljy  solidity  than  brilliance;  more 
by  pla,in  (lommon  sense  tlian  by  lliLdits  of  <^enius.  In  his  intercourse 
with  his  professional  brctlircn,  bis  deportment  was  always  dignified 
and  courteous.  Dr.  Parrish  says,  "  He  was  truly  a  peacemaker, 
and  as  such  was  blessed  with  the  respect  and  kind  feeling  of  his 
medical  associates.  Amidst  all  the  collisions  which  may  have  agi- 
tated our  community  he  held  the  even  tenor  of  his  way,  main- 
taining his  own  opinions  without  unfriendly  collision  with  others. 

"  In  the  memorable  and  deeply  to  be  deplored  controversy  about 
the  contagion  and  non-contagion  of  yellow  fever,  he  has  told  me 
how  he  labored,  in  the  early  stage,  to  preserve  harmony  in  the  pro- 
fession by  personal  and  friendly  efforts  extended  to  prominent  and 
estimable  characters  who  held  conflicting  opinions.  He  saw,  aa  he 
expressed  it,  the  small  spark ;  but  he  was  unable  to  extinguish  it 
and  prevent  the  conflogration.  Still  such  was  the  discretion  which 
marked  his  course,  so  convinced  were  all  parties  of  the  purity  of  his 
motives  that  he  retained  their  universal  esteem. 

"  In  the  discharge  of  his  duty  to  his  patients  and  the  community 
at  large  he  was  faithful  and  intrepid.  No  circumstances  of  personal 
danger,  of  privation,  or  fiitigue  would  induce  him  to  abandon  his 
post  during  those  aAvful  epidemics  of  yellow  fever  which  have  con- 
signed so  many  thousands  of  our  citizens  to  the  grave. 

"  Nothing  could  move  him ;  and  although  in  the  year  1793,  in 
common  with  many  of  his  professional  brethren,  he  was  laid  pros- 
trate by  the  disease,  not  a  few  of  whom  fell  victims  to  its  violence, 
yet  he  rose  from  his  attack  to  renew  his  best  efforts  to  stay  the 
progress  of  the  destroyer.  Noble,  indeed,  is  such  an  example,  and 
worthy  to  be  followed. 

"  He  was  always  alive  to  the  active  duties  of  his  profession,  and 
the  calls  of  humanity,  even  in  advanced  age. 

"  For  some  years  previously  to  his  death  I  attended  him  through 


134  RUSCIIENBERGER, 

several  severe  attacks  of  illness;  one,  a  remittent  fever  then  preva- 
lent throughall  parts  of  our  country. 

"  His  fine  and  vigorous  constitution  rose  above  these  depressing 
causes,  and  he  still  continued  his  usual  avocations.  He  always 
visited  his  patients  on  foot,  and  in  this  respect  was  similar  to  Drs. 
Kuhn  and  Griffitts."  " 

Feeling  unable  to  discharge  his  duties  in  the  college,  owing  to 
his  advanced  age  and  declining  health,  Dr.  Parke  resigned  his 
fellowship  Nov.  30,  1830.  Drs.  Otto  and  Parrish  were  instructed 
to  request  him  to  withdraw  his  resignation,  and  assure  him  that  the 
college  excused  him  from  involuntary  attendance.  At  the  meeting 
of  Dec.  28th  he  occupied  the  chair. 

Again,  Jan.  31,  1832,  he  tendered  his  resignation,  but  at  the 
request  of  the  fellows,  he  consented  to  continue  his  connection  with 
the  college.  Bodily  infirmities  prompted  him  to  ofier  his  resigna- 
tion, for  a  third  time,  July  30,  1833,  but  Drs.  Otto  and  Parrish,  at 
the  instance  of  the  college,  induced  him  to  withdraw  it. 

June  2,  1835.  The  treasurer  reported  that  the  income  of  the 
college  for  the  preceding  year  was  (fines  $13,  annual  contributions 
$84,  entrance  $10)  $107  ;  and  the  total  expenditures  were  $82.82. 

July  6.  A  special  meeting  was  held  on  account  of  the  death  of 
the  president,  Dr.  Thomas  C.  James,  who  died  the  day  before  at  8 
o'clock  P.M.  Resolutions  of  regret ;  that  a  fellow  be  appointed  to 
prepare  a  memoir  of  the  deceased,  and  that  the  college  adjourn  to 
meet  the  next  day  at  his  late  residence  to  attend  his  funeral  at  4 
o'clock  P.M.,  were  adopted. 

Oct.  6.  Drs.  Coxe,  Bond,  and  Moore,  were  appointed  to  arrange 
for  the  convenient  and  safe  keeping  of  the  records  of  the  college 
and  for  the  better  accommodation  of  the  library. 

Feb.  2,  1836.  On  motion  of  Dr.  R.  M.  Huston,  certain  remarks 
about  the  college,  published  in  the  Boston. Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal  of  January  6,  1836,  were  referred  to  the  censors  for  investi- 
gation and  report. 

March  1.  Dr.  Henry  Neil,  in  behalf  of  the  censors,  reported  that 
they  had  fully  examined  the  observations  alluded   to,  as  follows : 


INS'lMTiri'lON    01''    (.'OI.M'ldl';    OK    IMIYSHMANS   OF    JMI I  LA  I)i:i,IMI  I  A .       105 

"  Wlicii  <'iii|)ii-i(-isiii  sliiclds  itself  iui<l<'i-  llic  clo.-ik  of  rr-;.M]I;ir  frllow- 
sliip  witli  tli()H(i  who  ;iic  1)111111(1  liy  iIk;  Iuwh  of  honor  to  HUHtuin  tho 
dignity  of  the  niedicjil  iJiofcsMion,  it  is  extremely  mortifying;  .-ind 
the  man  who  deliberately  demeans  himself  and  degrades  the  order 
to  which  he  may  have  been  iKhnitlcd  deserves  pointed  reprobation, 
even  though  enveloped  in  collcgiati;  parchment." 

This  remark  occurs  in  a-  short  notice  of  ;i  paniphiet  entitled, 
"  Annual  Medical  Statistical  Report  of  Dr.  J.  Togno's  Infirmary 
for  the  Cure  of  Deafness,  from  1834  to  1835.  'To  prejudge  other 
men's  notions  before  we  have  looked  into  them,  is  not  to  show  their 
•weakness  but  to  put  out  their  own  eyes' — Locke.  By  J.  Togno, 
M.D.  Univ.  Penna.  ;  Mend)cr  of  tlie  riiiladelphia  Medical  .Society 
and  of  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Physicians.  '  Let  the  deaf  hear.' 
Philadelphia,  1835." 

The  censors  call  attention  to  an  important  distinction  between 
empiricism  propei'ly  so-called,  and  the  modes  of  'proceeding  usually 
followed  by  empirics  in  the  furtherance  of  their  views.  The  former 
is  highly  disgraceful  and  criminal ;  in  themselves  the  latter  may  not 
be  dishonorable  or  vicious,  but  become  so  in  connection  with  the 
interest  they  are  intended  to  promote.  To  employ  a  secret  remedy, 
or  to  recommend  the  indiscriminate  use  of  any  one  remedy  is  strictly 
empirical ;  to  be  liberal  in  self  commendation,  to  take  every  oppor- 
tunity to  advertise  one's  supposed  special  or  general  competence,  and 
to  strengthen  one's  claim  to  favorable  notice  by  certificates  from 
others,  though  not  in  accord  with  the  generally  accepted  rules  of  • 
professional  propriety,  do  not  involve  any  immorality,  unless  the 
object  aimed  at  be  immoral. 

The  censors  condemned  the  tone,  as  Avell  as  some  substantial  parts 
of  the  pamphlet ;  but  did  not  feel  justified  in  recommending  any 
course  of  action  in  the  premises  by  the  college. 

Dr.  Togno  read  a  paper  in  reference  to  his  case,  consisting  chiefly 
of  charges  of  misconduct  in  one  or  more  fellow"s  of  the  college. 
He  demanded  that  his  paper  should  be  recorded  on  the  minutes.  It 
was  referred  to  the  censors. 

They  reported,  May  3,  1836,  in  substance,  that  Dr.  Togno  had 
read  before  them,  April  9th,  the  paper  to  which  he  had  referred  in  his 
communication    to    the   college,   and   at  the  same  time  stated   that 


136  RUSCIIENBERGER, 

having  instituted  legal  proceedings  against  Dr.  Coates  lie  did  not 
ask  redress  from  the  college.  At  a  meeting  of  the  censors  on  the 
19th,  Dr.  Coates  said  that,  as  well  as  he  could  recollect,  Dr.  Togno's 
communication  was  substantially  correct,  and  had  the  investigation 
been  restricted  to  a  professional  tribunal,  he  would  have  adduced 
evidence  to  justify  his  remarks,  but  as  the  matter  had  been  referred 
to  a  law  court,  he  was  not  willing  to  communicate  anything  which 
might  reach  Dr.  Togno  and  be  prejudicial  to  his  defence. 

The  censors  declined  to  express  any  other  opinion  in  the  case 
than  that  the  request  of  Dr.  Togno  to  record  his  communication  on 
the  minutes  should  not  be  granted. 

May  10.  A  special  meeting  to  consider  the  case.  After  the 
report  of  the  censors  was  read.  Dr.  Togno  read  a  communication 
containing  his  views  on  professional  deportment,  and  comments  on 
the  report  of  the  censors,  and  immediately  retired  from  the  hall. 

After  discussion  of  the  subject  it  was  "  Resolved,  That  this  college 
is  not  satisfied  with  the  reply  of  Dr.  Togno  to  the  report  of  the 
censors,  acting  as  a  special  committee,  made  on  the  5th  of  April, 
1836,  and  that  it  regards  as  unprofessional  and  injurious  both  to  the 
cause  of  medical  science  and  to  the  interests  of  the  community, 
reports  addressed  to  the  general  public  in  which  statements  of  cases 
are  given  without  any  detail  or  specification  of  the  mode  of  treat- 
ment." 

The  presence  of  Dr.  Togno  at  any  meeting  subsequent  to  this  is 
not  recorded. 

Sept.  6.  A  committee  of  the  trustees  of  the  Preston  Retreat 
— a  lying-in  charity  hospital — applied  to  the  college  for  advice  in 
reference  to  a  plan  of  building  for  the  insitution.  The  application 
was  referred  to  the  committee  on  midwifery.  The  committee  sub- 
mitted a  report,  a  copy  of  which  was  sent  the  trustees  Nov.  15th. 

Nov.  22.  A  fee  bill  was  adopted.  The  secretary  was  instructed 
to  have  2000  copies  of  it  printed,  and  to  send  one  to  each  practi- 
tioner in  the  city.  It  retained  a  place  among  the  by-laws  till  April  5, 
1871,  and  was  then  abolished. 

Jan.  3,  1837.  A  half  century  had  elapsed  since  the  foundation  of 
the  college ;  but  the  fact  is  not  noted  in  the  minutes. 


iNSTiTU'i'ioN  01''  (;(>!, m;()I';  ov   i'iivsicianm  ok  imiii,ai*);i,I'iiia.      \'.'>7 

.Iiuk;  <!.   'i'lic  trciisiinT  rc|)()rti'(|  ;i  l);il:inc(;  of"  .^212.70. 

AugiiHt  I.  A  (•()iriiriiitii(;iti<iii  fioin  ilie  Hoard  of  Ilo.'ilth,  aHking 
the  opinion  of  llic  colh^^ijo  ii„s  Lo  liic  conipiirativo  inHaiuhrinus  in- 
fluen('e  of  ponds  full  of  oloar  water  and  of  ponds  j)arti!illy  full  which 
contain  decaying  jiniiii;il  ;i-nd  vcirctnldc  iii;it.ter,  also  as  to  the  proper 
season  for  draining  and  filling  |)ond,s  with  earth  and  ruhhish  contain- 
ing more  or  less  animal  ;ind  vcgctMhlc  matter,  was  received  and 
referred,  'flic  coimiiittei!  submitted  a  reply,  August  loth,  and  a 
copy  of  it  was  sent  to  the  IJoard  of  Health. 

Nov.  7.  The  Treasurer  and  Secretary  reported  that,  in  obedience 
to  instructions,  they  had  purchased  four  shares  of  Lehigh  Coal  and 
Navigation  stock,  at  84,  amounting,  with  brokerage,  to  $336.84. 

Jan.  1,  1839.  The  college  recommended  the  Legislature  to  estab- 
lish a  public  square  with  a  fountain  in  each  district  of  the  city. 

]y[ay  7.  A  resolution  that  the  number  of  fellows  of  the  college 
shall  not  exceed  65,  was  informally  submitted,  and  withdrawn  Sept.  3d. 

Dec.  3.  The  treasurer  and  secretary  reported  that,  in  compliance 
with  instructions,  they  had  invested,  of  surplus  funds,  $222.23  in  the 
Schuylkill  Nav.  Co.  6  per  cent,  loan,  at  y9. 

June  2,  1840.  When  the  by-law  in  reference  to  standing  com- 
mittees was  adopted,  the  college  consisted  of  31  fellows,  and  four 
members  were  assigned  to  each  committee.  Now  the  number  of 
fellows  was  more  than  double,  and  the  .working  of  the  committees 
had  become  cumbersome.  For  this  reason,  and  to  impose  a  direct 
responsibility,  the  by-law  was  amended  so  as  to  require  the  president, 
at  the  meeting  in  June,  to  nominate  a  committee  on  the  library,  and 
appoint  a  member  to  report  annually  on  each  one  of  the  following 
subjects:  1,  Public  Hygiene;  2,  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine; 
3,  Surgery ;  4,  Midwifery ;  5,  Diseases  of  Women  :  6.  Diseases  of 
Children;  7,  jMateria  Medica;  8,  Meteorology  and  Epidemics. 
These  committees  were  active  for  sixteen  years,  till  January,  1851. 
The  annual  reports  made  by  them  were  published  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  college. 

July  7.  The  censors  reported  a  number  of  papers  in  possession 
of  the  college  worthy  of  publication. 


138  RUSCHENBERGER, 

Aug,  4.  The  secretary  reported  that  250  copies  of  the  amended 
bj4a\vs  had  been  printed.^ 

Oct.  5,  1841.  It  was  resolved  to  publish  a  quarterly  summary  of 
the  Transactions^  and,  Nov.  2d,  a  committee  of  publication  was  ap- 
pointed. The  secretary  reported,  March  1,  1842,  that  the  first 
number  had  been  printed  and  distributed  to  the  fellows  and  others. 

June  1,  1842,  the  treasurer's  balance  was  $113.40. 

Jan.  3,  1843.  Dr.  Henry  Bond  resigned  the  office  of  secretary. 
The  college  voted  him  its  thanks,  Feb.  7th,  for  his  faithful  dis- 
charge of  duty  during  eleven  years.  Of  nine  nominated,  Dr.  D. 
Francis  Condie  was  chosen  to  fill  his  place. 

Nov.  7.  The  college  sent  to  the  chairman  of  a  joint  committee  of 
the  councils  of  the  city,  having  charge  of  the  subject,  a  preamble  and 
resolutions  recommending  the  purchase  of  Lemon  Hill,  with  a  view 
to  the  preservation  of  the  purity  of  the  water  supplied  to  the  city 
from  the  Schuylkill  River." 

Feb.  2,  1844.  The  secretary  reported  that  250  copies  of  the  by- 
laws had  been  printed ;  and,  March  5th,  250  copies  of  the  fee  bill 
were  ordered. 

June  4.  The  treasurer  reported  that  the  aggregate  of  expenses  for 
the  year  ending  June  4th,  was  $429.30,  and  that  the  balance  in 
treasury  was  $68.07. 

June  29.  A  special  meeting  was  held  at  5  o'clock  p.  m.,  to  manifest 
respect  for  the  memory  of  the  late  Vice-President,  Dr.  John  C.  Otto. 
Twenty -nine  fellows  were  present.  The  meeting  adjourned  to  attend 
the  funei'al  in  a  body. 

^  A  copy  is  bound  with  Summary  of  Trans,  of  Coll.  of  Phys.  of  Philada., 
vol.  iii.,  1849-50.     The  number  of  Fellows  was  66. 

«  Summary  of  Trans,  of  Coll.  of  Phys.,  vol.  i.  p.  178. 

Fairmount  Park  had  its  origin  in  this  purchase.  Horace  J.  Smith's  reprint 
of  papers  by  S.  Keyser,  1856,  and  Thomas  Cocheran,  1872,  relative  to  a  public 
park.    Philada.,  1886. 


INS'ITI'II'IION    Ol''    rA)l.\.K(ii:    01''    I'll  VSICIANS    Ol'    I'll  I  LA  l)i;i,l'll  I A .        ]■','.> 

J;iM.  7,  IS  IT).  The  lrc;isiiicr  rc|)(ti-tc<l  tli:it,  iiicliuliri^  tlio  .Scliuyl- 
kill  Nav.  lojiii,  wliidi  li;iil  Ix'cii  pjiiil,  he  li;iil  inveHtc*!  ^800  in  the 
District  of"  Spiiii;^  (»iinl(!n  lonii. 

Oct.  10.  A  8|)(;cijil  meeting!;  \\:\h  held  at  '>  o'clock  I'.  .M.,  on  account 
of  IIk;  (Icalli  of  the  la,tc  Vicc-I*rcsi(l(!iit,  Dr.  Henry  Neill.  After 
ap])ointiii<f  a,  c<)riiinitt(!0  to  [)r('f)arc  a|i))i opriatc  rcsoliif ions,  the 
collc<:5(^  adjourned  to  attend  the  funerah 

Nov.  3.  liesolutions  in  i-crerence  to  Dr.  Neil!  were  unanimously 
adopted. 

A  circuhir  letter  fV(jin  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society  wna 
read,  announcing  that  a  national  medical  convention,  consisting  of 
delegates  from  the  medical  institutiims  of  the  United  States,  would 
be  held  in  the  city  of  New  York,  May,  1846  ;  and  also  a  letter  from 
Dr.  N.  S.  Davis  to  the  president,  requesting  that  the  college  appoint 
delegates  to  represent  it. 

The  matter  was  referred  to  Drs.  Wood,  Moore,  Bond,  Bell,  Condie, 
and  Hewson.  On  their  report,  it  was  resolved,  Dec.  2d,  that  "While 
the  college  cordially  approve  of  the  proposed  object,  they  do  not 
under  present  circumstances  deem  it  expedient  to  appoint  delegates 
to  represent  them  in  the  convention." 

March  6, 1846.  "A  communication  was  received  from  Dr.  Sharp- 
less,  and,  after  some  discussion  as  to  the  light  in  which  the  said 
communication  was  to  be  viewed,  it  was,  on  motion,  unanimously 
resolved  [14  fellows  present],  that  the  name  of  Dr.  John  T.  Sharp- 
less  be  'removed  from  the  list  of  fellows"  of  this  College.'"^ 

The  college  had  been  long  desirous  to  obtain  more  convenient 
quarters  than  the  hall  of  the  Philosophical  Society  aftorded.  In 
Feb.  1832,  Drs.  James,  Wood,  and  Meigs  were  appointed  to  confer 
with  a  committee  of  the  Atheneum  on  a  proposition  to  erect  a  build- 
ing suitable  for  the  joint  accommodation  of  several  societies,  Dec. 
1838,  a  committee  Avas  appointed  to  inquire  whether  it  was  practi- 
cable to  obtain  apartments  better  adapted  to  the  convenience  of  the 

1  Trans,  of  Coll.  of  Pliys.,  vol.  i.  p  375. 

This  expulsion — the  only  one  in  the  century — had  its  origin  in  a  paper  read 
by  Dr.  Sharpless  before  the  College,  "  On  the  Use  and  Abuse  of  Pessaries,"  and 
the  discussion  which  it  provoked. 


1-iO  RUSCIIENBERGER, 

society.  A  room  offered  by  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  was 
declined,  Sept.  1840. 

A  joint  committee,  composed  of  representatives  of  the  Philadelphia 
Medical  Society,  the  Philadelphia  Medical  College,  and  the  College 
of  Physicians,  proposed,  Oct.  1840,  to  form  The  Medical  Hall 
Association  of  Philadelphia,  to  procure  "  an  edifice  suitable  to 
accommodate  the  meetings  of  various  medical  associations,"  and  be 
a  convenient  and  safe  depository  for  their  libraries  and  museums. 
To  accomplish  the  object  it  was  proposed  to  sell  300  shares  of  stock, 
with  certain  privileges,  for  $50  each. 

The  college  considered  it  inexpedient  for  medical  institutions  in 
their  corporate  capacity,  either  singly  or  jointly,  to  undertake  the 
work. 

Feb.  2,  1841.  Drs.  Fox,  J.  R.  Paul,  and  Condie,  appointed  for 
the  purpose,  Nov.  3,  1840,  reported  that  the  cost  of  a  proper  build- 
ing for  the  college  would  probably  exceed  $15,000  ;  that  the  plan 
proposed  was  generally  approved  and  many  liberal  subscriptions  were 
promised,  but  as  an  amount  sufficient  to  justify  the  college  in  under- 
taking its  erection  cannot  be  immediately  raised,  the  committee  asked 
to  be  discharged. 

Oct.  5.  A  committee  was  directed  to  ascertain  whether  the  college 
could  be  accommodated  in  the  hall  recently  purchased  by  the  Philo- 
sophical Society  [Chinese  Museum,  9th  South  of  Chestnut  St.],  and 
if  not,  to  inquire  for  a  room  elsewhere.  Nov.  1,  1842,  the  secretary 
reported  that  no  definite  information  about  a  room  had  been  obtained. 

April  4,  1843.  The  Philosophical  Society  increased  the  rent  of 
the  room  occupied  by  the  college  to  fifty  dollars  a  year. 

Dec.  3,  1844.  A  committee  was  directed  to  inquire  whether  an 
apartment  for  the  college  could  be  had  in  a  building  nearly  com- 
pleted for  the  Mercantile  Library  Company  at  the  S.  E.  corner  of 
Fifth  and  Library  Streets.  The  committee  reported,  March  4,  1845, 
that  an  airy,  well-lighted  room,  on  the  third  floor,  separate  and 
distinct  from  the  rest  of  the  building,  having  an  entrance  from  Fifth 
Street,  suitable  for  the  meetings  and  accommodation  of  the  library, 


INSTI'I'UTKiN    Ml'    Cohl.KCi;    OK    I'KVHICIANS    OK    I'll  1 1,/\  liKM'll  I  A.        Ml 

WitH  ollc'red  iit  itii  !iiiMii;iI  iciil,  of  .^ilHf;,  inftlinlin;.'  attcrifl.'iiico  ;in<l 
heating.  After  duly  considcrin;'  tlic  jdiility  of  tin;  college  to  afford 
the  iiu;rca,sed  expense,  the  comniittee  wa.s  directed,  June  .'5d,  to 
engage  the  room  at  flTT)  a  year,  from  duly  Ist,  and  have  it  fitted 
and  riii'iiislic(l  siiilahly  to  aceonuiiodatc  llio  Jiljrai'y  and  the  seHsioriH 
of  the  college  ;  it  was  also  aiitlioi'i/ed  to  srdicit  "  v<duntary  contri- 
butions "  from  the  fellows  to  defray  the  cost. 

The  sj)irit  of  the  college  was  stirred  by  this  undertaking  a.s  it  had 
not  been  before. 

July  1,  1845,  the  entrance  fee  was  increased  to  ^15  and  the 
annual  contribution  to  $5.  The  college  had  been  a  tenant  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society  more  than  fifty-three  years,  from 
Dec.  10,  1791.  The  treasurer  was  instructed  to  give  notice  tliatthe 
college  "  Avill  cease  to  occupy  its  present  room  after  to  night,"  and 
to  pay  the  amount  of  rent  now  due.  The  balance  in  the  treasury 
was  |ilG.43,  The  fellows  contributed  liberally.  The  library  com- 
mittee was  instructed  to  move  the  property  of  the  college  to  the 
new  apartment. 

For  the  first  time,  the  record  of  proceedings  was  headed,  "  Hall 
of  the  college,  August  5,  1845." 

The  cost  of  fitting  and  furnishing  the  "  Hall  of  the  College  "  was 
$280. 42|.  It  was  met  by  subscriptions,  $213,  sale  of  old  book- 
cases $9.45 ;  leaving  a  deficit  of  $57.97,  which  the  treasurer  was 
ordered  to  pay. 

The  meetings  were  more  numerously  attended  in  the  new  quarters 
than  they  had  been  previously.  The  proceedings  from  Nov.  1841,  are 
published  in  detail  in  the  Transactions,  which  were  issued  quarterly. 
The  financial  condition  of  the  society  improved.  The  expenditures 
for  the  year  ending  June  2,  1846,  were  $375.33,  and  the  balance 
in  the  treasury  $201.45. 

A  new  edition  of  the  by-law^s  and  of  the  fee  bill  were  issued, 
June,  1848. 

The  year  1849  was  notable  in  the  progress  of  the  college.  A 
building  fund,  which  enabled  the  society  to  construct  the  building 
which  it  now  occupies,  was  started,  and  the  pathological  museum  was 


142  RUSCHENBERGER, 

begun.     The  importance  of  these  measures  entitles  them  to  separate 
consideration. 

Sept.  4,  1849,  an  amendment  of  the  by-laws  was  adopted,  to 
exempt  from  tlie  annual  contribution  those  fellows  who  may  be 
away  twelve  months  or  more  on  army  or  navy  service,  during  their 
absence. 

Jan.  6,  1851.  All  the  committees,  except  that  on  meteorology  and 
epidemics,  Avere  abolished. 

March  2,  1852.  Twenty-nine  fellows,  who  were  members  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  represented  to  the 
college  in  a  memorial  that,  as  the  two  societies  met  on  the  same  night, 
they  were  obliged  to  be  absent  from  the  meetings  of  one  or  of  the 
other.  For  this  reason  it  was  determined,  April  6th,  that  the  stated 
meetino-s  of  the  colleg-e  should  be  held  thereafter  on  the  first  Wednes- 
day  instead  of  the  first  Tuesday  of  the  month. 

To  obtain  more  convenient  apartments  for  the  use  of  the  college 
"  the  picture  house  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,"^  No.  820  Spruce 
St.,  was  leased  at  $250  a  year.  ,The  furniture  Avas  at  once  trans- 
ferred, and  the  first  meeting  of  the  society  in  it  was  held  July  4, 
1854.  It  remained  there  till  its  final  removal  to  its  new  and  per- 
manent home,  March,  1863. 

THE    MUSEUM. 

June  5,  1849,  Dr.  Isaac  Parrish  moved  the  following  preamble 
and  resolution  : 

Whereas,  The  institution  of  a  cabinet  of  pathological  specimens, 
under  the  control  of  this  college,  would  greatly  facilitate  the  promo- 
tion of  science  and  secure  to  the  profession  a  valuable  amount  of 
material  of  this  kind  which  would  otherwise  be  lost; 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  be  appointed  to  consider  the  means 
of  effecting  the  object.^ 

1  The  picture  house  was  erected  for  the  accommodation  and  exhibition  of  the 
paintini^s  presented  to  the  hnspilai  by  the  artist,  Benjamin  Wett.  They  are 
now  in  the  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  thn  Fine  Arts. 

2  I>aac  Parrish,  John  Neill,  John  Bell,  Henry  H.  Smith,  and  Edward 
Halluweil  were  appoinied. 


iNSTi'i'tri'ioN   01''  (:n\.\.\<](:\<)  ok   imivsicians  of  i'iiii.aoki.I'IIIA.      14.'5 

,liiii(!  ID.   TIk^  (•onimiltcc  suhiiiittcd  ;i  rciiort,  ;iii'l  rosolnt.ioriH  : 

'riiiii  il.  is  cxiicdicnt.  I.o  round  :i  iniisciiin  of  |);it  liol'i;:ic;d  iiiiiitorriy, 
to  bo  under  Uio  dirccLion  and  control  of  tlic  colU-^o,  nnd  that  a  Hum 
not  exceeding  ^W  he  approprintcil  for  the  erection  of  the;  neccHHary 
cases  witliin  the  h;dl,  imd  lor  the  |irc|)!ii-ation  :ind  arrangement  of 
such  S{)ccinicns  as  may  he  presented. 

That  a  curator  and  coniniittec  on  the  museum  Itc  appointed  as 
officers  of  the  college,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  librarian  and 
library  committee  nre  appointc<l,  nnd  tli;it  their  duties  shall  be  defined 
by  the  by-laws. 

The  measure  was  adopted  Aug.  7,  1H40,  and  the  by-laws  were 
amended  accordingly,  Sept.  4th. 

Oct.  2,  Dr.  John  Ncill  was  elected  curator,  and  Drs.  Moreton  Stille, 
Edward  1  lallowell,  and  Isaac  Parrish,  the  Committee  on  the  Mu.seum. 

In  Nov.  the  counnittee  reported  that  a  considerable  number  of 
pathological  specimens,  many  of  them  from  the  collection  of  the  late 
Dr.  Joseph  Parrish,  had  been  received,  and  that  a  micro-scope  of  low 
power  had  been  presented  by  Dr.  B.  II.  Coates.  A  case  for  their 
accommodation  had  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  $25. 

The  museum  grew  very  steadily  during  more  than  thirteen  years, 
until  June,  1863,  when  it  was  united  with  the  collection  of  Dr. 
Mutter. 

June  19,  1856,  a  .special  meeting  was  held  to  hear  a  communica- 
tion from  Dr.  Mutter.  In  his  behalf,  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell  stated 
that  Dr.  Mutter's  collection  of  pathological  and  other  specimens 
consisted  of  474  bones,  215  wet  preparations,  200  casts,  20  wax 
preparations,  8  papier-mache  models,  5  dried  preparations,  4  oil  and 
876  water-color  paintings :  and  that  he  proposed  to  give  this  collec- 
tion to  the  college,  and  also  a  bequest  of  §30,000  to  increase  the 
museum  and  pay  the  salary  of  a  lecturer,  on  condition  that  the  college 
shall  provide  a  fireproof  building  suitable  for  their  preservation. 

Dr.  Mutter,  in  his  letter  addressed  to  the  college.  May  20,  1856, 
says : 

"  Gentlemen  :  In  consequence  of  ill  health,  I  find  myself  obliged 
to  resign,  for  a  time  at  least,  the  office  and  duties  of  a  teacher  of 
surgery. 

"  With  the  view  of  rendering  some  return  to  my  profession  for  the 


144  RUSCIIENBERGER, 

benefits  derived  from  its  prosecution  for  so  many  years,  and,  above 
all,  to  serve  "at  once  the  cause  of  science  and  of  humanity,  I  have 
determined  to  found  a  pathological  museum  which  shall  be  open  to 
all  physicians  and  to  all  students  of  medicine  Avithout  fee  or  charge 
of  any  sort.  I  herewith  offer  the  guardianship  of  this  museum  to  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Physicians  as  the  body  best  qualified  by  the 
character  of  its  members  and  the  nature  of  its  pursuits  for  undertaking 
the  trust." 

He  then  states,  in  substance,  that  he  had  been  offered  $20,000  for 
his  collection ;  that  it  had  cost  more  mone}',  besides  his  attention 
and  labor  during  twenty-four  years ;  that,  in  his  opinion,  it  is  for 
illustrative  purposes  "almost  unrivalled."  He  says  he  will  hand 
over  "my  museum"  to  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Physicians  as 
soon  as  a  suitable  building  shall  be  provided  for  its  reception,  and 
will  bind  himself  to  keep  the  said  museum  in  order,  free  of  cost  to 
the  college,  during  his  life.  "At  my  death  my  executors  are  ordered 
to  pay  over  to  the  trustees  of  my  museum  (already  named)  the  sum 
of  $30,000,  to  be  devoted  by  them  to  objects  hereinafter  specified." 

Among  other  things,  he  proposed  that  the  "  Curator  of  the  Museum 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  shall  also  be  the  Curator  of  my  collec- 
tion," implying  that  he  did  not  then  contemplate  a  junction  of  the 
two. 

In  conclusion,  he  said :  "  I  desire  the  museum  to  receive  the 
following  designation :  Pathological  Museum  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  Founded  A.  D.  1856,  by  Thomas  Dent  Miitter,  M.D., 
LL.D." 

The  proposition  was  referred  to  Drs.  Bache,  Paul,  Norris,  Jewell, 
Stille,  and  Wood. 

They  reported,  July  2,  as  follows : 

"  Having  carefully  examined  the  proposals  of  Dr.  Miitter,  they 
find  that  his  purpose  is  to  establish  a  great  "pathological  museum," 
of  which  his  own  ample  collection  shall  form  the  basis,  and  to  place 
this  museum  under  the  "guardianship"  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
of  Philadelphia  as  the  body  "  best  qualified  for  undertaking  the 
trust." 

It  is  not  therefore  a  gift  that  Dr.  Miitter  makes  to  the  college. 
It  is  in  fact  a  gift  to  the  whole  profession  which  he  proposes  to  deposit 


INSTITUTION    OK    COLI.KO  K    OK    I'M  YSICI ANS    OK    Pll  I  LA  OKI, I'll  I A  .        145 

witli  tlu!  college  iis  a  Ini.st,  to  Ik;  iipjjlic*!  by  tliciii  under  ccrUiin  regu- 
lationH  and  rcHtrictions  to  the  objects  for  which  the  rauHeurn  is  to  be 
established. 

Considorinnr  the  amount  of  pecuniary  sacrifice  made  by  himself, 
the  cjibinct  liavin^  cost  Iiim  fii!20,000  or  upward,  he  very  re<'i«onably 
expects  that  tlu;  college  will  be  disposed,  in  the  interests  of  the  pro- 
fession, to  contribute  toward  the  cost  of  its  proper  accommodation 
and  preservation. 

The  coniinittcc  have  no  hesitation  in  recommending  the  college 
to  join  in  the  noble  enterprise  proposed  by  their  fellow  Dr.  Miitter ; 
but  as  there  arc  a  number  of  conditions  in  the  proposals  presented  by 
him  to  the  college  Avhich  require  a  much  more  careful  consideration 
than  the  committee  has  yet  been  able  to  give  them,  and  which,  if 
accepted,  will  place  the  college  under  very  serious  responsibilities, 
the  committee  requests  to  be  continued  with  authority  to  consult 
with  Dr.  Miitter  on  the  subject  and  report  to  the  college  the  result. 

They  submitted  resolutions,  1,  approving  of  Dr.  Miitter's  purpose; 
2,  thanking  him  in  behalf  of  the  profession;  and  3,  expressing  the 
willingness  of  the  college  to  cooperate  with  him  in  the  establishment 
of  the  proposed  pathological  museum. 

The  committee  discussed  the  details  of  his  proposition  with  Dr. 
Miitter  without  conclusion.  In  a  note,  dated  Sept.  25,  1856,  he 
informed  the  committee  that  he  was  greatly  disappointed  that  mattei*s 
had  not  been  arranged — that  his  ''papers  are  all  packed  up  and  in 
bank,"  and  "  I  am  too  ill  and  too  busy  to' give  the  proper  time  and 
care  to  the  arrangements  between  the  college  and  myself.  All  I  can 
do  is  to  leave  the  matter  open  until  I  return,  which  may  be  next 
spring." 

The  committee  was  discharged  from  further  consideration  of  the 
subject. 

Two  years  afterward.  Dr.  Miitter  informed  Dr.  George  B.  Wood, 
Oct.  27,  1858,  that  he  was  ready  to  confirm  his  proposal  in  reference 
to  the  pathological  museum. 

The  committee  was  reappointed  and  instructed  to  complete  the 
arrangements  with  Dr.  Mutter. 

Dec.  1,  1858,  the  committee  reported  that  Dr.  ^liitter  desired  the 
college  to  agree  that  the  building  shall  be  finished  in  three  instead 

10 


146  RUSCHENBERGER, 

of  five  years  from  the  date  of  tlie  agreement, — tliat  the  committee 
deems  it  inexpedient  to  accede  to  this  desire,  and  that  Dr.  Mutter  is 
ready  to  execute  the  agreement,  in  its  present  shape. 

The  college  instructed  the  committee  to  have  the  document  legally 
prepared  for  execution. 

At  a  special  meeting,  Dec.  6,  the  action  of  the  committee  Avas 
unanimously  approved. 

Dr.  Miitter  signed  the  agreement  Dec.  11,  1858,  and  the  officers 
of  the  college  Jan.  8,  1859. 

The  committee  reported,  Jan.  5,  1859,  that  previous  to  his  depart- 
ure for  Europe,  Dr.  iNIiitter  had  placed  his  museum  in  charge  of 
three  trustees  to  be  delivered  to  the  college  as  soon  as  the  building 
shall  be  completed.  A  certified  copy  of  the  deed  of  trust,  and  of  a 
catalogue  of  the  collection,  by  which  it  may  be  identified,  was  ob- 
tained Feb.  2,  1859. 

Dr.  Franklin  Bache  announced,  April  6,  that  Dr.  Mutter  died 
March  16,  1859.^ 

According  to  the  terms  of  agreement  Avith  Dr.  Mutter  the  college, 
in  order  to  acquire  his  bequest,  was  bound  to  erect  within  five  years 
a  fireproof  building  in  Avhich  there  should  be  an  apartment  of  dimen- 
sions sufficient  to  accommodate  the  museum  Avhich  he  had  formed, 
and  additional  room  for  its  probable  increase. 

Within  the  period  stipulated,  the  trustee  of  the  Mutter  fund  and 
the  trustees  of  the  Mutter  collection  were  duly  notified  that  the  build- 
ing required  by  the  terms  of  the  agreement  had  been  erected,  and  was 
ready  to  be  occupied,  March,  1863.  The  committee  on  the  Miitter 
Museum  had  been  appointed,  Jan.  1863 ;  and  the  curator  of  the 
museum  of  the  college  was  appointed  in  June  curator  of  the  Mutter 
Museum.  But  the  trustees  of  the  Miitter  fund  doubted  whether  the 
building  was  fireproof  according  to  the  requirements  of  the  agree- 
ment ;  and  also  whether  the  application  of  the  income  to  purposes 
recommended  by  the  building  committee  was  in  conformity  to  its 
spirit. 

June  3, 1863,  the  building  committee  reported  that  these  objections 
had  been  removed.     The  President  of  the  Pennsylvania  Company 

^  Dr.  .Joseph  Pancoast  was  requested  to  prepare  a  memoir  of  Dr.  Mutter. 


INSTITUTION    Ol'    ('OI,r,i;(iM    OK    I'llVSICIANS   OK    I'M  n,A  [»i;i,l'll  I  A.       1  17 

lor  Jnsuraiico  on  I  jives,  etc.,  tiiistcc  of  the  iMiiltcr  fiiJid,  addrcsHod  to 
Dr.  Isaac  Hays,  clKiiiniiin  of  the  building  committee,  the  following 
note  : 

Dear  Sic:  \V^'  have  received  the  certificate  of  Mrs.  M,  \V,  A. 
Miitter  ihal  slie  is  satisfied  that  the  Ijiiiiding  erected  at  the  comer 
of  Tiiirh'enlh  :iii<l  Locust  Streets  by  the  college  is  a  lirefjroof  build- 
ing, and  that  she  iigrees  and  desires  us  to  pay  to  the  (diairman  of  the 
committee  of  the  Miitter  Museum  the  income  of  the  fund  appro- 
jn-iated  by  Dr.  Miitter  foi'  the  use  of  said  museum  according  to  the 
deed  of  trust.  We  have  also  the  certificate  of  Mr.  Errickson  that 
the  building  is  fireproof,  and  will  comply  with  the  direction  of  the 
said  deed  and  liei'  wish. 

Respectfully  yr.  obt.  svt. 

Charles  Dutilii. 

The  deed-poll  states  in  substance  that  the  late  Dr.  Thomas  Dent 
Miitter,  in  an  agreement  dated  Dec.  11,  1858,  covenanted  to  convey 
to  the  Pennsylvania  Company  for  Insurance  on  Lives  certain  real 
and  personal  estate,  the  income  from  which  "  to  be  appropriated  for 
the  support,  preservation,  and  maintenance  of  a  certain  Museum  of 
Pathological  and  Anatomical  Preparations  and  Specimens  in  a  fire- 
proof building  to  be  erected"  by  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Phila- 
delphia. It  is  agreed,  inter  alia,  "  that  said  income  shall  be  devoted 
to  the  following  purposes,  and  to  no  other,  namely,  1st,  for  the 
salary  of  a  curator,  $300  ;  2d,  for  the  salary  of  a  lecturer,  §200 ; 
and  the  remainder  of  said  income  to  the  preparing,  fitting  up,  keep- 
ing in  order,  increasing  and  insuring  of  pathological  and  anatomical 
preparations  and  specimens,  etc." 

In  order  to  remove  doubt  about  the  use  of  the  income  for  cer- 
tain other  objects  or  purposes  than  those  specified,  Mary  W.  A. 
Miitter,  the  executrix,  declares :  '*  I  am  satisfied  that,  according  to 
the  true  intent  and  meaning  of  the  said  articles  of  agreement,  the 
putting  up  of  cases  to  contain  and  preserve  the  said  preparations 
and  specimens  is  included  in  the  provision  for  preparing  and  fitting 
up  and  keeping  in  order  the  said  preparations  and  specimens,  and 
therefore  that  the  expenses  thereof  may  properly  be  defrayed  from 
said  income,  and  that  the  providing  of  chairs,  tables,  pens,  ink,  and 


148  RUSCHENBERQER, 

paper  for  the  said  museum  is  one  of  the  trusts  to  the  performance  of 
which  the  said  income  is  to  be  exclusively  devoted." 

August  5,  18G3.  The  college  presented  its  thanks  to  Mrs.  Miitter 
for  her  "promptness,  courtesy,  and  liberality,"  in  carrying  the 
agreement  into  effect. 

The  pathological  and  anatomical  specimens — more  than  one  hun- 
dred— collected  by  the  college  between  1849  and  1863,  were 
arranged  in  the  same  apartment  with  those  of  Dr.  Miitter,  and 
placed  in  the  immediate  custody  of  the  curator,  under  the  supervision 
of  the  committee  on  the  Miitter  Museum. 

In  fact,  the  method  of  managing  the  affairs  of  its  museum,  through 
the  agency  of  a  curator  and  a  committee  of  three  annually  elected, 
devised  by  the  college  in  1849,  was  continued  after  the  reception  of 
the  bequest.  All  the  collections  of  the  college  and  of  Dr.  Miitter 
were  then  joined  in  one  museum,  and  was  named  the  Miitter 
Museum.  The  official  functions  of  the  committee  on  the  Mutter 
Museum  were  not  changed,  except  that  the  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee, under  a  provision  of  the  agreement  between  the  college  and 
Dr.  Miitter,  became  the  lawful  agent  to  receive  and  receipt  for  the 
income  of  the  Miitter  fund  in  behalf  of  the  college ;  but  responsi- 
bility for  its  expenditure  rests  exclusively  in  the  college.  Misap- 
propriation of  any  part  of  this  income  may  forfeit  the  bequest.  This 
possibility  makes  it  eminently  proper  that  the  committee  on  the 
Miitter  Museum  especially  should  act,  as  it  always  has,  in  strict 
subordination  to  the  authority  and  laws  of  the  college.  Unusual 
expenditures  are  sanctioned  before  they  are  made,  and  the  treasurer 
pays  no  bills  until  they  are  formally  approved  by  the  society. 

Jan.  6,  1864.  Cases  had  been  provided,  and  the  collections  had 
been  removed  from  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  and  arranged. 
The  Miitter  collections  consisted  of  1139  specimens,  200  casts,  48 
oil  paintings,  and  364  water  colored  draAvings.  These,  with  the 
numerous  preparations  previously  acquired  by  the  college,  constituted 
the  Mutter  Museum  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  Many  specimens 
were  added  at  different  times.  In  October,  1867,  Dr.  W.  F.  Atlee 
presented  his  entire  pathological  cabinet,  and  subsequently  added 
to  it. 

The  expenditures  on  account  of  the  Mutter  fund  did  not  absorb 


INSTITUTION    OK    (JOI-IJIUK    OF    I'lIYSKJI  ANS    OF    PlI  I I-A  I'KM'II  I A .        149 

the  incoiiio.  As  ciiily  as  Dec.  <>,  IHGo,  the  collcjf^e  autliorized  the 
chairman  of  the  committee  of  the  Mutter  Museum  to  invest  $2000 
of  the  accnmuhited  I'niul. 

In  May,  1HG7,  Dr.  Jioberl  Bridges  was  paid  §^00  for  analyzing 
the  urinary  calculi  of  the  collection.  The  expenses  incidental  to  the 
Mutter  lectureship  were  properly  cliarged  to  the  fund.  In  1ST3,  after 
obtaining  legal  advice  on  the  subject,  the  purchase  of  some  costly 
books  desirable  for  use  in  connection  with  the  Museum  was  author- 
ized. Still  the  income  accumulated.  July  2,  1878,  the  balance 
was  $4S!)1.2!».  The  college  directed  $4000  to  be  invested  in  .such 
manner  that  it  might  be  readily  converted  into  Ciish  in  case  of  need. 
This  investment  was  sold,  by  direction  of  the  college,  August  4, 
1874,  in  order  to  pay  for  the  Ilyrtl  collection,  bought  for  S1800 
gold.  In  July,  187<),  $800  were  paid  for  the  Politzer  collection. 
In  July,  1877,  the  balance  was  $2943.81.  The  college  directed, 
Oct.  2,  1878,  the  accumulated  income  to  be  invested,  from  time  to 
time,  in  legal  securities. 

The  apartment  had  become  so  much  crowded  by  the  end  of  1876, 
that  considerable  increase  of  the  number  of  specimens  by  purchase 
was  considered  not  expedient  till  room  should  be  provided  for  their 
preservation  and  proper  display.  Consequently  the  income  of  the 
INIiitter  fund  accumulated;  the  balance  at  the  close  of  1883  exceeded 
$7000. 

It  had  been  foreseen  ten  years  previously  that  space  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  rapidly  growing  library  and  museum  would  be 
needed ;  and,  to  provide  means  to  enlarge  the  college  hall,  a  build- 
ing fund  was  begun.  It  increased  so  slowly,  however,  that  it  was 
yet  quite  inadequate  to  meet  the  demand. 

Under  the  circumstances,  it  was  suggested  that  the  college  could 
be  justified  in  borrowing  $5000  of  the  surplus  income  of  the  trust 
fund,  giving  a  mortgage  to  insure  payment  of  the  debt ;  and  that  a^s 
much  more  as  might  be  necessary  should  be  obtained  elsewhere  on 
like  security. 

Upon  the  propriety  of  adopting  such  a  financial  plan  opinion  was 
divided.  Discussion  resulted  in  referring  the  question  to  the  com- 
mittee on  finance,  and.  at  last,  to  a  legal  tribunal. 

It  was  argued  that  the  college  could  legitimately  use  accumulated 


150  RUSCHENBERGER, 

income  to  extend  the  space  for  museum  purposes,  for  the  reason  that 
a  chief  object  of  the  Miitter  trust  is  to  provide  for  the  maintenance 
and  continuous  increase  of  a  free  medical  museum.  It  is  obvious 
that  the  increase  of  the  number  of  objects  must  be  limited  by  the 
space  afforded  for  their  display,  and,  therefore,  opportune  expansion 
of  that  space  is  fairly  a  part  of  the  cost  of  increasing  the  contents  of 
the  museum. 

Some  were  confident,  on  the  other  hand,  that,  under  the  terms  of 
its  agreement  with  Dr.  Miitter,  the  college  is  bound  to  augment  the 
capacity  of  the  building  continuously,  pari  passu,  with  the  increase 
of  the  museum,  and  to  apply  the  income  of  the  fund  exclusively 
according  to  a  literal  construction  of  its  specifications. 

Two  eminent  lawyers  separately  gave  opinions  on  these  points, 
based  on  partial  data  submitted  to  them  by  the  different  parties. 
Their  opinions  did  not  coincide ;  had  they  been  alike,  their  authors 
lacked  the  official  position  which  is  needed  to  make  legal  opinion 
authoritative,  decisive. 

The  committee  on  finance  engaged  legal  counsel,  Feb.  16,  1884. 
An  eminent  lawyer  gave  notice,  a  day  or  two  later,  that  he  had  been 
retained  by  the  committee  on  the  Mutter  Museum,  and  that,  inas- 
much as  this  committee  occupied  the  position  of  lender,  it  should  be 
the  plaintiff"  in  the  proposed  amicable  suit. 

The  chairman  of  the  committee  on  the  Miitter  Museum,  in  a 
petition  to  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  No.  2,  dated  March  27,  stated 
in  substance  that  the  College  of  Physicians  had  not,  in  answer  to  its 
application,  instructed  the  committee  in  reference  to  the  disposition 
to  be  made  of  the  accumulated  income  of  the  Miitter  fund  in  such 
manner  and  form  as  would  justify  and  protect  the  action  of  the  com- 
mittee in  the  premises,  and,  therefore,  the  Court  Avas  asked  to  order 
the  College  of  Physicians  to  answer  the  application  of  the  committee 
and  abide  by  the  directions  Avhich  the  Court  might  give.  The  fact 
that  the  college  had  authorized,  Oct.  2,  1878,  the  chairman  of  the 
committee  to  invest  in  legal  securities  from  time  to  time  such  parts 
of  the  income  as  may  seem  desirable,  was  not  mentioned. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  chairman  of  the  committee  on  the 
Mutter  Museum — an  agent  elected  annually  by  the  college  for 
specified  purposes — assumed  that  the  committee  is  a  body  somehow 


INSTITUTION    OK    COI-MOdI';    01'    I'llYSICIANS  OF    I'll  Il-A  OKM'II  I  A.       151 

sepai'iiic  (Voin  tli(!  collc^rc,  Iiiivin;^  in  some  liiiiitc<l  sense  ;i  <li.scrction 
and  rcsponsiMlity  in(le[)en(lent,  of  it,  with  -.i  tjimHi-vcto  rirrlit  to  control 
ali  iiS(!S  of  nioiK^y  on  iicconrit  of  tlic,  inuscuTn.  On  hik-Ii  assiunption 
only  i.s  hnscd  its  call  on  a,  legal  tribunal  tf)  intfTveno  and  compel  the 
college  to  :i,ct  in  llie  premises  as  tlu;  (jourt,  niiglit  lie  [ileascd  to  direct. 

In  ht'Iialf  of"  the  College  of  J'hysicians,  tli(;  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  finance  ans\Ycred  the  petition,  claiming  .sub.stantially  that 
the  accumulated  income  of  the  Mutter  legacy  may  be  used  in  build- 
ing whenever  the  growth  of  the  museum  is  arrested  by  lack  of  space, 
for  the  reason  that  the  maintenance  and  continuous  increase  of  the 
museum  are  chief  purposes  of  the  trust,  which  cannot  be  realized 
without  provision  of  sufficient  room  in  which  newly  acquired  objects 
may  be  preserved  and  exhibited;  and  this  the  college  is  not  bound 
to  sup{)ly. 

The  Court  referred  the  petition  and  answer  to  a  master.  He 
heard  testimony  and  arguments,  prepared  a  report,  and,  on  exceptions 
made  in  behalf  of  the  college,  amended  it.  Then  it  was  duly  sub- 
mitted, and  the  matter  was  debated  before  the  Court. 

The  Court  decreed  in  substance  that  henceforth  the  college  is 
"  bound  only  to  take  care  of  the  museum  and  expend  the  income 
of  the  fund  in  accordance  with  the  directions  of  the  agreement,  and 
can,  in  no  contingency,  be  called  on  to  provide  other  or  additional 
accommodation  for  the  museum." 

The  Master  recommended  in  his  report  that  the  petitioners — the 
members  of  the  committee  on  the  Miitter  Museum — have  leave  to 
pay  to  the  College  of  Physicians  §5000  of  surplus  income  upon  the 
execution  and  delivery  of  a  mortgage  for  the  amount  on  the  college 
building,  wuth  a  stipulation  in  it  that  if  the  college  shall  expend  the 
money  in  enlarging  its  premises,  neither  principal  nor  interest  thereon 
for  any  period  shall  be  due  or  collectable  so  long  as  the  college  shall 
comply  with  the  terms  of  the  trust.  The  Court  objected  that  a  mort- 
gage on  the  building  of  the  College  of  Physicians  might  work  de- 
struction of  the  Miitter  Museum  throuixh  foreclosure.  If  the  collese 
should  be  unable  to  paj-  the  sum  borrowed,  its  building  would  be 
sold,  and,  as  a  consequence,  accommodation  of  the  museum  would 
be  taken  away.  Therefore  the  court  decreed,  in  place  of  a  mortgage. 
Articles  of  Covenant  in  wdiich  it  is  stipulated  that  the  petitionera 


152  RUSCHENBERGER, 

shall  have  leave  to  pay  $5000  to  the  college  provided  that  it  agrees 
to  expend  the  said  sum  in  building  an  enlargement  of  the  premises ; 
to  accommodate  the  said  collection  as  heretofore,  and  in  all  respects 
comply  with  its  agreement  with  Dr.  Miitter ;  and  at  all  times  hereafter 
indemnify  and  save  harmless  the  said  petitioners,  their  heirs,  execu- 
tors, and  administrators  from  all  liability  whatsoever  by  reason  of  the 
premises.  And  the  Court  "further  ordered  that  this  decree  shall  be 
a  complete  and  full  discharge  of  the  petitioners  of  and  from  all  lia- 
bility in  the  premises,"  and  that  the  costs  of  the  case  be  paid  by  the 
petitioners. 

The  college  executed  the  articles  of  covenant.  Without  incurrinor 
debt,  the  premises  were  enlarged,  and  the  museum  was  transferred 
into  the  spacious  apartment  provided  for  it  in  November  and  De- 
cember, 1886. 

MUTTER  LECTURESHIP. 

The  museum  was  not  the  sole  object  of  Dr.  Miitter's  legacy.  The 
agreement  provides,  Article  16,  that  the  college  "  will  appoint,  once 
in  every  three  years,  a  lecturer,  whose  duty  it  shall  be,  during  that 
period,  to  deliver  annually  a  course  of  lectures  on  some  point  or 
points  connected  with  surgical  pathology.  The  same  lecturer  shall 
not  be  appointed  for  two  such  successive  terms  of  three  years.  Such 
lecturer  shall  be  subject  to  directions  from  the  college  in  regard  to 
the  period  and  duration  of  his  course ;  but  no  such  annual  course 
shall  consist  of  less  than  ten  lectures." 

Under  this  provision  the  college  appointed,  March  2,  1864,  Dr. 
John  H.  Packard  lecturer  for  three  years.  "  Inflammation  "  was  the 
subject  of  his  lectures. 

Dr.  Harrison  Allen  was  appointed  March  6,  1867,  gave  one 
course  of  lectures,  and  resigned  Nov.  1868. 

Dr.  John  H.  Brinton  was  appointed  Jan.  6,  1869,  gave  a  course 
of  lectures  on  gunshot  injuries,  and  resigned  Jan.  5,  1870. 

No  candidate  for  the  lectureship  appeared  during  the  year  1870, 

In  view  of  the  diihculty  of  obtaining  competent  persons  to  lecture 
under  the  terms  of  the  agreement,  the  college  determined,  Feb.  1, 
1871,  with  the  consent  of  the  executors  of  Dr.  Miitter's  will  previously 


INSTITUTION    OK   COLLKOK    OK    I'llYHICIANS   OF    \'\IU.A\)K\A'IU A.        1.03 

secured,  tlisit  one  cour.si!  of"  locturo.s  sliouM  he  dclivcrcjl  trifrinially, 
and  tliiii  tli(!  Iccliircr  .should  iticcivc  the  whole  coiiipeiiMiition  provided 
for  l,lire(!  yen,rs. 

Dr.  J.  Soils  (Johcn  was  aj)poiiited  lecturer  A[)ril  ">,  1871. 

Dr.  W.  F.  deid^H  was  appointed,  Nov.  4,  1874,  to  deliver  a  course 
of  lectures  on  the  Hur<:;ical  p;itholo;^y  of  tin;  female  sexual  or^fMns ; 
but  ill  health  compelled  him  to  withdraw  from  the  engagement  Oct. 
6,  1875. 

Dr.  \{.  M.  Bertolett  was  appointed  the  same  day.  He  resigned 
Nov.  7,  1877. 

Dr.  S.  W.  Gross  was  appointed,  Feb.  6,  1879,  for  the  three-year 
term  ending  1876,  and  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  surgical 
pathology  of  tumors. 

Dr.  E.  0.  Shakespeare  was  appointed,  June  6,  1879,  for  the  term 
of  1877-8-9,  to  give  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  nature  of  inflamma- 
tion. 

Dr.  jr.  Formad,  the  last  upon  whom  this  honor  has  been  con- 
ferred, Avas  appointed  Nov.  1,  1882,  the  subject  of  his  course  of 
lectures  being  gangrene  and  blood  poisoning. 

The  college  has  earnestly  endeavored  to  execute  every  part  of  Dr. 
Miitter's  trust ;  but  the  result  has  not  been  equal  to  the  effort,  nor  to 
probable  expectation  in  all  respects.  The  lectureship  on  surgical 
pathology  has  procured  only  eight  courses  of  ten  lectures  each  since 
its  foundation,  at  a  cost  of  at  least  $3000.  The  average  attendance 
at  any  one  course  has  not  been  stated ;  hut  it  was  never  suflRcient  to 
imply  that  the  medical  community  in  general  very  highly  appreciated 
the  opportunity  of  improvement  which  they  offered. 

Whether  the  museum  is  worth  the  labor,  care,  and  money  neces- 
sarily expended  to  maintain  and  increase  it  continuously,  without 
end,  is  a  question  not  easily  answered.  While  the  usefulness  of  such 
collections  to  help  teachers  of  medical  science  in  their  demonstrations 
may  not  be  doubted,  their  value  in  possession  ftf  a  medical  society 
composed  cliiefl}"  of  busily  employed  practitioners  of  medicine  and 
surgery  is  not  quite  certain.  iNIany  visit  the  museum  merely  to 
gratify  curiosity.  How  many  resort  to  it  only  for  study,  or  consult 
it  for  information  alone,  has  not  been  ascertained.  Possibly  the 
founder  did  not  underestimate  the  general  benefit  which  would  flow 


154  RUSCIIENBERGER, 

from  his  munificent  gift ;  but,  up  to  this  time,  conckisive  evidJert'Cie' 
that  medical  science  has  gained  anything  from  it  is  wanting. 

THE    BUILDING    FUND. 

On  motion  of  Dr.  George  Fox,  Nov.  G,  1849,  a  committee^'  wa» 
appointed  to  ascertain  the  probable  cost  of  a  lot,  and  the  sum  neces- 
sary to  erect  thereon  a  building  suitable  for  the  college,  and  to> 
submit  a  plan  for  raising  the  money. 

The  committee  reported,  Dec.  4,  that  the  cost  of  a  lot  and  of  the 
erection  of  a  building  were  estimated  at  |20,000,  and  recommended 
that  the  securities  ($945)  now  held  by  the  college,  with  contributions, 
which  might  be  received  from  fellows  and  others,  be  vested  in  a  trusty 
composed  of  three  fellows  of  the  college,  and  held  by  them  until  the- 
fund  shall  amount  to  $20,000,  which  shall  be  then  expended  exclu- 
sively in  the  purchase  of  a  lot  and  the  erection  of  a  building.  The- 
report  was  adopted,  and  Drs.  George  B.  Wood,  George  Fox,  and  J. 
Rodman  Paul  were  elected  trustees  of  the  building  fund,  Jan.  15^ 
1850. 

A  committee  to  solicit  contributions  was  appointed.^ 

Considered  in  connection  with  the  previous  history  of  the  college^ 
its  meagre  income  and  very  modest  expenditure  from  the  beginning, 
the  institution  of  this  building  fund  was  a  long  step  forward.  There- 
was  nothing  apparent  in  the  immediate  surroundings  to  encourage 
belief  that  the  project  would  be  very  soon  realized.  Few  were  inter- 
ested in  its  success,  but  they  were  sagacious  and  patient  and  hopeful^ 
and  did  all  in  their  power  to  promote  the  enterprise.  Their  work 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  stability  and  progress  of  the  college  by 
securing  for  it  a  permanent  abode,  a  fixed  home.  No  doubt  the 
fellows  then  active,  but  now  in  final  repose,  hopefully  awaited  the 
periodical  reports  of  the  growth  of  the  fund,  and  indulged  in  pleas- 
ing conjectures  abottt  the  coming  fortune  of  the  society;  every  fresh 
report  cheered  their  efforts  to  augment  the  sum  of  contributions,  and 

^  George  Fox,  George  B.  Wood,  Isaac  Hays,  J.  K.   Paul,  and  Charles  D. 
Meigs. 

^  Drs.  Fox,  Condie,  Moreton  Stille,  West,  and  Norris. 


INSTITUTION    OK    < 'A  >  \  A  A'Ki  K    dl'    I'llVSHMANS  OF   I'l  III-A  0  I.M'l  H  A  .        lo^ 

SO  Ciicli  Hucccc(liii<.';  report  was  rniido  better.     'I'lic  triiHtccH  annonrifcd 
January  6,  1851,  investments  at  par  S6,540.1<),  and  cash  ^7''}.40. 

^riicy  rei)()rt('(l  .laiiiiary  0,  1'Sr)2,  tlic  investrnenlH  at  rnarkft  rate 
|7,4()(i. 

Jan.  T),  1853.      Contrihutions  diirin;^  tli<;  year   .  .     ^3,705 

'I'lic  present  value  of  tlie  fund    .  .      ]1,21»5 

"  4,  1854.  "  "  "  .         .     12,000 

"  3,  1855.  "  "  "  .         .     15,000 

"  2,  185G.  "  "  "  .         .     15,907 

"  7,  1857.  "  "  "  .         .     18,145 

"  G,  1858.  "  "  "  .         .     10,745 

"  5,  1859.  "  "  "  .         .     21,545 

The  object  for  which  the  trust  was  created  had  been  attained.  The 
chairman  asked  the  fellows  of  the  college  "  to  take  such  action  as 
they  may  deem  best." 

Feb.  2,  1859.  Measures  were  adopted  to  continue  the  trustees  of 
the  building  fund  for  five  years.  A  committee  was  appointed, 
March  4,  to  purchase  a  lot.  It  announced,  Jan.  4,  I860,  that  a  lot 
at  the  corner  of  Thirteenth  and  Locust  Streets  had  been  bought  for 
$10,807.93,  and  the  deed  delivered  to  the  trustees  of  the  building 
fund.     The  committee  was  discharged. 

The  trustees  reported  that  the  cash  and  securities  amounted,  Jan. 
1,  1860,  to  $12,682,  and  that  the  estimated  value  of  the  whole  of 
the  property,  real  and  personal,  in  their  hands  was  $24,373.41. 

Dr.  George  B.  Wood  promised,  April  4,  to  advance  $5,000,  which 
he  thought  w^ould  be  needed  in  addition  to  $25,000  to  be  raised,  in 
order  to  finish  the  building  in  time  to  secure  the  Mutter  legacy. 

A  committee^  Avas  appointed,  Dec.  5,  to  procure  plans  of  building. 

Jan.  2, 1861,  the  trustees  i-eported  that  the  building  ftuid  amounted 
to  $15,845.15 ;  and,  Feb.  6,  that  they  had  purchased  a  lot,  18  by 
118  feet,  joining  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  college  property,  for 
$3,540.67,  thus  securing  an  increase  of  the  site  for  the  college 
buildina:. 


^  Isaac  Hays,  J.  R.  Paul,  G.  W.  Norris,  Edward  Hart^horne,  and  George 
Pox. 


156  RUSCHENBERGEK, 

May  8.  A  plan  of  building  was  submitted,  the  erection  of  which 
the  architect  estimated  would  cost  $28,000.  Further  consideration 
of  the  subject  was  postponed  till  the  next  meeting, 

June  5,  1861.  Dr.  Wood  said,  in  a  letter  read  at  the  meeting: 
"  The  college,  therefore,  has  to  raise  |12,000  before  they  have  the 
requisite  amount.  Cannot  this  be  done  in  any  way  ?  I  do  not,  as 
I  before  told  you,  like  the  idea  of  a  mortgage,  which,  should  any 
serious  calamity  occur  to  the  city,  might  imperil,  through  the  depre- 
ciation of  property,  the  whole  of  the  money  which  has  been  raised 
with  so  much  difficulty,  and  might  even  put  Dr.  Mutter's  museum 
in  danger." 

July  3.  The  chairman  of  the  committee  on  plans  read  a  letter 
from  Dr.  Wood,  in  which  he  urged  the  adoption  of  a  plan  of  building 
such  as  might  be  completed  within  the  means  of  the  building  fund, 
satisfy  the  terms  of  agreement  with  Dr.  Miitter,  and  be  afterward 
extended. 

Sept.  4.  A  plan  of  building  was  submitted  by  the  committee,  the 
southern  part  of  which  embraced  two  apartments  on  the  ground 
floor,  each  44  by  23  feet,  one  designed  for  lectures  and  the  other  to 
receive  the  Miitter  collections,  and  so  secure  the  bequest.  The  entire 
plan  covered  an  area  of  73  feet  on  Thirteenth  Street  by  56  feet  on 
Locust  Street. 

Oct.  2.  Swayed  by  the  idea  that  builders'  estimates  are  uncertain, 
and  that  the  fund  was  still  insufficient,  the  college  determined  that  it 
was  "  not  expedient  to  take  measures  forthwith  for  the  erection  of  a 
new  hall ;"  but  resolved,  Dec.  18,  to  begin  to  build.  The  plans  were 
approved.  A  building  committee  was  appointed,  and  authorized  to 
invite  proposals  for  supplying  material  and  labor,  and  to  appoint 
W.  H.  Windrim,  architect,  to  supervise  the  proposals. 

The  trustees  stated,  Jan.  1,  1862,  that  the  market  value  of  the 
invested  fund  was  about  $10,000,  besides  rents,  cash,  and  contribu- 
tions, amounting  to  $2,268.  A  motion  that  it  was  inexpedient  at 
that  time  to  erect  a  building,  was  laid  on  the  table. 

Feb.  19,  1862.  The  committee  was  authorized  to  make  contracts 
for  the  construction  of  the  southern  part  of  the  hall,  covering  an  area 
of  78  by  56  feet,  the  whole  cost  not  to  exceed  $13,700 ;  and,  April 
2,  for  the  completion  of  the  whole  of  the  exterior,  the  ground  plan  of 


INSTITUTION    OK    (JOM-K'i  K    OK    I'HYSICIANS   OF    I'll  M-A  OKI, I'll  I  A.        157 

whicli  tti(!asm((8    110  by  r>(j  feet,  at  an  additional   cost  of  not  more 
than  .1157,000. 

The  l)uihlin^  was  so  nearly  ready  to  ac(tonirnodate  the  society  that 
tlie  mana<^ers  of  tlie  J'ennsylvania  Hospital  were  notified  in  Nov. 
18G2,  that  the  college  would  j^iv(;  up  the  "Picture  House"  at  the 
end  of  the  year,  or  a  month  or  two  later. 

The  college  met  in  the  new  hall  for  tlie  first  time,  March,  1863. 
The  final  report  of  the  trustees  of  the  hiiilding  fund  was  presented 
and  the  trust  annulled. 

The  treasurer  reported,  June  a,  that  §r;,UUO,  loaned  on  the  security 
of  a  mortgage,  had  been  deposited  in  bank  to  the  credit  of  the  college. 
The  payment  of  interest>  on  that  loan  continued  to  be  a  serious  incum- 
brance, and  there  was  no  prospect  at  any  time  that  the  society 
would  ever  be  able  to  pay  the  principal.  It  would  still  be  a  burthen, 
had  not  Dr.  George  B.  Wood  generously  provided  in  his  will  for  the 
extinguishment  of  the  debt. 

July  1.  The  building  committee  was  constituted  the  hall  com- 
mittee until  the  next  annual  election.  It  reported,  Jan.  6,  1864, 
that  the  hall  was  in  complete  repair,  but  the  rooms  were  unfurnished. 
The  building  committee  presented  its  final  report,  Feb.  3,  1864, 
and  was  discharged  with  a  vote  of  thanks  for  "  the  energetic  and 
successful  manner"  in  which  its  work  had  been  done. 
The  committee  reported  that  the  site  of  the  college  cost     §14,408 

Building,  paving,  etc -o,^o\j 

Furniture,  book-eases,  gas-fixtures,  etc.     '  .         .         •         1,100 

Total $40,758 

"It  must  be  manifest,"  the  committee  remarks,  "that  we  have 
reason  to  be  proud  of  what  the  profession  of  our  city  has  done  for 
the  promotion  of  our  science,  the  improvement  of  the  healing  art, 
and  the  relief  of  human  suffering.  And  this  has  nearly  all  been 
accomplished  by  the  contributions  from  our  hard-worked  and  inade- 
quately compensated  profession ;  the  whole  sum  furnished  from  other 
sources  amounting  to  only  about  twenty-five  hundred  dollars. 

"  We  are  j^ratified,  also,  to  be  able  to  state  that  this  great  enter- 


158  RUSCHENBERGER, 

prise  has  been  achieved  without  involving  the  college  in  any  debt 
except  the  mortgage  for  five  thousand  dollars."^ 

Not  many  years  after  the  society  was  fixed  upon  its  own  premises 
the  rate  of  increase  of  the  library  warned  the  fellows  that  room  in 
the  building  for  its  accommodation  would  be  insufficient  at  no  very 
distant  day  in  the  future.  Taught  by  past  experience  how  dis- 
courao-inwly  tedious  is  the  Avork  of  gatherino;  a  considerable  sum  of 
money  in  numerous  gifts  from  a  small  community,  not  many  members 
of  which  are  beyond  the  need  of  working  daily  for  support,  the 
college,  in  order  to  provide  in  time  for  the  foreseen  want,  appointed 
a  committee,^  Jan.  6,  1875,  to  devise  a  plan  for  collecting  a  building 
fund  at  the  earliest  day  practicable.  The  proposition  of  the  com- 
mittee, which  was  adopted  April  7,  was  that  all  entrance  fees  and 
any  annual  surplus  which  the  college  could  afford,  should  be  appro- 
priated to  the  building  fund,  and  that  subscriptions,  donations,  and 
legacies  to  it  should  be  encouraged.  Dec.  1,  $400  were  transferred 
from  the  treasury  of  the  college  to  the  fund. 

Want  of  room  increased  more  rapidly  than  the  building  fund. 

The  committee  of  the  Miitter  Museum  and  the  Hall  committee 
were  instructed,  Jan.  4,  1882,  to  inquire  "whether  part  of  the  accu- 
mulated interest  of  the  Miitter  fund  could  not  be  borrowed,  to  be 
invested  in  the  contemplated  addition  to  the  building,  and  the  re- 
mainder to  be  raised  on  mortgage  at  five  per  cent,  to  be  paid  off"  by 
the  establishment  of  a  sinking  fund." 

Dr.  J.  M.  Da  Costa  presented,  March  3,  1883,  a  thousand  dollars 
to  begin  a  special  building  fund,  and  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
solicit  subscriptions  to  it.^ 

Feb.  6,  1884,  Dr.  Mitchell  reported  that  on  the  first  of  July  the 
available  fund  would  amount  to  about  $7515,  and  proposed  to  aug- 
ment this  sum  by  the  issue  of  bonds  for  suitable  amounts,  not  to 

1  Summary  of  the  Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Pniladelphia, 
vol.  iv.,  new  series,  1874. 

'  Drs.  George  Fox,  J.  Pt.  Paul,  L.  Kodman,  EUerslie  Wallace,  and  I.  Minis 
Hays. 

s  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  C.  S.  Wurts,  J.  M.  Da  Costa,  I.  Minis  Hays,  and  J.  L. 
Ludlow. 

Dr.  Da  Costa  declined,  and  Dr.  J.  C.  Wilson  was  appointed  in  his  place, 
April  4. 


INSTTI'DTION    Oh'    (!OI.M';UI';    Ol'    I'llVKICIANS   OF    I'll  I  I.A  I)|,I,MI  I  A .        ]  '>U 

■exceed  !|20,00(),  to  lie  sceiircMl  to  t,iii.st.(;eH  by  a  iiiorfffii^e  on  tlif; 
Idiild'uii^ ;  i^/jOOO  of  the  lionds  to  1m;  |ini(|i;i,sed  by  ibo  coiimiittoc  of 
tb(^  Miit,t(!r  MuHCMiiii,  and  llie  lent  by  I't'llovvH  of  tb(r  eolle;.^e. 

^rbe  proposition  was  i(;ferred  to  the  committee  on  finance,  wbicb 
j'ej)ort('d  at  a,  substMpicnt  meeting  against  its  adoption, 

A  con)mitte(!  on  biiiidin;^  was  appointed.' 

March  4,  IHcSf),  the  aggregate  of  the  building  fund  was  ^14, .081. 

April  1.  'I'he  thanks  of  the  college  were  presented  for  donations 
to  the  building  fund  to  Mrs.  Cyrus  McCormick,  of  Chicago,  ^1000; 
Mr.  llartman  Kuhn,  |500 ;  Mr.  Samuel  Clarkson,  $400;  Mrs. 
Mifflin  Wistar,  |100 ;  and,  April  8,  to 

Mr.  William  Disston,     $500         Mr.  A.  J.  Drexel,  $2o0 

"    Ed.  II.  Fitler,  'if^O  "    A.  11.  Moore,  2",0 

"    George  AV.  Childs,    250  "    J.  F.  Sinnott.  125 

The  committee  on  building  was  authorized  to  proceed  at  once  to 
■construct  a  third  story  on  the  hall  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  324,500, 
■exclusive  of  heating  apparatus,  and,  if  necessary  to  borrow  f$GOOO, 
secured  by  a  mortgage  on  the  hall,  a  fellow  having  volunteered  to 
pay  the  interest  thereon  for  three  years. 

The  necessary  scaffolding  was  erected ;  the  work  of  construction, 
begun  May  27,  1885,  was  completed  May  31,  1886. 

In  Dec.  1885,  Mr.  George  W.  Childs  contributed  $2500  to  finish 
tlie  work. 

The  interior  was  not  completed  till  some  time  in  November. 

Thanks  to  the  generosity  of  man}^  of  the  fellows  and  the  bounty 
of  their  friends,  whose  contributions  exceed  $6000,  the  college  has 
enlarged  its  premises  without  incurring  any  debt,  at  a  cost  of 
$26,498.50. 

PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  COLLEGE. 

A  proclamation  to  the  people  that  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia  had  been  founded,  which  was  printed  in  The  Pcnnsi/I- 

^  John  H.  Brinton,  E.  llartshorne,  Ellwood  "Wilson,  J.  H.  Hutchinson,  and 
0.  S.  Wurts. 

Dr.  Hartshorne  resigned  from  the  committee  March  5,  and  Dr.  Robert  P. 
Harris  was  appointed  in  his  place. 


160  RUSCHENBERGER, 

vania  Packet  and  Daily  Advertiser,  February  1,  1787,  witli  the 
form  of  its  constitution  and  list  of  members,  was  the  first  publication 
of  the  society. 

The  college  published  an  eulogium  on  Dr.  William  Cullen  by  Dr. 
Kush,  delivered  July  9,  1790. 

A  desire  to  publish  the  Transactions  of  the  college  had  been 
long  manifest  before  its  realization  was  effected.  The  importance  of 
such  method  of  publication  was  comparatively  great,  because  it  was 
at  that  time  almost  the  only  way  by  which  professional  essays  could 
be  presented  to  the  pubhc.  Now,  periodicals,  issued  weekly, 
monthly,  quarterly,  are  open  to  competent  writers  on  every  imagin- 
able subject  of  special  or  general  interest  to  society. 

The  first  part  of  volume  1  of  Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  Philadelphia  was  published  in  July,  1793.  Among  other 
thino-s  it  contains  a  discourse  on  the  objects  of  the  institution,  read 
before  the  college  by  Dr.  Benjamin  Kush,  Feb.  6,  1787. 

A  pamphlet  entitled  Proceedings  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia  relative  to  the  prevention  of  the  introduction  and 
spreading  of  contagious  diseases  was  published  in  1798, 

Another,  Facts  and  observations  relative  to  the  nature  and  origin 
of  the  pestilential  fever  lohich  prevailed  in  this  city  in  1793,  1797 
and  1798.  By  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  was  issued 
in  1800. 

Dr.  Wistar's  eulogium  on  Dr.  Wm.  Shippen  delivered  in  March, 
1809,  was  published  by  the  college  April,  1818. 

The  college  was  inactive  during  many  years.  Hoping  to  revive 
the  spirit  which  characterized  the  early  times  of  the  society,  measures 
were  adopted  to  publish  quarterly  a  summary  of  its  transactions. 
Between  Nov.  1841  and  Jan.  1850  three  volumes  were  issued  under 
the  direction  of  a  committee  on  publication. 

To  reduce  the  cost  of  production,  so  that  it  would  be  less  incon- 
venient to  defray,  an  agreement  Avas  made  with  a  firm  of  book  pub- 
lishers to  print  and  sell  the  work.  A  new  series  of  the  summary  of 
transactions  was  begun  Nov.  1850,  and  continued  until  the  end  of 
July,  1857.  Then,  the  importance  of  curtailing  the  expense  induced 
a  change  in  the  method  of  publication.  An  arrangement  was  made 
with  the  proprietors  and  editor  thereof  to  publish,  free  of  cost,  in 


INSTITUTION    OK    ('()l,l,K(iK    I>V    I'llYSICIANS   OF    I'll  If.A  Ol./J'/I  I  A .        1  f)  1 

The  Avicrican  Journal  of  the  Mfdical  Scinices,  tlio  wriUen  and 
VL'ihal  coniiiiiiiiicalioiis,  ;iti<l  iilhstract.s  of  discuHsions,  and  supply  a 
Hiilli(^iciit,  iiiiinhcr  of  .scp.aialc;  copies  for  tlie  use  of  tfio  college  after 
the  puhlieation  of  each  imiiiher  of  the  journal.  Under  thi.s  arrange- 
iiiciit,  the  iH^w  Hcries  was  continued  to  the  completion  of  the  fourth 
voliiiiie,  .Jan.  1.S74. 

In  ]SJov.  1(S74,  the  contract  with  Thr  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences  was  annulled,  and  the  college  resumed  the  publica- 
tion. The  first  volume  of  the  third  series  of  the  Transactions  was 
issued  in  IHTf),  and  the  eighth  volume  in  1886.  Timely  and  sub- 
stantial aid  received  from  Dr.  DaCosta  in  1885,  prevented  a  threatened 
suspension  of  the  publication  for  lack  of  means. 

An  essay  on  the  yellow  fever  of  1762,  in  Philadelphia,  by  Dr. 
John  Redman,  read  Sept.  3,  1793,  was  printed  by  the  college  in  1865. 

From  first  to  last,  amendments  to  the  by-laws  of  the  society  have 
caused  them  often  to  be  printed. 

"  The  charter,  constitution,  and  by-laws  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  Philadelphia,"  were  first  printed  separately  for  the  use  of 
the  fellows  in  1790.  Article  8,  Section  1,  provides  that  "no  mem- 
ber shall  divulge  the  private  transactions  of  the  college." 

A  list  of  the  names  of  the  fellows  is  contained  in  this,  as  well  as 
in  all  subsequent  issues  of  the  by-laws.  They  show  the  number  of 
fellows  at  the  date  of  publication  of  each,  as  follows : 

1790,  28  fellows.       1863,^  134  and  22  N.  R. 

1818,  18   "         1864,'  129  *'  23   " 

1834,  31   "         1870,^  181  "  31   " 

1840,  66      "         1875,  203  "  31   " 

1848,  94   "         1882,  180  "  24   " 

1856,119   "  and  UN.  R.  1886,  207  "  31   « 

THE    LIBRARY. 

The  record  of  the  society  shows  that  the  question  of  forming  a 
library  was  first  formally  considered  in  1788.  A  committee  was 
appointed  in  reference  to  the  matter  June  3 ;  and  its  report  laid  on 

1  The  articles  of  agreement  between  the  college  and  Dr.  Mutter  are  appended 
to  this  edition. 

11 


162  RUSCHENBERGER, 

the  table,  July  1.  It  was  resolved  Aug.  5,  "That  the  several  mem- 
bers of  the  college  be  requested  to  send  to  the  secretary  such  books 
as  they  mean  to  present  to  the  college." 

In  December  Dr.  John  Morgan  presented  twenty-four  volumes, 
and  added  others  in  Jan.  1789. 

The  committee  appointed  June  3,  1788,  to  prepare  a  plan  for  the 
formation  of  a  library  submitted  the  following,  which  was  adopted 
March  3,  1789:  First.  That  the  business  of  collecting  books  from 
the  members  by  way  of  donation  to  the  library,  of  procuring  a  suitable 
place  for  keeping  them,  and  a  person  to  attend  at  stated  times  for 
lending  them  to  the  members,  be  committed  to  the  Censors  and  Sec- 
retary,  who  shall  consult  the  college  respecting  the  time  and  manner 
of  lending  them. 

Second.  That  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  July  of  every  year,  as  soon 
as  the  treasurer  has  made  his  annual  report  of  the  balance  remaining 
in  his  hands,  the  college  do  grant  such  sums  as  they  may  think 
proper  for  the  service  of  the  library  for  the  ensuing  year. 

These  primary  enactments  distinctly  imply  that  the  acquisition  of 
a  suitable  library  was  very  desirable  in  the  opinion  of  the  college. 

In  Oct.  1789,  Dr.  William  Shippen  presented  the  works  of  five 
authors.  Dr.  John  Morris  eight  volumes,  and  Dr.  John  Jones  several. 
In  Nov.  the  president  was  authorized  to  draw  fifty  pounds  ($133)  for 
the  purchase  of  books.  Some  were  imported  in  1790.  In  1793 
Dr.  Rush  presented  a  copy  of  Sydenham's  works.  A  copy  of  the 
catalogue  of  the  library  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  was  received 
fi'om  Dr.  Parke  ;  and  the  pamphlets  of  the  college  were  ordered  to 
be  bound  in  1794.  In  1795  Dr.  Parke  sent  £35  to  purchase  books, 
and  reported,  Aug.  4,  the  receipt  of  tAvelve  volumes  from  London. 
July  5,  1796,  a  hundred  and  twenty  dollars  were  appropriated  for 
the  use  of  the  library,  and  the  censors  were  directed,  Aug.  5,  to 
prepare  a  list  of  books  to  be  procured  in  Europe.  Books  purchased 
in  Amsterdam  arrived  in  1797  ;  and  books  of  nineteen  titles  sub- 
mitted by  the  censors  were  ordered.  In  1798  the  censors  were 
directed  to  prepare  a  list  to  be  purchased.  Between  June,  1800,  and 
July,  1818,  additions  to  the  library  were  made  by  gift  and  purchase 
every  year.  The  censors  reported,  July  7,  that  some  volumes  were 
missing,  and  recommended  that  a  catalogue  be  made.    The  committee 


INSTITUTION    OF    COLLK(JK    OF    J'llYSICIANS   OF   I'll  1  LADFLI'HIA.       IGo 

appointed  for  tlio  duty,'  reported  January  T),  IHIO,  that  the  catalogue 
had  been  eouipleted. 

The  niunber  of  hook.s  increased  slowly.  In  lH2"j  the  library  of 
the  Ka,|)pa  Ijiuidxla  Society  waH  deposited  in  the  college.  On  their 
report  tlu^  censors  were  directed,  Nov.  28,  1828,  to  have  tlie  book- 
cases repaired. 

'Phe  library  committee  stated,  Jan.  6,  1835,  tliat  the  library  wa.<i 
in  bad  condition,  going  to  decay,  and  was  instructed  to  take  measures 
for  its  preservation. 

The  committee  reported,  June  7,  1836,  that,  besides  a  number  of 
unbound  pamphlets,  the  library  contained  291  volumes,  namely,  31 
folios,  67  quartos,  and  193  octavos ;  and  was  in  condition  for  use 
were  it  more  conveniently  placed. 

According  to  the  annual  reports  of  the  library  committee  from 
this  date  till  the  close  of  1843  very  few  volumes  had  been  added, 
and  the  library  Avas  "  rarely,  if  ever,  used." 

In  May,  1844,  the  medical  library  of  Dr.  Otto  was  purchased  for 
$200,  and  in  July  placed  in  a  room  over  the  office  of  Dr.  Plodge, 
N.  W.  corner  of  Walnut  and  Ninth  Streets.  June  4,  an  appropria- 
tion of  $50,  to  arrange  and  catalogue  the  library,  w^as  made ;  and 
the  library  committee  recommended  that  a  librarian  be  present  one 
hour  twice  a  month  to  loan  books. 

The  committee  reported,  June  3,  1845,  that  one  case  of  books 
stood  on  the  landing  of  the  stairway  leading  to  "our  room;"  that 
the  Otto  collection  was  at  Dr.  Hodge's  office,  and  that  the  library 
was  very  little  used.  Drs.  Bond,  Condie,  Parrish,  and  Wood  had 
presented  137  volumes  during  the  year. 

It  was  ordered,  August  5,  that  the  library  should  be  open  from 
eleven  o'clock  a.  m.  till  two  o'clock  p.  m.  Most  of  the  medical  peri- 
odicals published  in  the  United  States  and  one  from  Canada  were 
received  in  exchuno-e  for  the  Tra)isactio7is  of  the  college. 

The  Philadelphia  Medical  Society  deposited  its  library  in  the 
college  Dec.  1,  1846,  and  claimed  its  restoration  Dec.  7,  1859. 
During  this  period  the  books  were  accessible  to  the  fellows  of  the 
college. 

^  William  Carrie,  Samuel  P.  Griffitts,  and  Thomas  T.  Hewson. 


164  RUSCHENBERGER, 

The  committee  reported,  March  6,  1849,  that  the  library  con- 
tinued "  to  steadily  increase,",  and  was  "  entitled  to  more  attention 
than  it  received." 

June  6,  1855.  The  committee  reported,  that  soon  after  the 
removal  to  Spruce  Street  the  library  had  been  rearranged  and 
catalogued,  and  that  350  volumes  had  been  added  during  the  past 
year.  Dec.  5,  Mrs.  Moreton  Stille  presented  119  volumes  as  a 
"memorial  of  her  late  husband." 

Jan.  2,  1856,  $125  were  appropriated  for  binding,  and  the  same 
sum  for  the  use  of  the  library,  Jan.  7,  1857. 

ISTov.  4.  The  committee  reported  the  receipt  of  more  than  900 
volumes  from  Dr.  Thos.  F.  Betton,  including  some  rare  and  impor- 
tant works ;  and,  Dec.  1,  1858,  that  the  library  contained  about 
3560  volumes,  and  during  the  past  year  had  been  much  more  fre- 
quently consulted.     The  Betton  collection  numbered  1265  volumes. 

May  4,  1859.  Ordered  that  the  library  be  open  one  evening  in 
the  week. 

June  1.  A  selection  of  books  from  the  library  of  Dr.  Bond, 
bequeathed  by  him,  had  been  received. 

Dec.  7.  The  committee  reported  that  Mrs.  Miitter  had  deposited 
40  works ;  that  397  volumes  had  been  contributed  during  the 
year ;  and  that  the  library  contained  about  4000  volumes,  besides 
pamphlets. 

Dec.  3,  1862.  The  State  Medical  Society  presented  a  complete 
set  of  its  Transactions,  and  fellows  of  the  college  192  volumes  of 
French  theses. 

Jan.  7,  1863.  The  executors  of  Dr.  Isaac  Remington  presented 
90  works,  including  195  volumes,  and  188  numbers  of  10  peri- 
odicals. 

The  library  committee  was  authorized  to  move  into  the  new 
building. 

Nov.  4.  Ordered  that  cases  be  prepared  to  receive  books  to  be 
presented  by  Dr.  Samuel  Lewis.  The  librarian  reported  the  receipt 
of  a  large  number  of  books  from  Dr.  Thos.  F.  Betton. 

March  2,  1864.  The  chairman  of  the  library  committee,  Dr. 
Alfred  Stille,  read  the  following  : 


INSTITUTION    01''    r.t}\,\.h:i:\-:    i>V    l-lfVSICIANH  OF   I'll  II-AIM;M'HI  A.       1G5 

Feb.  27,  1X04. 
My  Di'iAR  DooTou  :   The  lM)r)ks  promisfd  to  tlic  college  Homo  time 
ugo  liiivc  Ixjcii  pliiccd  in  tlu;  libriiry. 

I  now  l)(',i!;  to  ))r('Hent  tlicni  tliroii;j;li  you  to  the  oollegc,  with  the 
earnest  wisli  tlin.t  tlicy  may  tend,  in  .sonic  degree,  to  advance  it8 
interests  !Ukd  usefulness. 

Very  truly  yours, 

Saml.  Lewis. 
Dr.  Alfrki)  Stii.lk, 

Oliamnan  of  the  Library  Committee. 

On  motion  of  Dr.  Stille,  Besolved,  That  the  thanks  of  the  college 
are  hereby  presented  to  Dr.  Samuel  Lewis  for  his  munificent  gift  of 
more  than  2500  volumes  of  medical  books,  and  that  they  shall  be 
preserved  as  a  separate  collection  under  the  name  of  the  Lewis 
Library. 

Drs.  Isaac  Hays,  John  H.  Packard,  and  others,  contributed  a 
number  of  books  and  pamphlets  during  1864. 

April  5,  1865.  Dr.  Samuel  Lewis  presented  a  MS.  on  the  yellow 
fever  of  1762,  by  Dr.  John  Redman,  -which  was  referred  to  the  pub- 
lication committee  with  power. 

Sept.  25.  Mr.  George  Ord  presented  his  general  library  to  the 
college  on  condition  that  the  books  be  safely  kept  in  the  building  of 
the  institution.  Mr.  Ord  died  before  the  library  was  delivered,  and 
the  college  paid  |330  collateral  inheritance  tax  on  its  appraised 
value,  in  Feb.  1866.  Subsequently,  July  5,  1882,  it  was  sold  for 
|550,  which  were  ordered  to  be  expended  in  the  purchase  of  desirable 
books  to  be  credited  to  the  bounty  of  Mr.  George  Ord. 

April  4,  1866.  Li  order  that  the  library  might  be  open  daily.  Dr. 
George  B.  Wood  agreed  to  give  SoOO  annually,  as  stated  in  the  fol- 
lowing  communication : 

March  17,  1886. 

My  Dear  Doctor: 

It  has  occurred  to  me  that  the  library  of  the  college  of  physicians 
is  not  so  useful  to  the  fellows  as  it  ought  to  be,  in  consequence  of  the 


166  RUSCHENBERGER, 

short  space  of  time  during  which  it  is  accessible.  It  often  happens 
that  a  practitioner  wishes  to  decide  some  point  hastily  by  consulting 
the  books ;  or  he  may  have  a  leisure  hour  or  two  Avhich  he  could 
very  profitably  spend  in  a  large  medical  library ;  or  he  may  be 
investigating  a  point  in  relation  to  which  it  may  be  expedient  to 
glance  at  a  large  number  of  authorities ;  in  short,  it  would  be  easy 
to  indicate  many  ways  in  which  our  great  collection  might  be  made 
much  more  serviceable  than  it  now  is,  if  the  library  could  be  kept 
longer  open.  Knowing  that  the  college  has  little  money  to  spare,  I 
have  thought  that  I  could  not  better  dispose  of  a  portion  of  my 
income  than,  with  the  approval  and  under  the  direction  of  the  college, 
to  apply  it  to  this  purpose.  I  would,  therefore,  propose  to  pay  annu- 
ally to  the  treasurer  of  the  college  five  hundred  dollars,  provided 
that  with  this  sum  arrangements  can  be  made  for  keeping  the  library 
open  every  day,  Sundays  excepted,  throughout  the  year,  from  9  or 
10  A.M.  to  2  or  3.  P.M. ;  the  rooms  being  comfortably  warmed,  and 
the  librarian,  or  an  assistant,  present  to  hand  the  books  wanted,  and 
attend  generally  to  the  interests  of  the  concern. 

In  the  uncertainty  of  human  affairs,  it  might  happen,  from  unfore- 
seen misfortunes,  that  it  would  be  inconvenient  to  me  to  pay  this 
sum  ;  and  I  am  compelled,  therefore,  to  ask  of  the  college  an  accept- 
ance of  the  grant  subject  to  this  contingency.  If  the  college  will, 
with  this  limitation,  receive  the  proposed  payment  for  the  purpose 
mentioned,  and  direct  and  superintend  its  application,  I  assure  you 
that  I  shall  consider  that  they  are  doing  me  a  favor. 

I  shall  probably  be  unable  to  be  present  at  the  next  meeting,  and 
I  would  thank  you,  if  you  find  the  proposed  measure  in  accordance 
with  your  own  views  of  what  may  be  expedient  in  the  case,  to  bring 
the  subject  before  the  college  for  their  consideration. 

Sincerely  your  friend, 

George  B.  Wood. 
Dr.  Isaac  Hays. 

May  2,  1866.  Dr.  Wood  presented  the  portraits  of  three  of  the 
former  presidents  of  the  college. 


INSTITUTION  OK  (:()I,m;(;i;  ok  i-hysicians  or  I'Hilajh^lphia.     \('>7 

.Jiiii.  1,   ISOS.  The  lihiiiry  coiiiiiiittee  reported  the  state  of  the 
library  as  follows : 

V'oliitnod. 

Ord  Library  .         .         .     2,0fJ8 

I;ewis  Library         .  .  .      '',220,  increase  264. 

KiiHt  room      .         ..  .  .      i},2!>9 

West    "        .         .         .         .     3,987         "       387. 


12,-083 
Duplicates     ....        501,  decrease     65 
Volumes  loaiuMl  from  Dec.  1,  1865,  to  Dec.  1,  1866,  197. 

1866,       "  1867,  388. 

Feb.  5.  Mr.  Ferdinand  Coxe  presented  a  MS.  note  book  of  Dr. 
John  Redman. 

March  4.  Ordered  that  |500  be  invested,  including  a  donation  of 
$445.90  from  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Society,  and  that  the  interest 
thereof  be  applied,  in  accordance  with  the  condition  of  the  gift,  to 
increase  the  library  of  the  college.' 

July  2,  1879.  Books  bequeathed  to  the  college  by  Dr.  George  B. 
Wood  were  received. 

Nov.  5,  1880.  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell  presented  a  thousand  dollars 
to  establish  a  Journal  Fund,  or  for  such  other  disposition  of  its 
income  for  the  benefit  of  the  library  as  the  college  may  from  time  to 
time  determine. 

The  treasurer  Avas  directed  to  invest  the  gift  and  keep  it  separate 
under  the  title  of  the  Weir  Mitchell  Library  Fund.     Dr.  Mitchell 

1  The  Philadelphia  Medical  Society,  fuunded  1789,  was  discontinued  in  1868. 
Its  archives  are  in  the  college  In  The  Medical  JVeics,  Jan.  1843,  is  the  follow- 
ing: "The  Philadelphia  Medical  Society,  for  example,  a  mere  acorn  once,  has 
grown  into  a  huge  oak  whose  branches  extend  from  the  north  to  the  south  of 
this  Union,  and  whose  motto  might  have  been  quantum  latet,  in  allusion  to  its 
origin,  instead  of  cr  colUsionc  scintilla.  This  society  had  a  very  humble  begin- 
ning; its  junior  members  held  their  meetings  in  Lyttle's  school  house,  a  small 
frame  building  next  to  Genl.  Cadwalader's  house,  south  Second  Street,  below 
Spruce  Street;  each  junior  member  carried  his  candle  with  him,  and  friend 
Lyttle's  ink  pots,  in  the  desks,  were  the  sockets  for  our  candles ;  then  and  there 
were  discussed,  as  we  thought,  learnedly,  of  course,  the  merits  of  the  CuUenian 
and  Brunonian  doctrines." 


168  RUSCHENBERGER, 

made  a  second  contribution  of  one  thousand  dollars  to  this  fund 
March  1,  1882. 

Feb.  2,  1881.  Miss  Emily  Thomas  began  to  make  a  card  catalogue 
of  the  library. 

Jan.  4,  1882.  Mrs.  Helen  C.  Jenks  presented  a  large  number  of 
medical  books. 

Nov.  5,  1884.  Dr.  Alfred  Stille  presented  695  volumes. 

April  1,  1885.  The  Samuel  D.  Gross  library  of  the  Academy  of 
Surgery  was  deposited  :  it  is  to  be  the  property  of  the  college  on  the 
dissolution  of  the  academy. 

Dr.  I.  Minis  Hays  presented  901 ;  and,  Jan.  6,  1886,  Mr.  Greorge 

1.  McKelway  166  volumes. 

June  2, 1886.  Mrs.  J.  F.  Weightman  presented  512  volumes,  351 
of  which  were  new  to  the  library.  With  few  exceptions  they  all 
treat  of  ophthalmological  subjects,  and  with  the  Lewis  collection 
make  the  library  very  full  in  this  department. 

Mr.  William  Weightman  presented,  Jan.  1887,  $1000,  on  condi- 
tion that  the  income  from  the  investment  thereof  be  used  to  purchase 
books  on  ophthalmic  surgery  to  be  added  to  the  collection  given  by 
the  widow  of  Dr.  Weightman. 

The  Parry  library  and  the  obstetrical  library  were  received  June 

2,  1886,  as  a  permanent  deposit,  the  books  to  be  catalogued  and 
cared  for  as  a  part  of  the  college  library,  to  be  used  by  the  fellows, 
and  members  of  the  Obstetrical  Society  of  Philadelphia. 

At  the  close  of  1886,  the  contents  of  the  library  were  as  follows  :^ 


Volumes. 

Volumes, 

General  library, 

20,016 

and 

duplicates. 

1,718 

Lewis           " 

9,276 

Miitter        " 

94 

On  sjjecial  deposit : 

Sam'l  D.  Gross  library. 

3,250 

a 

1,882 

H.  Lenox  Hodge     " 

1,665 

Obstetrical               " 

33 

iC 

326 

34,234  3,926 

1  Annual  Keport  of  the  Honorary  Librarian,  November  1,  1886. 


iNS'l'rni'i'ioN  ()!■'  (;oijj';(;k  oI'    imi vsiciank  of  I'Iiii-aiiku'Iiia.      ]<'>U 

A  joiii-ii;i,l  ('lul)  <ir  association  \v;is  forincil  in  .M;iiv;li,  1S71,  wlii<;}i 
iiiis  wiiKX!  uriniKiJly  (lonlriliutcd  to  tiic  lil>riii-y  lo  iii'i'lical  jxiriodicaln, 
Tho  W(!ir  Mit(;ii(3ll  IuimI  ,sii|»])lics  14.  Twenty-two  journals,  an«l 
the  transactiojiH  of  'JO  societies  are  received  in  cxclian^re  for  the 
transactions  of"  tlie  college.  Many  come;  from  otlier  sources,  ho  that 
tho  recent  issues  of  about  200  America n  ami  foreign  periodicals  are 
constantly  on  the  racks  or  tables. 

These  records  of  medical  thoughts,  creeds,  and  facts,  past  and 
present,  here  gathered  together,  constitute  a  source  of  knowledge, 
long  ago  opened  and  enriched,  from  time  to  time,  both  by  modest 
and  generous  gifts  from  philanthropic  men  according  to  their  means. 
They  afford  opportunity  to  all  who  desire  to  avail  themselves  of  it 
to  help  themselves  to  information.  Their  use  is  not  restricted  to 
the  fellows  of  the  college.  Any  respectable  person  may  freely  con- 
sult them  under  the  rules. 

The  utility  of  a  library  is  measured  by  the  numbers  Avho  resort  to 
it.  If  it  be  true  that  "  supply  creates  demand,"  the  number  of  readers 
should  increase  proportionately  to  the  number  of  books  placed  at 
their  service. 

The  library  has  a  progressive  rate  of  increase  whicli  is  great. 
Unless  abated  or  arrested,  which  does  not  now  seem  likely,  need  of 
room  for  its  accommodation  is  sure  to  come.  Foreseeing  the  ap- 
proach of  that  need,  possibly  afar  off,  provision  to  meet  it  might  be 
prudently  made  now,  by  starting  a  building  fund — a  plant  of  slow 
growth  at  best — to  be  ready  not  alone  far  construction,  but  also  to 
extend  the  site  for  building  whenever  opportunity  may  offer.  The 
entrance  fees,  and  balances  of  every  description  annually  appropri- 
ated to  it,  under  an  economical  administration  of  the  affairs  of  the 
college  in  every  department,  might  accumulate  a  very  respectable 
fund  by  the  time  it  will  be  wanted — ten  or  fifteen  years  hence. 

DIRECTORY  FOR  NURSES. 

Feb.  1,  18S2.  On  motion  of  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell  a  committee 
w'as  appointed  to  inquire  whether  the  college  shall  assume  the  duty 
of  establishincj  a  resristration  for  nurses. 


170 


RUSCHENBER6ER, 


The  committee  instructed  to  organize  a  Directory  for  Nurses^ 
reported,  March  1,  that  more  than  a  thousand  dollars  had  been 
subscribed  to  secure  the  object  by 


Mrs.  E.  W.  Biddle,  Mrs. 

"  T.  W.  Biddle,  " 

"  Clarence  Clarke,  " 

"  Coles,  " 

"  A.  F.  Franciscus,  " 

"  G.  L.  Harrison,  " 

"  Harry  Hart,  " 

"  Lippincott,  " 

"  Thos.  McKean, 

"  Mitchell, 

Mr.  A.  Biddle,  Mr. 

"  G.  W.  Childs,  " 

"  D.  B.  Cummings,  " 

"  A.  J.  Drexel,  " 

"  VV.  Keid  Fisher,  " 


Powers, 

W.  H.  Kawle, 

Rhoads, 

T.  A.  Scott, 

G.  Roberts  Smith, 

W.  P.  Tatham, 

Tobias  Wagner, 

J.  Lowber  Welsh, 

C.  Wister. 

A.  Haller  Gross, 
H.  C.  Lea, 
J.  S.  ISTewbold, 
Wm.  Rawle, 
Howard  Roberts, 


Miss  Bohlen, 

"  Fox, 

"  Mary  R.  Fox, 

"  Meredith, 

"  Paul, 

"  Mary  Paul, 

"  Pendleton, 

"  C.  M.  Rush, 

"  Mary  Rush. 

Mr.  C.  Piatt, 

Dr.  C.  B.  Cadwalader, 

"  J.  H.  Hutchinson, 

"  Samuel  Lewis, 

"  J.  F.  Meigs. 


Arrangements  were  completed  and  the  office  opened  for  business, 
May  15. 

Miss  Emily  Thomas  was  elected  Secretary  Feb.  7,  1883. 

The  Directory  for  Nurses  is  under  the  direct  control  of  a  com- 
mittee of  three  fellows  of  the  college,  annually  elected,  assisted  by 
four  ladies  appointed  by  the  committee. 

The  ladies  first  appointed  assistants  were  Mrs.  M.  Fulton,  Mrs. 
Theodore  Justice,  Mrs.  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  and  Miss  S.  Stevenson. 
Mrs.  Moncure  Robinson  was  appointed,  March  3,  1885,  in  place  of 
Mrs.  Fulton,  resigned.  No  other  change  has  been  made  in  the  com- 
mittee first  selected. 

For  a  moderate  fee,  skilled  nurses,  both  male  and  female,  are 
quickly  furnished  on  personal  application ;  also,  by  telegraph  from 
distant  points,  or  by  telephone  in  urgent  cases.  The  office  is  open 
at  all  hours. 

About  500  names  are  on  the  register  of  nurses  in  the  directory. 
Of  these  86  are  male,  and  175  are  graduates  of  training  schools. 
During  the  year  1886,  1155  applicants  were  supplied  with  nurses. 

The  income  of  the  directory  exceeds  its  expenses.  The  surplus  is 
annually  appropriated  to  the  use  of  the  library. 


1  W.  W.  Keen,  Albert  H.  Smith,  S.  Weir  Mitchell. 


INSTITUTION    01'    COl.LKO  M    OK    IMIYSICIANS    OT    I'll!  F.A  l)KM'll  I  A.        171 
KNTKKTAINMUNT   FUND. 

Nov.  7,  1877.  On  motion  of  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitclioll,  .socondod  by 
Dr.  S.  D.  (Jross,  the  council  was  recjuested  to  con.Hider  whether  it  is 
advisable  th:it  the  Pre.sid(!nt  .sliould  give,  at  the  expense  of"  the  ad- 
legc,  a  reception  in  the  hull  once  each  year.  The  council  reported, 
Jan.  2,  1878,  that  the  state  of  the  treasury  alone  rendered  tlie  prop- 
ositioTi  inexpedient. 

Feb.  7,  1888.  l^r.  S.  Weir  Mitchell  presented  five  thousand 
dollars  to  establish  an  Entertainment  Fund. 

The  first  fruit  of  this  generous  gift  was  a  reception  given,  Sept.  8, 
1884,  by  the  college  to  the  medical  members  of  the  American  and 
British  Associations  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  as.sembled 
together  in  Philadelphia  at  that  time. 

A  dinner  was  given,  with  the  aid  of  the  fund,  April  14,  1886,  at 
which  the  L0ViN(4-rup  presented  to  the  college  by  some  ladies,  at  a 
suggestion  of  Dr.  Mitchell,  was  introduced  and  used  for  the  first 
time.^ 

CELEBRATION  OF  THE  CENTENNIAL  ANNIVERSARY. 

In  accordance  with  the  plan  devised  by  a  committee,  appointed 
for  the  purpose  Nov.  5,  1885,^  the  president  of  the  college,  S.  Weir 
Mitchell,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  delivered  a  "  Commemorative  Address," 
Monday,  January  3,  1887,  at  7.30  p.  m.  in  Association  Hall  (S.  E. 
corner  of  Chestnut  and  Fifteenth  Streets),  in  presence  of  the  fellows 
of  the  college  and  many  distinguished  guests.  After  the  address,  at 
nine  o'clock,  there  was  a  general  reception  in  the  hall  of  the  College 
of  Physicians. 

1  Sir  Matthew  Hale  said,  the  pledge  of  any  healih  is  one  of  the  greatest  arti- 
fices of  driiikine:  and  leads  to  quarrelling  in  the  kingdom. 

*  Committee  on  Centennial  Anniversary,  Nov.  5,  1884.  Alfred  Stilly,  I. 
Minis  Hays,  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  S.  W.  Gross,  and  J.  Ewing  Mears. 

Ditferent  days  were  proposed  for  the  celebration.  Some  suggested  September, 
some  April,  and  others  fixed  upon  Januarj-  2,  1887,  because,  according  to  precise 
reckoning  of  time,  that  is  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  first  meeting  of  the 
society  which  is  recorded.  The  college  decided,  Sept.  1,  1886,  by  a  vote  of  59 
to  41,  that  January  2d  was  the  appropriate  date  of  the  centennial  anniveirsary. 


172  RUSCHENBERGER, 

A  special  meeting  of  the  college  was  held  at  noon  Tuesday,  Jan. 
4,  1887. 

Professor  Alfred  Stille,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  delivered  an  address, 
"  Eeminiscences  of  the  College." 

Eleven  recently  elected  associate  fellows  were  individually  intro- 
duced. The  president,  appropriately  addressing  each  in  turn,  deliv- 
ered to  him  a  diploma  of  his  associate  fellowship. 

Then,  Professor  J.  M.  Da  Costa,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  welcomed  them 
all  to  the  college  roll  in  an  address. 

As  soon  as  the  meeting  adjourned  those  present  were  entertained 
at  luncheon  in  the  department  from  which  the  Mutter  Museum  had 
been  very  recently  removed. 

At  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening  a  hundred  and  twenty  fellows, 
associates  and  guests  of  the  college  assembled  in  a  hall  of  the  Union 
League  (Broad  and  Sansom  Streets)  and  dined.  There  were  toasts, 
the  loving  cup  was  circulated,  and  speeches  were  made.  The  com- 
pany separated  at  midnight. 

From  ten  o'clock  A.  M.  till  five  o'clock  p.  m.  on  Wednesday  and 
Thursday,  Jan.  5th  and  6th,  a  collection  of  portraits  of  eminent 
physicians  and  objects  of  professional  interest,  borrowed  for  the 
occasion,  were  exhibited  in  the  hall  of  the  college  to  hundreds  of 
visitors. 

The  demonstrations  of  satisfaction,  and  the  interchange  of  cheering 
words  about  them,  among  the  fellows  and  their  friends,  because  the 
College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  still  of  good  repute,  had 
attained  the  age  of  a  hundred  years,  closed  with  this  display.  Atten- 
tion of  the  local  public  had  been  attracted.  The  institution  was 
published  more  widely  than  it  had  been.  The  centennial  celebra- 
tion, which  in  no  sense  affected  the  intrinsic  worth  of  the  college, 
simply  made  its  existence  more  broadly  known  in  the  community, 
and  in  some  degree  spread  knowledge  of  its  value  as  an  agency  in 
fostering  the  cultivation  of  medical  science  in  many  ways — an  object 
of  much  general  importance,  which  is  not  justly  appreciated,  nor 
encouraged  as  it  deserves  to  be  outside  of  the  profession. 

In  comparing  the  past  with  the  present,  the  fellows  of  the  col- 
lege at  this  time  may  find  reason  to  be  boastful,  if  sedate  men  may 


INSTITUTION    OK    (;oi,l-K(J  K   Ol'    I'l  I  VSKM  ANS   OF    I'M  I  l-AI>i;i,l'in  ,\.       IT'} 

ever  IxkisI,  nt  :i,ll.  Scvcriil  fiiiciiiitonincous  mcdiciil  HOcicticH  in  the 
cil.y,  ii.ltly  (;<)ii(lii<'lc(|,  iricd  for  yciir.s  tf)  .secure  permanency,  ouch 
li()j)iri^  ill!  IJk;  wliil(!  to  own  ii  li;ill  iind  in  it  a  library  an<l  rnii.s<'urn. 
Sonie  of"  tlioHe  soeiotitss,  iiftcr  ten,  twenty,  fifty,  or  more  years' 
activity  ccjiscmI  to  cxiHt.  With  ;i  single  exception,  all  of  them  were 
discontinued  without  possessions  to  divide  or  befjueath.  'I'hey  left 
no  sign  of  substantial  progress,  or  evidence  that  they  had  contributed 
to  the  advancement  of  medical  science.  Their  failure,  in  some  mys- 
terious way  free  from  a  spirit  of  exultation,  imparts  a.  zest  to  our 
success,  rendering  apt  La  Kochefoucault's  assertion,  that  there  is 
something  pleasant  in  the  contemplation  of  the  misfortunes  of  our 
best  friends. 

At  the  close  of  1840,  when  the  society  had  existed  sixty-three 
years,  including  the  founders,  180  fellows  had  been  elected.  As  a 
rule,  they  were  dignified  men,  without  exuberant  estimate  of  them- 
selves, and  therefore  free  from  the  littleness  of  self-commendation, 
notable  for  persevering  and  industrious  ways,  probity  and  frugality, 
discernment,  caution,  and  professional  ability,  qualities  which  secured 
general  confidence  and  respect,  and  enabled  them  to  surmount  ob- 
stacles which  insufficient  means  from  time  to  time  opposed  to  the 
progress  of  the  society.  They  laid  the  foundation  of  the  respecta- 
bility, the  reputation  of  the  college,  and  sustained  it.  Its  present 
satisfactory  condition  is  ascribable  largely  to  their  acumen  and 
wisely  prudent  management,  Avithout  which  occasion  for  a  centennial 
celebration  might  have  never  come.  The-  building  fund,  started  in 
1849,  strengthened  the  attractions  and  ties  of  fellowship,  and  by  its 
completion  gave  stability  to  the  institution. 

More  than  twenty-eight  hundred  dollars,  contributed  by  the  fel- 
lows, were  expended  on  this  rare  anniversary.  A  comparison  of  the 
state  of  the  college  a  hundred  years  ago  with  its  present  condition 
may  be  interesting  in  this  connection.  The  annual  contributions 
paid  by  the  fellows  during  the  year  1787  amounted  to  854,  and  the 
entrance  fees  to  ^216.  With  such  moderate  income  the  college 
willingly  accepted  the  use  of  a  room  for  its  meetings  in  the  Academy, 
rent  free,  during  nearly  five  years.  To  obtain  more  convenient 
accommodations  the  entrance  fee  was  increased  to  .£10,  or  3-^-66, 
and  the  annual  contribution  was  doubled.     In  December,  1791,  the 


174      INSTITUTION    OF    COLLEGE    OF    PHYSICIANS   OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

college  leased  a  room  in  the  hall  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society  for  three  years  and  a  half,  ending  June  10,  1794,  paying 
the  rent  for  the  whole  term  in  advance,  $79.80,  at  the  rate  of 
little  less  than  $23  a  year.  The  furniture  of  that  room  cost  the 
college  $72. 

Neither  Redman,  nor  Morgan,  nor  Shippen,  nor  Kuhn,  nor  any 
founder,  ever  dreamed  of  or  foresaw  the  day  when  the  college  would 
willingly  see  expended  in  the  celebration  of  one  anniversary  of  the 
institution  five  or  six  time  as  much  as  the  income  of  a  whole  year  of 
that  period.  The  fellows  of  the  olden  time  were  careful  that  the 
slender  income  of  the  college  should  not  be  expended  for  any  pur- 
pose unlikely  to  promote  the  objects  for  which  the  society  was  insti- 
tuted— to  increase  and  diffuse  knowledge  of  the  healing  art.  They 
did  not  consider  that  the  intervention  of  college  festivity  on  any 
occasion  was  necessary  to  ease  the  task  or  enhance  the  worth  of  the 
labors  of  the  fellows,  or  promote  the  interests  of  the  institution. 
Their  acts  and  words,  as  the  record  shows,  imply  that  such  was  their 
opinion.  They  were  right ;  but  changed  conditions  justify  different 
conduct.  Had  they  been  present  with  us  (wearing  queues  as  of 
old),  they  might  have  called  our  attention  to  the  ancient  views  of  the 
college  on  temperance,  and  turned  away ;  or  they  might  have  cheer- 
fully acquiesced  in  the  methods  of  the  present  day,  and  congratulated 
the  college  on  its  prosperity,  the  contents  of  its  published  Transac- 
tions, the  possession  of  a  great  library  and  museum ;  and  possibly 
have  been  pleased  to  join  in  rejoicing  over  the  harvest  grown  from 
seeds  of  their  planting. 


APTENDIX. 


FORM   OF  TIIIO   CONSTITUTrON    OF  TIIK   COLI^KUK   OK    I'll VSK'I ANS 
OF  IMIILADKLPHIA,  JANUARY'  2,    1787. 

TiiK  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  influenced  by  a  conviction  of  many  ad- 
vantages that  have  arisen  in  every  country  from  Literary  institutions,  have 
associated  themselves  under  the  name  and  title  of  the  College  of  J'hysicians 
of  Philadelphia. 

The  objects  of  this  College  are,  to  advance  the  Science  of  Medicine,  and 
thereby  to  lessen  Human  Misery,  by  investigating  the  diseases  and  remedies 
which  are  peculiar  to  our  Country,  by  observing  the  effects  of  different 
seasons,  climates,  and  situations  upon  the  Human  body,  by  recording  the 
changes  that  are  produced  in  diseases  by  the  progress  of  Agriculture,  Arte, 
Population,  and  Manners,  by  searching  for  Medicines  in  our  Woods, 
Waters,  and  the  bowels  of  the  Earth,  by  enlarging  our  avenues  to  knowl- 
edge ;  from  the  discoveries  and  publications  of  foreign  Countries ;  by  ap- 
pointing stated  times  for  Literary  intercourse  and  communications,  and  by 
cultivating  order  and  uniformity  in  the  practice  of  Physick. 

For  the  purpose  of  obtaining  these  objects,  the  following  Rules  have  been 
adopted : 

1st.  The  College  shall  consist  of  twelve  Senior  Fellows  and  of  an  indefi- 
nite number  of  junior  Fellows  and  Associates.  - 

2d.  The  Senior  and  junior  Fellows  shall  reside  in  the  City  or  District  of 
Southwark,  or  Liberties  of  Philadelphia. 

3d.  The  Associates  shall  consist  of  such  persons  of  merit  in  the  profession 
of  Medicine  who  do  not  live  within  the  limits  described  for  Fellows,  without 
any  regard  to  Diversity  of  Nation  or  Religion. 

4th.  The  junior  Fellows  shall  consist  of  such  Practitioners  of  Phj'sic  as  are 
of  good  moral  character  and  decent  deportment,  and  who  are  not  under 
twenty-four  years  of  age. 

5tli.  The  Senior  Fellows  shall  be  chosen  from  among  the  Juniors,  by  the 
Seniors  only,  within  one  month  after  a  vacancy  is  declared.  The  Junior 
Fellows  and  Associates  shall  be  chosen  by  the  joint  votes  of  all  the  Fellows. 
Three-fourths  of  the  whole  number  of  Senior  Fellows  shall  concur  in  the 
admission  of  Seniors,  and  three-fourths  of  the  Fellows  shall  concur  in  the 
admission  of  Juniors  and  Associates. 


176  APPENDIX. 

6th.  All  Laws,  Regulations,  and  Appointments  to  offices  shall  be  made  by 
a  Majorit}'  of  the  joint  votes  of  all  the  Fellows. 

7th.  The  officers  of  the  College  shall  consist  of  a  President,  Vice-President, 
four  Censors,  a  Treasurer,  and  Secretarj',  who  shall  be  chosen  annually  from 
amongst  the  Senior  Fellows  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  July. 

8th.  The  Stated  Meetings  of  the  College  shall  be  on  the  first  Tuesday 
in  every  month. 

Besides  these  meetings,  the  President,  or  in  his  absence  or  indisposition 
the  Vice-President,  shall  have  power  to  call  extraordinary  meetings  whenever 
important  or  unexpected  business  shall  require,  of  which  he  shall  be  the 
judge. 

It  shall  likewise  be  in  the  power  of  any  six  Fellows  of  the  College  who 
concur  in  their  desires  of  a  meeting  to  authorize  the  President  or,  in  his 
absence,  the  Vice-President  to  call  it. 

9th.  The  business  of  the  Censors  shall  be  to  inspect  the  Records  and 
examine  the  accounts  and  expenditures  of  the  College  and  report  thereon ; 
and  all  communications  made  to  the  Society,  after  being  read  at  one  of 
their  stated  meetings,  shall  be  referred  to  the  Censors,  and  such  other 
members  of  the  College  as  shall  be  nominated  for  the  purpose  to  examine 
and  report  thereon  to  the  College,  who  shall  determine  by  a  vote  taken  by 
Ballot,  on  the  propriety  of  publishing  them  in  their  transactions. 

10th.  The  business  of  the  Secretary  shall  be  to  keep  minutes  of  the  meet- 
ings and  transactions  of  the  Society,  and  to  record  them  in  a  Book  provided 
for  that  purpose.  Likewise  to  receive  and  preserve  all  books  and  papers 
belonging,  and  letters  addressed  to  the  College. 

11th.  The  business  of  the  Treasurer  shall  be  to  receive  all  the  monies  of 
the  College,  and  to  pay  them  to  the  order  of  the  President  or  Vice- 
President  only,  which  order  shall  be  the  Voucher  of  his  expenditures. 

12th.  Every  member  of  the  College  shall  have  a  certificate  of  his  election, 
with  the  seal  of  the  College  affixed  thereto,  signed  by  the  President  and  Vice- 
President,  and  countersigned  by  the  Censors  and  Secretary.  The  style  of 
the  certificates  and  all  addresses  from  the  College,  shall  be  as  follows :  The 
President  (or  the  Vice-President),  and  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 

13th.  No  associate  who  comes  to  reside  within  the  limits  mentioned  in  the 
Second  Rule  shall  be  admitted  to  a  Fellowship  in  the  College  without  being 
elected  in  the  manner  prescribed  for  the  admission  of  Junior  Fellows.  No- 
new  member  shall  be  chosen  who  has  not  been  proposed  at  a  previous  stated 
meeting. 

14th.  No  Law  or  Regulation  shall  be  adopted  that  has  not  been  proposed 
at  a  previous  stated  meeting,  nor  shall  any  part  of  the  Constitution  be  altered 
without  being  proposed  for  consideration  for  three  months.  The  President, 
or  the  Vice-President  when  he  takes  the  chair,  shall  have  no  vote,  except  in 
questions  where  there  is  an  equal  division  of  voices. 

Two-fifths  of  the  Fellows  shall  be  a  quorum  for  all  Business,  except  the 


Al'PHNDTX. 


77 


clc(;tioM  of  iri(!inh(!r.s,  (Ik;  cxpciiiditun:  dI"  iiioik;}',  tin;  jriakiri^  of  IjawH,  or  the 
altering  of  the  (JoiiHtitiiti<^ii ;  in  the  three  last  caacH,  a  luajority  of  the  Fellowu 
shall  be  a  quonuii. 

]5th.  h]vcry  Fellow  niton  his  admission  shall  subscribe  to  the  above  Rules, 
aH  a  ToHtiniony  of  his  (ioiiHcut  to  be  bound  by  then).  lie  shall  at  the  same 
time  pay  into  the;  hands  of  the  Treasurer  the  sum  of  eight  dollars,  towards 
cslablisliinij;  a  fund  for  the  use  of  the  College  ;  he  shall  likewise  pay  two  dol- 
lars annually  for  the  same  purpose. 


Senior  Fellows. 


John  Morgan, 
John  Redman, 
John  Jones, 
William  Shippen, 
Adam  Kuhn, 
Benj'n  Rush, 


Andrew  Ross, 
Wm.  W.  Smith, 
James  Hall, 

William  Clarkson, 
William  Currie, 
Benj'n  Saj', 
Samuel  P.  Grriffitts, 
J.  Morris, 


(jrerard  Clark.son, 
Samuel  Duffield, 
Thomas  Parke, 
James  Hutchinson, 
George  Glentworth, 
Abra :  Chovet. 


Junior  Fellows. 


Nathan  Dorsey, 
B.  Duffield, 
John  Carson, 
John  Foulke, 
Robt.  Harris, 
John  R.  B.  Rodgers, 
Caspar  Wistar,  Jun'r, 
Jas.  Cunningham. 


This  first  constitvition,  signed  by  the  12  senior  and  16  junior  fellows,  was 
superseded  by  an  amended  form,  submitted  by  ''a  member"  Aug.  7,  1887, 
and  adopted  Nov.  6,  when  17  members  were  present.  No  change  was  made 
in  the  preamble.  The  following  rules  were  substituted  for  those  of  tlie  first 
constitution. 

1 .  The  college  shall  consist  of  fellows  and  associates. 

2.  The  fellows  sball  consist  of  practitioners  of  physic  of  character  in  their 
profession  who  reside  in  the  city,  or  district  of  South wark.  or  Liberties  of 
Philadelphia,  and  are  not  iiuder  twenty-four  years  of  age. 

3.  The  associates  shall  consist  of  persons  of  merit  in  the  profession  of 
medicine  who  do  not  live  within  the  limits  above  described. 

4.  Three-fourths  of  the  whole  number  of  fellows  shall  concur  in  the  admis- 
sion of  a  fellow  or  associate. 

5.  The  officers  of  the  college  shall  consist  of  a  president,  vice-president, 
four  censors,  a  treasurer  and  secretary,  who  shall  be  chosen  annually,  from 
amongst  the  fellows,  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  July. 

12" 


178  APPENDIX. 

6.  The  stated  meetings  shall  be  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  every  month.  ^  Be- 
sides these  meetings  the  president,  or  in  ease  of  his  absence  or  indisposition, 
the  vice-president,  shall  have  power  to  call  extraordinary  meetings,  whenever 
important  or  unexpected  business  shall  require,  of  which  he  shall  be  the 
judge.  It  shall  likewise  be  in  the  power  of  any  six  fellows  of  the  college  who 
concur  in  their  desires  for  a  meeting  to  authorize  the  president,  or  in  case  of 
his  absence  or  indisposition,  the  vice-president,  to  call  it. 

7.  The  business  of  the  censors  shall  be  to  inspect  the  records  and  examine 
the  accounts  and  expenditures  of  the  college  and  report  thereon ;  and  all 
communications  made  to  the  society,  after  being  read  at  one  of  their  stated 
meetings,  shall  be  referred  to  the  censors  and  such  other  members  of  the  col- 
lege as  shall  be  nominated  for  the  purpose,  to  examine  and  report  thereon  to 
the  college,  who  shall  determine  by  a  vote,  taken  by  ballot,  on  the  propriety 
of  publishing  them  in  their  transactions. 

8.  The  business  of  the  secretary  shall  be  to  keep  the  minutes  of  all  the 
meetings  and  transactions  of  the  society  and  to  record  them  in  a  book  pro- 
vided for  that  purpose.  Likewise  to  receive  and  preserve  all  books  and  papers 
belonging,  and  letters  addressed  to  the  college. 

9.  The  business  of  the  treasurer  shall  be  to  receive  all  the  monies  of  the 
college,  and  pay  them  to  the  order  of  the  president  or  vice-president  only, 
which  order  shall  be  the  voucher  for  his  expenditures. 

10.  Every  member  of  the  college  shall  have  a  certificate  of  his  election, 
with  the  seal  of  the  college  affixed  thereto,  signed  by  the  president  and  vice- 
president,  and  countersigned  by  the  censors  and  secretary.  The  style  of  the 
certificates,  and  all  addresses  from  the  college  shall  be  as  follows :  The  presi- 
dent, vice-president,  and  college  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 

11.  No  associate  who  comes  to  reside  within  the  limits  mentioned  in  the 
second  rule  shall  be  admitted  to  fellowship  in  the  college,  without  being 
elected  in  the  manner  prescribed  for  the  admission  of  fellows.  No  new  mem- 
ber shall  be  chosen  who  has  not  been  proposed  at  a  previous  stated  meeting. 

12.  No  law  nor  regulation  shall  be  adopted  that  has  not  been  proposed  at 
a  previous  stated  meeting,  nor  shall  any  part  of  the  constitution  be  altered 
without  being  proposed  for  consideration  for  three  months.  The  president 
or  vice  president  when  he  takes  the  chair  shall  have  no  vote,  except  in  ques- 
tions where  there  is  an  equal  division  of  voices.  Two  fifths  of  the  fellows 
shall  be  a  quorum  for  all  ordinary  business  \'^  but  for  the  expenditure  of 

1  This  rule  was  amended  April  6,  1852.  It  was  ordered  that  hereafter  the 
meetings  of  the  college  shall  be  held  on  the  first  Wednesday  instead  of  the 
first  Tuesday  in  the  month.  The  change  was  made  in  compliance  with  a  request 
of  29  fellows,  members  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia, 
which  holds  its  meetings  every  Tuesday. 

2  Amended,  April  1,  1788,  so  that  seven  fellows  shall  constitute  a  quorum 
for  ordinary  business. 


AI'I'KNDIX.  179 

inorioy,  the  iinikiii^  of  Ijiwh,  or  iillcrin^  the  constitution,  tli*;  niajority  of  thf; 
fellowM  hIiiiII  1)0  !i  (|uorurii. 

I.').  I^jvory  Hillovv  upon  lii.s  adrnis.sioii  Hliali  HiihHcriltc  to  tlu;  uhovc  rnloH,  an 
!i  testimony  of  liis  (^onHc.nt  to  Ik;  l)oiin<l  liy  tlicni.  Ht;  hIihII  at  tli<;  Hariio  time 
pay  into  the  hands  of  tlie  treasurer  the  Huni  of  ei^'ht  dollars  towards  estab- 
lishing a  fund  for  the  use  of  the  college:  he  shall  likewise  pay  two  dollars 
annually  for  the  same  purpose. 

'i'liis  amended  constitution  of  November,  17H7,  has  been  signed  by  every 
fellow  elected  since  that  date.     It  has  not  been  heretofore  printed. 


Tlir;    INAUOUIIAL  ADDRESS, 

MADE  TO  THE  COI.LEOK  OK  PIIYSICtANS,  BV  TMK  FIRST  PRESIDENT  TFIKREf»F, 

DR.   .JOHN    REDMAN. 

Gentlemen  :  At  our  first  meeting  to  form  a  society  under  the  style  and 
title  of  a  College  of  Physicians,  and  to  organize  ourselves  by  choo.sing  proper 
ofiicers  and  members,  so  as  to  constitute  a  body,  you  were  pleased  to  honor  me 
with  your  suffrage  and  elect  me  your  President.  Upon  that  occasion  I  felt 
myself  oppressed,  and,  for  some  reasons,  undetermined  whether  I  should 
continue  in  the  office ;  I  therefore  signified  my  acceptance  only  by  a  tacit 
consent  rather  than  otherwise.  On  my  return  home,  under  a  strong  impres- 
sion of  the  weight,  both  of  the  office  and  my  obligations  to  you,  I  sat  down 
and  wrote  what  occurred  to  me  as  a  suitable  address  to  you  at  our  nest  or 
some  future  meeting,  that  might  be  most  proper.  Being  unavoidably  pre- 
vented, I  had  not  the  pleasure  of  attending  your  next  meeting.  But  having 
now  the  peculiar  happiness  of  seeing  you  convened  in  a  body,  and,  I  tnist, 
united  in  those  bonds  which  are  the  result  of  most  benevolent  principles,  and 
may  be  efficacious  for  the  most  beneficent  purposes,  I  feel  highly  honored  in 
appearing  before  you  as  your  official  head,  and  therefore  deem  it  a  proper 
opportunity  to  express  my  respects  to  you  and  regards  for  the  society,  by 
addressing  you  in  the  very  words  I  then  wrote,  which  I  the  rather  chose  to  do, 
as  they  are  dictated  by  the  high  sense  I  then  had  of  the  importance  of  the 
institution  and  its  future  eminence  if  rightly  conducted,  and  were  suggested 
by  the  immediate  eftusious  of  gratitude,  without  any  exaggerations  or  arti- 
ficial colorings,  and  for  which,  indeed,  I  have  no  talents,  if  I  had  even  desired 
or  designed  it.  Being  not  used  to  speak  in  public,  I  must  beg  leave  rather 
to  read  it  than  attempt  to  pronounce  it  from  memory,  which,  at  my  age,  is 
not  much  to  be  depended  on,  and,  while  I  bespeak  your  patient  attention,  I 
hope,  cannot  but  assure  myself  of  your  candid  and  fiivorable  constniction  of 
the  matter,  and  benevolent  excuse  of  any  defects  in  the  manner  of  deliver- 
ing it. 


180  APPENDIX. 

When  I  look  round  me  and  see  so  many  gentlemen  of  character  for  learn- 
ing, ingenuitj',  and  integritj'  in  the  profession  and  practice  of  physick,  and 
some  whose  talents  have  early  called  them  forth  into  public  notice  and  offices 
of  dignity  in  the  medical  line,  and  who  have  conducted  therein  for  many 
years,  so  much  to  their  own  reputation  and  to  the  satisfaction  and  advantage 
of  their  pupils  and  of  their  fellow-citizens  ;  and  then  look  within  myself  and 
consider  my  own  powers  and  the  time  allotted  to  me  by  Providence,  from  the 
state  of  those  powers,  and  also  that  time  of  life  which  I  have  walked  in  from 
choice,  having  in  my  constitutional  frame  no  great  desires  of  exaltation  above 
the  middle  state,  nor  higher  ambition  than  to  conduct  therein  rather  with 
integrity  and  usefulness  than  eclat.  After  such  a  view  I  said  it  would  be 
vanity  or  arrogance  in  me  not  to  suppose  that  my  election  was  more  owing 
to  the  geuerous  benevolence  of  your  own  minds,  as  a  mark  of  respect  to  my 
age  and  long  standing  in  the  profession,  and  as  a  kind  and  disinterested  testi- 
mony of  approbation  of  my  general  conduct  in  life,  and  regularity  in  the 
practice  of  our  art,  than  to  any  peculiar  merit  of  mine.  Nevertheless,  I  am 
equally  bound  in  duty  and  gratitude  to  return  you  my  best  thanks  for  the 
honor  you  have  done  me,  which  I  now  do  most  heartily,  to  you  gentlemen 
the  senior  fellows  who  elected  me,  and  also  to  you  gentlemen  junior  fellows, 
who,  I  am  informed,  unanimously  approved  of  my  election ;  more  especially 
as  it  places  me  first  on  the  list  of  presidents  of  the  College  of  Physicians, 
both  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  I  believe,  in  all  the  United  States  of 
America.  This  reminds  me  of  two  things,  which  I  cannot  recollect  but  with 
concern,  and  indeed  I  ought  to  regret.  The  first  of  them  is  that  this  insti- 
tution did  not  commence  at  an  earlier  period,  and  in  the  lifetime  of  one 
whose  person,  age,  character,  and  reputation  for  medical  abilities  and  respect- 
able deportment  to  and  among  us,  as  well  as  his  generous,  just,  and  benevo- 
lent temper  of  mind,  and  great  acquaintance  with  books,  men,  and  things, 
and  proper  attention  to  times  and  seasons,  would,  I  am  persuaded,  have 
pointed  him  out  as  our  first  object.  And  it  would  have  been  the  highest 
gratification  to  me,  as  I  believe  it  would  to  you  all  who  knew  him,  to  have 
given  our  suffrages  unanimously  to  place  him  at  the  head  of  such  an  institu- 
tion. Having  said  this  much,  I  am  sure  his  name  will  readily  recur  to  you 
all ;  nor  need  I  mention  it,  but  that  I  always  recollect  with  pleasure  the  name 
of  our  worthy  and  well-respected  elder  brother,  and  my  much  esteemed 
friend,  Dr.  Thomas  Cadwaladcr.^  Though  it  is  now  but  a  melancholy 
pleasure  when  joined  with  the  reflection  on  the  loss  we  sustained  by  his 
death.  It  would  also  have  been  very  pleasing  to  have  seen  another  of  our 
elder  brethren,  my  predecessor  in  the  presidentship  of  this  institution.     I 

1  Dr.  Thomas  Cadwalader,  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
from  January  19,  1768,  and  one  of  its  Vice-Presidents  during  the  year  1769, 
died  November  14,  1779,  aged  72  years. 


APPENDIX.  181 

(loiild,  iiol.  yoii  ;ill  <'iiHily  JmU'''.  lli;it  I  mr;iti  I  )r.  'I'liotiias  IJori'l,'  rnorc  lately 
takoii  IVoiii  iiH,  iitiil  vvIkj  m)  Idii^  and  doHorvcilly  iiiainlairif;<i  a  reputation  for 
jud^iuuiit  and  Hkill  in  the  profcsHion,  and  indof"ati^(al)lf!  assifluity  t/>  the  last 
in  the  practice!  of  |)hy,siclv  and  Hurgery.  IJut  tliey  are  ni>  more— JOt  lieu  I 
Ilinc  ill.'o  hichryniic,  Mors  fuit  ut  .semper  inexorabihH.  Et  Tompus  rpiod 
ouinia  devorat,  homines  qu;c  bonos  medicosque  humi  prostcmit.  And  there 
may  they  rest  in  peace  till  old  time  itself  shall  expire,  and  that  scene  com- 
mences when  tlu'HC  mortals  shall  put  on  immortality.  The  other  circumHtances 
I  have  to  rennet  is  the  loss  of  that  spirit  of  business,  and  tliat  activity  and 
vigor  of  body  and  mind,  with  their  several  faculties  (such  as  they  were),  which 
I  was  once  possessed  of  Whence  I  fear  1  may  not  be  able  to  comport  njyself 
so  fully  up  to  the  dignity  of  the  station  j'ou  have  placed  me  in,  and  the  credit 
of  the  institution  as  may  yield  the  complete  satisfaction  to  you  or  myself 
could  wish.  These  considerations  occasioned  some  hesitation  in  my  own 
mind  at  first  in  accepting  it,  at  least  no  small  apprehensions  in  myself,  as 
feeling  the  weight  rather  oppressive,  and  overcome  by  the  height  of  the 
prospect  to  which  my  imagination  fondly  raises  the  institution  in  dignity  and 
utility  if  rightly  conducted  ;  and  to  which  our  united  wi.sdom,  prudence  and 
steady  perseverence,  will  be  found  competent,  even  though  my  declining 
powers  should  not  be  equal  to  the  part  allotted  me.  But  as  I  can  be  sure  of 
the  most  candid  construction  of  my  actions  and  most  benevolent  excuse  of 
my  defects,  which  they  will  bear,  with  such  friends  with  whom  I  have  been 
long  connected,  and  always  transacted  business  to  our  mutual  satisfaction 
and  advantage.  And  I  am  confident  of  all  needful  aid  from  every  member, 
not  only  on  duty  as  such,  but  considered  as  medical  gentlemen,  whose  pecu- 
liar characteristics  is  to  succor  those  who  labor  under  infirmities  and  diseases; 
and  if  you  live  long  enough  you  will  all  be  convinced  by  experience  (as  I  am 
already)  that  old  age,  even  in  its  commencement,  partakes  more  or  less  of 
them  both  ;  and  as  I  am  jieculiarly  happy,  in  not  only  the  future  expecta- 
tion, but  present  enjoyment  of  all  possible  assistance  from  those  of  you  whom 
I  have  the  honor  to  call  my  professional  children,  and  the  happiness  to  esteem 
and  be  esteemed  and  respected  by  them  as  such  on  all  occasions  ;  I  have, 
therefore,  ventured  to  accept  the  honor  you  have  conferred  on  me,  and  to 
undertake  the  trust  you  have  reposed  in  me  with  a  good  will ;  nor,  indeed, 
could  T  have  refused  them  without  acting  contrary  to  that  kind  of  gratitude 
which  both  the  laws  of  generosity  and  morality  re(  [uire  of  us ;  and  although  I 
do  it  with  some  fears,  j-et  also  with  a  resolution  to  exert  in  the  best  manner  I 
can  all  the  powers  I  have  still  remaining,  to  which  I  hope  your  generosity  will 
add  new  vigor  and  strength  to  promote  the  credit  and  usefulness  of  our  well 
intended  institution  ;  reserving  to  myself  the  liberty  and  determination,  that 

1  Dr.  Thomas  Bond,  an  original  member  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  and  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents,  from  1770  until  he  died,  March  26, 
1784,  aged  72  years. 


182  APPENDIX. 

if  I  find  myself  oppressed  with  the  weight,  or  my  infirmities  increase  so  as 
not  to  be  able  to  conduct  in  my  station  with  constant  attention  or  full  pro- 
priety, to  be  the  first  to  request  and  insist  upon  my  resignation  of  it  to  those 
whose  vigor  and  activity  of  mind  and  body  may  render  them  more  competent 
and  proper  for  your  election  ;  in  which  I  shall  heartily  join,  and  in  everything 
as  a  private  member,  as  long  and  as  far  as  my  age  and  powers  will  carry  me, 
that  tends  to  the  welfare  of  the  society,  and  its  useful  influence  for  the  good 
of  our  fellow  mortals.  This  leads  me  to  conclude  and  declare  that  though 
you  have  been  pleased  to  honor  me  so  far  as  to  place  me  at  the  head  of  your 
body,  and  thus  to  make  me  in  a  collective  sense  your  superior,  yet  I  shall 
ever  count  it  my  best  honor,  and  feel  it  one  of  my  greatest  pleasures  to  be  the 
devoted  servant  of  the  institution,  and,  gentlemen,  your  respectful  humble 
servant,  J.  R. 

Respected  Brethren :  After  I  had  writ  the  preceding  address  my  mind 
took  a  more  serious  turn,  which  I  willingly  indulged,  as  the  current  of  my 
thoughts  related  to  the  most  substantial  good  of  the  institution,  and  in  a  cer- 
tain degree  evidenced  the  earnestness  of  my  desires  to  promote  it.  Under 
that  view,  craving  your  indulgence  a  few  minutes  longer,  I  will  venture  to 
read  them  as  they  were  hastily  written,  exactly  according  to  their  rise,  pro- 
gress, and  termination  in  my  own  mind,  and  though  the  manner  in  which 
they  are  expressed  may  not  bear  every  kind  of  criticism,  yet  I  trust  the  matter 
of  them  is  such  as  will  give  offense  to  none,  but  be  approved  by  you  all ; 
especially  as  the  principles  and  grounds  of  them  are  the  words  of  one  of  the 
wisest  of  men — I  mean  King  Solomon  in  his  3d  chapter  of  Proverbs — "Trust 
in  the  Lord  with  all  thine  heart,  and  leave  not  to  thy  own  understanding ;  in 
all  thy  ways  acknowledge  him,  and  he  shall  direct  thy  paths  ;"  the  antiquity 
of  which  words  I  hope  will  be  no  objection  to  them,  with  medical  gentlemen 
who  acknowledge  that  some  of  their  oldest  authors  are  equal  if  not  superior 
to  many  of  the  moderns.  Be  that  as  it  may,  they  led  me  to  consider  that  in 
one  place  of  the  Scriptures  of  truth  it  is  declared  (and  beheved  by  all  who 
count  them  authentic,  and  have  made  them  the  subject  of  their  rational 
attention  and  serious  meditation),  that  by  the  Grod  of  Heaven  kings  reign 
and  princes  decree  justice ;  and  elsewhere,  that  except  the  Lord  build  the 
house  they  labor  in  vain  that  build  it,  except  the  Lord  keep  the  city  the 
watchman  watcheth  but  in  vain.  Taking  these  for  granted,  which  I  do  most 
heartily,  I  am  convinced  that  it  highly  becomes  rational  men  in  all  their 
lawful  enterprises  and  undertakings  of  importance,  especially  those  which 
require  wisdom  and  judgement,  prudence  and  perseverence,  effectually  to 
accomplish  them,  to  acknowledge  Grod  to  be  their  sovereign  Ruler  and  the 
Over  Ruler  of  all  events,  in  wisdom,  justice,  goodness  and  truth  ;  and  also 
to  acknowledge  their  obligations  to  him  for  every  good  they  have  or  do  enjoy, 
as  well  as  their  dependence  upon  him  for  any  good  they  still  hope  for,  or 
expect  in  the  prosecution  of  affairs  public  or  private,  and  for  his  protection. 


APPENDIX.  183 

(liroctioi)  ;ui(]  ,siir(;(iHs  f,ln'n;iii,  hipI  iiccunliii^rly  to  invoke  IiIh  aid,  arifl  implore 
liiw  ))l(!s,siii;i;  tlioroori.  IIcmk-c  it  i.s  tli;it,  I  fcol  it,  botli  my  duty  atul  iridination, 
HH  youroldfist,  iiKimhor,  ami  (iHi»(!(;iiilly  iiHyour  proHidoiit,  ami  as  very  bwoming 
to  UH  a(.  (li(!  (JomiiKiiicoiiKMit.  of  tliis  oiii'  lii.stitulion  in  your  name  and  on  your 
bchair,  to  acknowlodgc  tlic  Supreme  Being  to  be  our  Sovereign,  Lord,  and 
Ruler,  and  also  our  obligations  to  him  for  every  mercy  and  blessing  we  have 
been  the  subjcotH  of,  and  cHpccially  for  giving  us  capacities  for  such  an  under- 
taking, and  influencing  our  wills  to  engage  in  so  good  a  design  at  this  time. 
In  the  same  manner  T  do  also  aeknowlege  our  deprmdencc  upon  him  for 
protection,  direction,  blessings,  and  success;  and  furthermore  1  do,  also  in 
your  name  and  behalf,  invoke  his  aid  and  implore  him  to  grant  unto  us  in 
this  and  all  our  lawful  enterprises,  all  that  wisdom,  prudence,  discretion,  and 
judgement,  which  arc  necessary  to  conduct  it  in  a  proper  manner,  to  good 
effect  and  useful  inuposcs ;  and  also  that  grace  which  may  enable  us  to  act 
herein  from  right  principles,  with  just  motives,  to  good  ends,  and  according 
to  the  best  rules  and  regulations,  so  that  in  this  and  all  our  works  and  ways, 
we  may  glorify  Crod,  and  do  good  in  our  days ;  and  finally  that  after  we  have 
publicly  or  privately  served  our  generation  Hiithfully  according  to  the  will  of 
God,  we  may  be  fitted  for  and  admitted  into  his  Kingdom  and  glor>',  through 
Jesus  Christ,  our  Lord  and  Saviour. 


ME>rORIAL  ON  TEMPERANCE,    1787. 

To  the  Honorable,  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  : 

The  Memorial  of  the  College  of  Phj'sicians  of  the  City  of  Philadel|jhia, 
respectfully  sheweth,' 

That  your  memorialists  have  seen,  with  great  concern,  the  numerous  evils 
which  have  followed  the  intemperate  use  of  distilled  spirituous  liquors  in  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania.  They  decline  taking  notice  of  the  baneful  effects  of 
these  liquors  on  property  and  morals,  and  beg  leave  to  confine  their  memorial 
to  their  influence  upon  the  health  and  lives  of  their  fellow  citizens,  and  the 
population  of  their  country. 

That  among  the  numerous  diseases  which  are  produced  by  the  nse  of  dis- 
tilled spirituous  liquors,  the.v  would  only  mention,  the  Dropsy,  Epilepsy, 
Palsy,  Apoplexy,  Melancholy  and  Gladness ;  which  too  seldom  yield  to  the 
powers  of  medicine.  That  where  distilled  spirituous  liquors  do  not  produce 
these  terrible  and  obstinate  diseases  they  generally  impair  the  strength  of  the 
body  so  as  to  lessen  its  ability  to  undergo  that  labour,  either  in  degree  or 
duration,  which  it  is  capable  of  without  them.    That  the  prevailing  ideas  of 

^  Adopted  at  a  stated  meeting  Xov.  <>,  1787,  presented  bv  Drs.  Jones,  Rush, 
and  Griffitts,  the  Committee  appointed  Sept.  4,  1787. 


18-4  APrENDIX. 

the  necessity  and  advantages  of  using  distilled  spirituous  liquors  to  obviate 
the  injuriouseifects  of  extreme  heat  or  cold  upon  the  human  body  are  alto- 
gether without  foundation,  and  that  they  increase  the  evils  they  are  taken  to 
remove.  That  the  inconvenience  arising  from  excessive  labor,  heat,  or  cold, 
is  to  be  removed  with  much  more  safety  and  certainty  by  the  use  of  Cider 
or  malt  liquors.  Your  memorialists  therefore  pray  that  your  Honorable 
House  would  take  the  facts  herein  stated  into  their  serious  consideration,  and 
as  Guardians  of  the  health  and  lives,  no  less  than  of  the  liberties  and  morals 
of  their  constituents,  that  they  would  enact  such  a  law,  for  the  checking  the 
improper  use  of  distilled  spirituous  liquors  as  to  their  wisdom  and  humanity 
may  seem  proper. 

Signed  by  the  President  and  attested  by  the  Secr'y,  presented  with  a  re- 
quest that  it  may  be  inserted  in  the  journals  of  the  House. 


LINES   OCCASIONED   BY  THE  DECEASE   OP  DR.   GERARDUS   CLARKSON, 
OP  THIS  CITY,    SEPTEMBER  19,    1790.^ 

Farewell,  my  friend,  it  seems  we  meet  no  more, 
Amid  the  perils  of  this  hostile  shore  ; 
These  eyes  no  more  thy  form  rever'd  shall  see, 
'Nor  more  thy  friendly  councils  visit  me, 
Amid  the  gloom  of  sickness  or  of  woe, 
No  further  solace  shall  thy  cares  bestow. 
Nor  'mid  the  mazes  of  this  checquered  scene. 
Thy  wisdom  aid  me,  or  thy  bosom  serene  ! 

Grone  are  the  days  of  friendship  so  sincere, 
Tho'  once  they  sooth' d  me,  they  now  urge  the  tear, 
As  flowers  of  spring— so  lovely  once  to  view, 
But  now  turned  painful,  what  regrets  pursue  ; 
With  unavailing  grief,  I  seek  thy  urn. 
And  look  for  pleasures  that  are  past  return  ! 

Thine  now  are  joys  beyond  what  thought  can  paint, 
Such  as  the  just  console,  and  bless  the  saint, 
Crown' d  with  rich  fruits  beneath  autumnal  skies, 
The  master  saw  thee,  and  bestowed  the  prize  ; 
He  spared  thee  winter's  desolating  sway, 
And  took  to  regions  of  perpetual  3Iay  ! 

1  Poems  on  several  occasions.  By  John  Swanwick  Esq.,  one  of  the  repre- 
sentatives in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  from  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 
Philadelphia,  1797. 


APPENDIX.  185 

There  rest  iti  peucc  -  I  lif  S;iliti;illi  ol'tlir  lomh 

Vi)r  lli(!0  prepares  :iii  (!V<;rl;isliii^'  hlooiii  ; 

Lot  not  thy  Criciid  ihcMi  CoDli^hly  ro|)iiie 

As  pleasures  lost  to  liini,  ho  well  exchanged  for  thine  I 


MNKS   SACUKI)   'Id   TlIK    MI'MDliV    oF    Id!.    IIKMiV    .STIIil-.H. 

What  bcckuiiiii,!,^  ^lio.st  beside  yon  ancient  towers, 

Invites  to  tread  the  melancholy  isle, 
Where  awful  death  has  deck'd  her  lonely  bowers, 

And  sits  in  triuiu|)h  o'er  the  dreary  pile. 

Is  it  some  statesman  weary  of  the  load, 

Which  mad  ambition  on  her  sons  bestows. 
That  calls  to  view  that  desolate  abode, 

Where  ends  at  last  his  labours  and  his  woes? 

Is  it  some  miser,  whose  usurious  soul 

Could  not  enjoy  what  fortune  chanc'd  to  give, 

That  now  in  others  would  the  sense  controul. 
That  took  from  him — the  faculty  to  live? 

Ah  no — 'tis  Stuber,  whose  enlightened  face, 
Dispell'd  the  mists  of  error  where  it  shone  : 

He  still,  in  death,  instructs  the  rising  race. 
And  bids  them  gather  knowledge  at  his  stone. 

Teaches  by  early  industry  to  save. 

The  fleeting  moments  of  all  precious  time, 
If  tears  of  friendship  wishing  at  their  grave. 

They  pant  like  him,  for  laurels  in  their  prime. 

Teaches,  like  him,  with  early  zeal  to  tread 

The  paths  of  honor,  learning  and  renown. 
If  like  himself  beloved — and  mouru'd  when  dead. 

They'd  wish  in  youth  an  everlasting  crown. 

Jouy  SwANWicK.  Esq. 


186  APPENDIX. 


MEMORI4L  ON  TEMPERANCE,  ADDRESSED  TO  THE  CONGRESS  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES,  DECEJIBER,  1790. 

To  ihe  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  in  Congress 
asseynhled.  The  Memorial  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  the  City  of 
Philadelphia  respectfully  shoiveth  :^ 

That  they  have  seen  with  great  pleasure  the  operation  of  the  National 
Government,  vphich  has  estabUshed  order  in  the  United  States. 

They  rejoice  to  find,  amongst  the  powers  which  belong  to  this  government, 
that  of  restraining,  by  certain  duties,  the  consumption  of  distilled  spirits  in 
our  country.  It  belongs  more  peculiarly  to  men  of  other  professions  to 
enumerate  the  pernicious  effects  of  these  liquors  on  morals  and  manners. 
Your  memorialists  will  only  remark  that  a  great  proportion  of  the  most  obsti- 
nate, painful,  and  mortal  disorders  which  affect  the  human  body  are  pro- 
duced by  distilled  spirits — that  they  are  not  only  destructive  to  health  and 
life,  but  that  they  impair  the  faculties  of  the  mind,  and  thereby  tend  equally 
to  dishonor  our  character  as  a  nation,  and  to  degrade  our  species  as  intelligent 
beings. 

Your  memorialists  have  no  doubt  that  the  rumor  of  a  plague  or  any  other 
pestilential  disorder,  which  might  sweep  away  thousands  of  their  fellow- 
citizens,  would  produce  the  most  vigorous  and  eifectual  measures  in  our 
government  to  prevent  or  subdue  it. 

Your  memorialists  can  see  no  just  cause  why  the  more  certain  and  exten- 
sive ravages  of  distilled  spirits  upon  human  life  should  not  be  guarded  against 
with  corresponding  vigilance  and  exertions  by  the  present  rulers  of  the  United 
States. 

Your  memorialists  beg  leave  to  add  further  that  the  hahitual  use  of  dis- 
tilled spirits,  in  any  case  whatever,  is  wholly  unnecessarj' — that  they  neither 
fortify  the  body  against  the  morbid  effects  of  heat  or  cold,  nor  render  labor 
more  easy,  nor  more  productive — and  that  there  are  many  articles  of  diet 
and  drink,  which  are  not  only  safe  and  perfectly  salutary,  but  preferable  to 
distilled  spirits  for  each  of  the  above-mentioned  purposes. 

Your  memorialists  have  beheld  with  regret  the  feeble  influence  of  reason 
and  religion,  in  restraining  the  evils  they  have  enumerated. 

They  centre  their  hopes,  therefore,  of  an  efiicient  remedy  for  them  in  the 
wisdom  and  power  of  the  Legislature  of  the  United  States;  and  in  behalf  of 
the  interests  of  humanity,  to  which  their  profession  is  closely  allied,  they 
thus. publicly  entreat  the  Congress,  by  their  obligations,  to  protect  the  lives 
of  their  constituents,  and  by  their  regard  to  the  character  of  our  nation,  and 
to  the  rank  of  our  species  in  the  scale  of  beings,  to  impose  such  heavy  duties 
upon  all  distilled  spirits  as  shall  be  effectual  to  restrain  their  intemperate  use 
in  our  country. 

^  Adopted  December  27,  1790. 


ai'I'i:m)I.\.  187 


'niK  ADDUKSS  Ol-'  'I'llK  I'l!  KSI  |»KNT,   KM.   .JOHN   UKK.MAN,  TIIANKI.N«f  TIIK 
COI.I.KCK  I'ult   HIS  KKKLKCTION,  AIJUUHT  2,   17'.»1.' 

Gkntlkmkn  :  Having  by  iiidisrio.silioii  of  body  been  prcvenfccj  from  join- 
ing you  at  your  last  meeting  and  annual  election,  when  3'ou  honored  me  with 
your  sufTrapeH,  and  reelected  me  to  the  Presidency  of  the  College,  I  now  take 
the  first  opportunity  of  returning  you  my  hearty  thankH  for  this  renewed 
iristan(!e  of  your  r(!Hp(!(',t,  the  continuaticcofvvliif;!!,  iiolwidiHtanding  my  infirm- 
ities, so  evidently  increasing  with  my  years,  leads  me  to  add,  that  such  kind 
indulgence  toward  an  aged  brother,  arising  chiefly  from  the  benevolence  of 
your  own  minds,  demands  my  particular  acknowledgements,  and  under  that 
view  gratitude  obliges  my  acceptance  of  the  office  again  at  this  time,  which, 
otherwise  in  regard  to  myself,  I  should  have  wished  to  decline.  For,  to  be 
candid  and  tell  you  the  truth,  I  sIkjuM  not  have  been  easy  under  the  sense  I 
had  of  my  growing  infirmities  of  body  and  mind  for  some  time  past,  to  have 
continued  to  accept  the  honor  you  have  so  repeatedly  conferred  upon  me, 
but  from  the  consideration  that  you  always  joined  a  colleague  with  me  as 
Vice-President,  whose  eminence  and  reputation  in  our  profession,  and  whose 
clearness  of  judgment,  vigor  of  faculties,  and  easy  manner  of  conveying  his 
sentiments,  together  with  his  friendly  disposition  to  aid  me,  fully  obviated 
and  prevented  any  ill  effects,  naturally  to  be  expected  from  declining  age, 
and  rendered  my  situation  more  pleasant  than  otherwise  it  might  have  been. 
But  though  much  and  justly  respected  by  us  and  all  connected  with  him  in 
kindred,  friendship,  or  business,  he  was  mortal,  and  he  has  gone — no  more 
to  return,  to  aid  by  his  talents,  or  gratify  us  by  his  presence  at  our  meetings, 
or  cheer  us  by  his  affability,  agreeable  converse,  and  polite  manners.  And 
therefore  (though  somewhat  late,  and  almost  unseasonable),  I  mu.st  indulge 
myself  in  sympathising  with  you,  and  regretting  the  real  loss  which  the 
republic  of  medicine  in  general,  and  our  collegiate  society  in  particular,  have 
sustained  thereby.  Much  did  I  expect,  from  his-being  several  j'ears  younger 
than  mj'self,  and  so  well  and  justly  esteemed  by  you,  that  he  would  be  my 
next  successor  ;  and  from  a  settled  resolution,  soon  to  request  my  dismission 
(if  not  otherwise  removed),  I  sometimes  flattered  myself  with  having  the 
pleasure  to  see  him  raised  to  your  presidential  chair — to  which  I  should  most 
heartily  have  concurred,  as  well  on  account  of  his  own  merit  and  qualifica- 
tions, as  because  it  would  have  been  highly  gratifying  to  me  to  be  a  living 
witness  of  our  college  being  headed  bj'  one  whose  eminence  in  more  than 
one  of  the  material  branches  of  medical  science,  and  reputation  among  our 
citizens  in  general  was  still  very  flourishing,  and  whose  connections  with  and 
estimation  in  which  he  was  held  by  the  higher  orders  and  ranks  of  them, 
was  so  conspicuous  and  intimate,  as  might  contribute  to  the  greater  external 
dignity  of  the  institution,  and  render  its  influence  more  powerful  and  effectual 

1  The  college  requested  him  to  accept  its  thanks  for  his  address,  and  directed 
that  it  be  preserved  on  the  minutes. 


188  APPENDIX. 

on  any  particular  occasion  of  public  utility,  wherein  it  might  be  thought 
requisite,  or  be  called  to  exert  it. 

But  that  I  may  not  detain  you  longer  on  a  subject  now  hopeless,  with 
respect  to  him,  I  shall  conclude  it  only  with  one  observation  or  reflection, 
which,  though  partaking  of  the  same  gloomy  complexion  with  the  circum- 
stance which  occasions  it,  yet  may  be  useful  in  application,  and  I  doubt  not 
may  have  occurred  to  many  of  you,  as  well  as  myself,  that  though  our  loss  in 
members  since  the  commencement  of  our  institution  may  not  have  exceeded 
the  usual  proportion,  yet  I  think  it  a  little  remarkable  that  the  lot  has 
hitherto  only  fallen  on  our  oflicers  (except  one  who  had  previously  resigned 
his  membership),  though  no  certain,  or  even  plausible  inference  can  be 
drawn  from  it,  respecting  those  in  that  capacity  more  than  others,  still  I 
thought  it  a  remark  worth  noticing,  as  it  may  be  of  use  to  them,  as  well  as 
all,  if  duly  and  seasonably  attended  to  and  improved ;  and  to  none  is  appli- 
cation more  proper  than  to  him  who  makes  it,  and  is  the  oldest  among  you. 

And  now,  gentlemen,  as  it  doth  not  become  us  to  murmur  at,  and  much 
less  to  arraign,  any  of  the  dispensations  of  that  Providence,  which  we  believe 
is  ever  conducted  in  its  arrangements  by  infinite  wisdom  and  goodness,  and 
always  for  the  best  on  the  whole,  or  be  so  absorbed  in  regretting  our  losses, 
as  not  to  remember  and  thankfully  improve  the  blessings  we  still  enjoy — 
leaving  the  mournful  scene  we  have  just  been  contemplating  .  I  now  feel 
myself  equally  incited  by  duty  and  inclination  to  congratulate  you  on  the 
judicious  and  prudent  measure  you  have  taken  to  fill  up  the  vacancy  which 
the  death  of  our  late  worthy  Vice-President  had  made,  by  electing  to  the 
ofl&ce  a  gentleman  so  properly  qualified  for  it ;  who  being  born  and  educated 
among  us,  and  after  considerable  expense  of  time  and  fortune  had  completed 
his  studies  abroad,  was  one  of  the  first  of  those  whose  liberal  minds  and 
patriotic  regards  for  their  native  country,  led  them  to  concert  the  plan  for  a 
complete  medical  instruction  among  ourselves ;  and  was  the  very  first  who 
stepped  forth  with  manly  firmness  and  becoming  confidence  in  the  utility  and 
dignity  of  the  plan,  in  the  execution  of  it — and  whose  steady  perseverence  and 
judicious  prosecution  of  the  particular  and  important  branch  he  first  engaged 
in,  in  conjunction  with  those  who  followed  him,  and  his  example,  in  the  several 
departments  which,  by  mutual  agreement,  they  undertook,  have  not  only 
accomplished  their  design  completely,  but  in  such  a  manner  as  doth  them 
much  credit,  and  gained  them  great  approbation  and  applause,  both  at  home 
and  abroad,  and  to  the  great  emoluments  of  our  country  and  the  students  of 
medicine,  who  may  now,  under  their  tuition,  be  as  regularly  instructed  in 
medical  science,  and  as  fully  and  honorably  qualified  for  practice,  as  in  any 
of  those  foreign  seminaries  which  are  much  older,  many  instances  of  which 
have  been  exhibited  much  to  the  honor  of  the  professors  of  our  medical 
school.  All  which  considerations  pointed  him  out  as  the  proper  object  of 
our  choice  on  the  late  occasion.  And,  therefore,  as  I  had  not  the  pleasure 
to  be  present  and  join  my  suffrage,  I  now  think  myself  bound  to  express  my 


AIMMINDIX.  189 

hourly  (;o(iciin(!iic(!,  ;uii|  sinccroly  (;()ii<(r;ituliit(',  you,  Sir,  on  your  ohictiori  to 
the  Vicc-]*rcsidcncy  of  the  first  (Jollcge  of  J'hy.sicianH  in  America,  and  thus 
receivinf^  in  tlio  inidfinic  of  life,  ami  wliilf;  your  faculties  arc  Htill  vigorous 
and  aniniated,  this  further  reward  of  your  merit  and  labors  for  the  public 
good;  as  well  as  on  tliatofyour  laic  eleelion  into  another  institution  founded 
on  the  i)riiiei|»leH  of  humanity  and  ehiirity  for  the  pious  purpose  of  affording 
relief  to  the  indif!;ent  sick  and  deranged;  where  you  will  have  the  heart- 
affecting  opportunity  of  exercising  the  virtues  of  the  man,  the  physician,  and 
Christian,  and  thereby  insure  and  enhance  the  comforts  of  your  declining 
years. 

Nor  can  I  omit  congratulating  myself  on  the  well-grounded  hope  I  enter- 
tain of  receiving  from  the  abilities  of  our  new  Vice-President  (and  from  the 
goodwill  and  politeness  I  have  alwaj's  experience  when  conjoined  with  him 
on  other  occasions),  that  aid  and  supjjort  in  my  office  which  my  advanced 
age,  and  debilitated  powers  and  defective  senses  make  requisite  ;  and  which 
may  render  my  situation  the  more  easy  and  pleasant  while  I  remain  in  it, 
which  cannot  now  be  long,  as  I  am  persuaded  I  must  soon  recede  either 
from  prudential  choice,  or  from  necessity  of  another  kind,  needless  here  to 
mention:  but  which  puts  me  in  mind  to  conclude  with  declaring  (as  possibly 
this  may  be  the  last  opportunity  1  may  have  of  so  doing  on  such  an  occasion), 
my  hearty  goodwill  to  and  wishes  for  the  prosperity  and  success  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  in  everything  that  may  render  it  honorable  and  useful  to 
our  native  country,  now  risen  into  empire,  and  rising  in  fame,  and  to  the 
relief  and  solace  of  our  suffering  fellow  mortals,  and  also  for  the  peace  and 
happiness  of  each  of  you  its  members  in  j-our  several  stations  and  relations, 
civil  and  social,  both  here  and  hereafter. 

MEMORABLE  DATES   tN  THE   HISTORY   (>F  THK  COLLEGE. 

Institution  of  the  College      .        .        ...        .  Jan,  2,  1787. 

Institution  of  the  library March  3,  1788. 

Incorporation  of  the  College         ....  March  26,  1789. 

Institution  of  the  pathological  museum        .         .  June  5,  1849. 

Institution  of  the  building  fund    ....  Nov.  2,  1849. 

Institution  of  the  jM litter  Museum       .         .         .  Dec.  11,  1858. 

Institution  of  the  second  building  fund         .         .  April  7,  187.5. 

BUILDING  FUND. 
1849. 

After  it  had  been  determined  to  continue  the  building-fund  trust.  Drs. 
Francis  West,  T.  Hewson  Bache,  Edward  Hartshorne,  S.  Weir  Mitchell, 
Wm.  Byrd  Page,  James  J.  Levick,  and  Eobert  P.  Thomas  were  appointed 
March  2,  1859,  "  to  solicit  from  the  fellows  additional  contributions  to  the 
building  fund  of  the  college."     They  were  authorized.  April  6,  1859,   "to 


190 


APPENDIX. 


solicit  contiibutions  from  the  citizens  generally  as  well  as  from  the  fellows  of 
the  college  ;''  but  so  many  of  the  elders  disapproved  of  the  method  that  it 
was  abandoned. 

This  committee  reported,  Dec.  5,  1860,  that  it  had  procured  subscriptions 
amountiug  to  $46C.5,  of  which  $2700  had  been  paid;  and,  on  its  request,  was 
discharged. 

From  the  minutes  of  proceedings  of  the  committee  on  collections,  ap- 
pointed Dec.  4,  1849  (seepage  154),  and  the  final  report  of  the  above-named 
committee,  the  following  list  of  payments  to  the  fund,  up  to  Dec.  1860,  has 
been  compiled.     It  includes  the  original  contributors. 


CONTRIBUTORS   TO   THE   FUND 


To  erect  a  hall  for  the  accommodation  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Fhiladeljjhia,  paid  prior  to  Dec.  5,  1860,  $10,635. 


George  B.  Wood 
George  Fox 
Hugh  L.  Hodge 
Charles  D.  Meigs 
George  W.  Norris 
John  Rodman  Paul 
Franklin  Bache 
J.  Wilson  Moore 
Edward  Peace 
Caspar  Morris  . 
William  Pepper 
Moreton  Stille 
William  Ashmead 
Henry  Bond     . 
J.  H.  Bradford 
Henry  E.  Drayton 
K.  M.  Huston  . 
Samuel  Jackson 
Samuel  Lewis  . 
J.  Pancoast 

C.  W.  Pennock 
Alfred  Stille     . 
Joseph  Warrington 
Caspar  Wister 
Charles  Evans 
Isaac  Hays 

John  Bell 

D.  Francis  Condie 
Joseph  Carson 

E.  Dunglison    . 


^4000  G.  Emerson      . 

500  S.  D.  Gross 

500  Benjamin  S.  Janney 

500  J.  Forsyth  Meigs 

500  Wra.  Byrd  Page 

500  Isaac  Parrish   . 

800  Lewis  Rodman 

250  H.  H.  Smith     . 

250  M.  C.  Shallcross 

200  H,  Tiedeman    . 

200  Francis  West  . 

200  L.  P.  Gebhard 

100  Theophilus  Beasley 

100  J.  H.  B.  McClellan 

100  W.  H.  Klapp  . 

100  Squire  Littell  . 

100  Wm.  Mayburry 

100  Washington  L.  Atl 

100  Robert  Bridges 

100  T.  Hewson  Bache 

100  Thomas  Dillard 

100  W.  W.  Gerhard 

100  W.  R.  Grant    . 

100  Ed.  Hartsborne 

75  R.  A.  F.  Penrose 

75  John  J.  Reese  . 

50  Alexander  Wilcocks 

50  Wra.  H.  Hooper 

50  Anthony  E.  Stocker 

50  Wm.  R.  Bullock 


50 

60 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 
50 
40 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
20 
15 
15 
10 


APPENDIX. 

i:ti 

15.    11.    Colli  ('H       . 

!M0 

.John   U.  I'Mrkurrl      . 

$    r, 

Jolin  D.  (ii'i.s(!()in 

10 

CilJZr.HH — 

Samnol  L.  Ilolliiif^.sworlh 

10 

IJlunchard  &  Lea 

.",00 

Williiiin  Hunt 

10 

.1.  I>.  Iji[i|iiricott  A:  Co. 

2W 

William  V.  Kciilirif:; 

10 

C.  II.  FiHhcr    . 

100 

D.  Paul  Lajus 

10 

John  J.  Kramor 

HK) 

Gotthilf  Mnohring   . 

10 

Blair  &  Wyeth 

IW 

"W.  S.  W.  Riischenl)er<;(!r 

10 

Isaac  Lea 

100 

A.  M.  Slocum  . 

10 

Lind.say  ic  FJlaki.ston 

100 

Francis  G.  Smith 

10 

George  Ord 

.00 

li.  II.  Town.send       . 

10 

Henry  Seybert 

.00 

Robert  V.  Thomas    . 

10 

Ilobert  P.  De  Silver 

2.') 

J.  15.  Biddlc      . 

6 

Williatn  llembell     . 

20 

At  ;i  niccting  of  the  college,  April  4,  isiio,  Dr.  Geo.  B.  Wood  stated  in 
substance  that  this  would  probably  be  the  last  opportunity  he  would  have 
before  going  to  Europe  to  express  the  .strong  interest  he  felt  in  the  concerns 
of  the  college — that  at  the  time  when  it  would  be  necessary  to  begin  the 
work  in  order  to  complete  the  edifice  at  the  period  stipulated  to  secure  the 
Mutter  endowment,  the  fund,  exclusive  of  unpaid  subscriptions,  would  be 
about  $l(),Ol)0,  or  $9000  less  than  the  estimated  cost  of  the  building — that  if 
the  college  would  raise  the  amount  needed  to  make  the  $2.i,o0o,  he  himself 
would  contribute  the  $.">000  additional  which  would  probably  be  necessary  to 
finish  and  furnish  satisflictorily  the  proposed  hall — that  he  wished  the  college 
to  consider  him  formally  pledged  to  pay  this  sum  after  his  return  from  abroad, 
on  the  conditions  mentioned.  He  stated  also  that  "  he  had  taken  measures 
to  secure  the  sum  of  $.")000  to  the  college,  should  any  contingency  occur  by 
which  his  return  "  would  be  prevented. 


OFFICERS 

OF    THE 

COLLEOE  OF  PHYSICIANS  OF  PHILADELPHIA, 

FROM    1786   TILL   JANUARY,    1887. 


Presidents — 12. 


E  lected. 


John  Redman, 

Oct. 

1786 

William  Shippen, 

July 

2 

1805 

Adam  Kuhn, 

Sept. 

6, 

1808 

Thomas  Parke, 

July 

1, 

1818 

Thomas  C.  James,* 

Mar. 

3, 

1835 

Thomas  T.  Hewson, 

July 

T, 

1835 

George  B.  Wood, 


Mar.   7,  1848 


W.S.W.PvUschenberger,fMay   7,  1879 
Alfred  Stills,  Jan.     3,  1883 

Samuel  Lewis,  +  Jan.    2,  1884 

J.  M.  Da  Costa,  May    7.  1884 

S.  Weir  Mitchell,  Jan.    6,  1886 

*  Died  July  5,  1835. 

f  "  It  was  enacted  July  2,  1879,  that  no  fellow  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office 
of  president  more  than  five  years  in  succession."  An  amendment  of  1882  limits 
the  tenure  of  the  presidency  to  three  years. 

X  Kesigned  on  account  of  impaired  health  May,  1884. 


Vice-Presidents — 20. 


John  Jones, 
William  Shippen,  Jr., 
Adam  Kuhn, 
Samuel  Duffield,* 
Thomas  Parke, 
Samuel  P.  Griffitts, 
Thomas  C.  James, 
Thomas  T.  Hewson, 
Joseph  Parrish, 
John  C.  Otto, 

*  Declined  reelection  July  .3,  1813. 


Elected. 

Elected, 

Oct.        1786 

Henry  Neill, 

July    2, 

1844 

July,        1791 

George  B.  Wood, 

Nov.   3, 

1845 

July    2,  1805 

Charles  D.  Meigs, f 

July    4, 

1848 

Sept.  6,  1808 

Franklin  Bache, 

Jan.    3, 

1855 

Aug.  13,1813 

George  W.  Norris, 

June  ], 

1864 

July    7,  1818 

W.S.W.Euschenberi 

-er,May     6, 

1875 

July  25,  1826 

Alfred  Stills, 

June   4, 

1879 

April  7,  1835 

J.  M.  Da  Costa, 

Jan.     3, 

1883 

July    7,  1835 

S.  Weir  Mitchell, 

June  4, 

1884 

July    7,  1840 

John  H.  Packard, 

Jan.    6, 

1886 

f  Declined  reelection  June,  1855. 


APPENDIX, 


I  'X'> 


Cenhorh— 31, 


Jolin  Morf!;an, 
Williiun  Sliippcii,  Jr., 
Adiiin  Kului, 
JJ(Wij;uuiii  Rush, 
Siuriuel  Dullicl.l, 
John  Mor^^^iin, 
Thomas  Parke, 
James  ITutchiiison, 
Caspar  Wistar, 
Samuel  DuOicld, 
Samuel  P.  Griflitts, 
William  Curric, 
Thomas  T.  llewson, 
PlunketF.Glentworth, 
Henry  Neill, 
Edwin  A.  Atlee, 
Joseph  Parrish, 
John  C.  Otto, 

Censors,  Jan.  5, 
and  Samuel  Lewis. 


IVoclod. 
()(;t.  178(i 


.Iiily  1,17S8 
.hily  7,  1789 
Nov.  1(),  1789 
July  5,  1791 
Dfc.     3,1793 

July  2,  1805 
Sept.  6,  1808 
Aug.  13,  1813 
July     7,  1818 

July  6,  1819 
July  2,  1822 
July     3,  1823 


(Jcorgf!  F'.  Wood, 
(y'liarloH  I).  McigH, 
,].  Wilrton  Moore, 
Henry  Bond, 
Hamuel  Jackson,* 
George  W.  Norris, 
R.  La  Roche, 
Isaac  Hays, 
Joseph  Carson, 
W.S.W.Iluschenberger 
Lewis  Rodman, 
Edward  llartshorne, 
Alfred  Stille, 
William  Goodell, 
Samuel  Lewis, 
Alfred  Still6, 
Samuel  Lewis, 


1887 :  Lewis  Rodman,  William  Goodell, 


"*  Of  Northumberland. 


May 

5, 

I83r, 

July 

7, 

183.0 

July 

7, 

1840 

July 

2, 

1844 

Dec. 

2, 

1845 

July 

4, 

1848 

Jan. 

6, 

1858 

Jan. 

11 

4, 

18G0 
(1 

II 

II 

Jan. 

2, 

1861 

July 

0, 

18G4 

Jan. 

i< 

1877 

Jan. 

1880 

Jan. 

1884 

Jan. 

6, 

1886 

Alfred  Still6, 

Secretaries — 18. 


James  Hutchinson, 
Samuel  P.  Griffitts,* 
Thomas  C.  James, 
Thomas  T.  Hewson, 
Joseph  Parrish, 
J.  Wilson  Moore, 
Samuel  Emlen, 
Charles  D.  Meigs, 
Henry  Bond,t 


*  Declined  reelection. 
J  Declined  July,  1854. 
II  Resigned  Sept.  21,  1854. 


Elected. 

Oct. 

1786 

July 

1,  1788 

July 

5,  1796 

July 

6,  1802 

July 

7,  1812 

July 

6,  1819 

July 

4,  1820 

April 

29,  182S 

Aug. 

27,  1833 

Elected. 

D.  Francis  Condie,t       Feb.  7,  1843 

Francis  West,?                July  4,  1854 

W.S.W.Ruschenberger,||Jiily  19, 1854 

Alfred  Stills,                   Oct.  4,  1854 

Edward  Hartshorne,      Jan.  6,  1858 

John  H.  Packard,          Jan.  1,  1862 

Wm.  G.  Porter,               Jan.  3,  1877 

Richard  A.  Cleemann.'^Jan.  1,  1879 

Isaac  Xorris,  Jr.,            May  6,  1885 

t  Kesigned  Jan.  3,  1843. 
§  Declined  to  accept. 
^  Resigned  May,  1885. 


13 


194 


APPENDIX. 


Gerardus  Clarksou, 
Samuel  Duffield, 
Benjamin  Say, 


Treasurers — 7. 


Elected. 
Oct.  178G 

Oct.      5,  1790 


J.  Wilson  Moore,* 
J.  Rodman  Paul, 


Elected. 

July    25,  1825 
July     2,  1839 


Apr.     1,  1791     Charles  Stewart  Wurts,  Nov.  21,  1877 


Thomas  C.  James,        July     4,  1809 

*  Declined  reelection  July  17,  1838.     John  Bell  was  elected  Oct.  2,  1838,  but 
refusing  the  oflSce,  Dr.  Moore  was  reelected 


Elected. 

Jan.     4,  1865 
Jan.      1,  1868 


Librarians— 8. 

Elected. 

Nicholas  B.  Waters,*  Mar.     6,  1792     J.  H.  Slack, 

Michael  Leib,  Nov.     6,  1792    Eobert  Bridges,! 

T.  Hewson  Bache,        Jan.      3,  1855     Frank  Woodbury,!       Mar.     3,  1881 

C.  S.  Boker,  Jan.      6,  1864    Charles  F.  Fisher,|      July  1882 

Honorary  Librarian,  James  Hutchinson,  Jan.  3,  1883. 

Assist,  in  the  library.  Miss  Emily  Thomas,  Jan.  30,  1883. 

*  Drs.  Waters  and  Leib  were  volunteers.  The  library  was  in  charge  of  the 
censors,  till  1834.  Then  the  standing  committee  on  the  library  was  created,  the" 
chairman  of  which  was  regarded  as  librarian.  The  otBce  was  created  in  1854, 
and  the  first  librarian  elected  Jan.  3,  1855. 

t  Kesigned  March  1,  1881.  J  Kesigned  July  5,  1882. 

§  Mr.  Charles  F.  Fisher  was  engaged  temporarily,  and  continued  to  be  As- 
sistant Librarian. 


COUKCILLORS — 25. 


Wilson  Jewell,  Jan. 

Francis  W.  Lewis, 
Squire  Littell, 
Alfred  Stille,  • 
Ellerslie  Wallace, 
Francis  West, 
Caspar  Morris, 
W.S.W.Euschenberger,Jan. 
James  H.  Hutchinson,  Jan. 
John  S.  Parry,  June 

William  S.  Forbes,  Jan. 
H.  Lenox  Hodge,  Mar. 
John  H.  Brinton,  Jan. 


Elected. 

6,  1864 


Jan. 


1,  1868 

6,  1869 

1,  1873 

2,  1875 

3,  1877     Charles  W.  Dulles,       Nov. 

7,  1877     Morris  J.  Lewis,  Jan. 
2,  1878 

New  appointments  are  made  only  when  vacancies  occur. 
Councillors,  Jan.  1887,  Charles  W.  Dulles,  Arthur  V.  Meigs,  Richard  A. 
Cleemann,  William  Thomson,  Morris  J.  Lewis,.  James  Tyson. 


James  Tyson, 
Wharton  Sinkler, 
Louis  Starr, 
S.  Weir  Mitchell, 
S.  W.  Gross, 
J.  C.  Wilson, 
I.  Minis  Hays, 
Arthur  V.  Meigs, 
Rich'd  A.  Cleemann, 
William  Thomson, 
Charles  W.  Dulles, 
Morris  J.  Lewis, 


Elected. 

Jan.      4,  1882 


Jan. 


3,  1883 
1884 

1885 


1886 

3,    "  . 

5,  1887 


APPENDIX. 


196 


Edward  Rlioad.s, 
Frederick  W.  liowiw, 


IIkcokdkkh — 3. 

Klctttd. 

Jan,    r>,  1870    .1.  Ewing  Mears, 

"       .1,  ISTI 


KlecUd. 

.Jan.    3,  1872 


John  Ncill, 
William  Hunt, 


ClIKATOHS  OVTUK  MlHKI'M — 4. 

Elected.  EltcUd. 

Oct.     2,  1849    John  H.  Packard,  Jan.    2.  1861 

Jan.    6,1858    Thomas  G.  Morton,  Jan.     1,1862 


Curators  ok  the  Mutter  MusEn.M — 4. 

Elected.  Elected. 

Thomas  Gr.  Morton,       June   3,1863     William  Hunt,  temp.,    Feb.         1874 
T.  Hewsoa  Bache,*        Jan.  3,    1866     Guy  Hinsdale  (act'g),    Nov.        188.5 

*  Declined  reelection  Jan.  1884.     Dr.  Hinsdale  was  Curator  Jan.  1887. 


Standing  Committees— 26. 

Libi'ary  Coynmittee. — 27. 

John  Jones, 
Caspar  Wistar, 
Samuel  P.  Griffitts, 
Thomas  Parke, 
J.  Wilson  Moore, 
William  S.  Coxe, 
Simon  A  Wickes, 
Henry  Bond, 
Squire  Littell, 
Francis  West, 
Benjamin  H.  Coates. 
J.  Wilson  jMoore, 
William  Pepper, 
John  J .  Reese, 
Francis  West, 

Jan.  1887.  Library  Committee  consisted  of  I.  Minis  Hays.  Samuel  W. 
Gross,  IMorris  Longstreth,  George  C  Harlan,  and  William  Osier,  with  the 
Honorary  Librarian  ex  officio. 


Elected. 

EltcUd. 

June 

3, 

,  1788 

Samuel  Lewis, 

June  19, 1854 

(( 

K 

S.  Paul  Lajus, 

Jan. 

3,  1855 

'' 

U 

Thos.  F.  Betton,t 

Jan. 

4,  1860 

Mar. 

3, 

1789 

W.  F.  Atlee, 

Jan. 

2,  1861 

Oct. 

7, 

1834 

Alfred  Stills, 

Jan. 

6,  1864 

(1 

u 

Robert  Bridges,? 

June 

6,  1866 

1  ( 

( ( 

John  Ashhurst,  Jr., 

1  i. 

it 

Oct. 

6, 

1835 

L  Minis  Hays, 

Jan. 

1,  1873 

Aug. 

1, 

1837 

S.  W.  Gross, 

Jan. 

3,  1883 

June 

6, 

1843 

Samuel  Lewis, 

" 

(1 

(( 

11 

Morris  Longstreth, 

(1 

11 

June, 

1844* 

S.  Weir  Mitchell, 

Jan. 

7,  1885 

June 

o 

1846 

George  C.  Harlan, 

Mar. 

4,  1885 

( ( 

11 

William  Osier, 

Jan. 

6,  1SS6 

June 

1, 

18471 

*  Second  election. 
J  Kesigned  Oct.  1860. 


f  Second  election. 

§  Number  of  committee  increased  to  five. 


196 


APPENDIX. 


Andrew  Ross,* 
Caspar  "Wistar, 
Samuel  P.  Griffitts, 
Michael  Leib, 
William  Currie, 
John  H.  Gibbons, 
Benjamin  Rush, 
WiUiam  Shippen,  Jr., 
D.  Francis  Condie, 
li^aac  Parrish, 
John  Bell, 
Samuel  Jackson, 
Alfred  Stille, 


Committee  on  . 

PHhlication—21 . 

Elected. 

EUcled 

May, 

1793 

Francis  G.  Smith, 

Nov. 

1, 

1854 

" 

" 

Saml.L.  HoUingsworth 

" 

11 

C( 

( 1 

R.  P.  Thomas, 

Nov. 

7, 

1860 

11 

11 

Henry  Hartshorne, 

Jan. 

6, 

1864 

(1 

ii 

W.  F.  Atlee, 

1 1 

11 

11 

" 

Samuel  Lewis, 

June 

1, 

1864 

" 

" 

J.  M.  Da  Costa, 

Jan. 

4, 

1865 

11 

" 

John  Ashhurst,  Jr., 

Jan. 

1, 

1868 

Nov. 

2, 

1841 

James  H.  Hutchinson, 

" 

1873 

1 1 

" 

I.  Minis  Hays, 

Jan. 

4, 

1882 

" 

" 

Roberts  Bartholow, 

Jan. 

3, 

1883 

11 

1846 

Robert  P.  Harris, 

Jan. 

2, 

1884 

Nov.   5,  1853 


W.S.W.Kuschenberger,    "  " 

Jan.  1887.  The  Committee  consisted  of  James  H.  Hutchinson,  Robert  P. 
Harris,  Arthur  V.  Meigs,  and  the  Recorder  ex  officio. 

*  The  first  three  were  to  prepare  the  "  copy,"  the  second  three  to  superintend 
the  publication,  and  Drs.  Kush,  Shippen,  and  Griffitts  to  write  a  preface,  of  the 
first  volume  of  the  Transactions. 


Committee  on  the  Miisewm — 8. 
Elected. 

Oct.     2,  1849    William  Hunt, 
"       R.  P.  Thomas, 
"  "       William  Gobrecht, 


Moreton  Stills, 

Edward  Hallowell, 

Isaac  Parrish, 

Edward  Hartshorne,      Jan.    7,  1857    James  Darrach, 


Elected. 

Jan.    7,  1857 
11  11 

Jan.    6,  1858 
Jan.    2,  1861 


Committee  on  the  Mutter  Museum — 5. 
Elected. 

Jan.    6.  1863    John  H.  Brinton, 

"  "       Morris  Lougstreth, 


Elected. 

Nov.   7,  1878 
Jan.    6,  1886 


J.  R.  Paul, 
William  Hunt 
S.  Weir  Mitchell, 

Jan.  1887.  Committee  consisted  of  William  Hunt,  John  H.  Brinton,  and 
Morris  Longstreth. 

Coinmittee  on  Lectures — 9. 


Elected. 

Jan.    6,  1864 


George  B.  Wood, 
S.  D.  Gross, 
Joseph  Leidy, 
George  W.  Norris, 
Franklin  Bache, 

Jan.  1887.  Drs.  Leidy,   Goodell,  Norris.   Packard,  constituted  the  com 
mittee. 


D.  Francis  Condie, 
William  Goodell, 
William  F.  Norris, 
John  H.  Packard, 


Elected. 

June  1,  1864 
Jan.  4, 1871 
May  5,  1875 
July    2,  1879 


F.ltcUd 

, 

Jan.     I , 

1H7.3 

May    r,, 

1S7.0 

Jan.    4, 

1SS2 

Jan.     .'i, 

1  HS.'i 

Jan.     2, 

1H84 

Jan.    7, 

1885 

APPENDIX.  197 

Hall,   ('ommitlec  — 17. 
EUctcd. 

Tsaao  TTayH,  .fiily  I,  ISO.'',  T.  Ilcw.son  Haclic, 

Kdwanl  Ifarlsliorno,         "  "  llohcrt  I'.  Flarris, 

J.  K()(]nian  l\uil,  "  "  R.  II.  Alison, 

(Icor^c  W.  NorriH,  "  "  William  S.  Forbes, 

(leoi-f^'o  Fox,  "  "  If.  V.  Fvans, 

Franklin  iJaclic,  "  "  J.  Ewin;^  Mcars, 

Lewis  Hodman,  Jan.  0,1864  Morri.s  J.  Lewis,  "  " 

D.  Francis  Condic,  "  "  William  B.  Hopkins,       " 

Caspar  Morris,  "  4,  1S7J 

Jan.  1887.  The  committee  consisted  of  Drs.  Evans,  Bache,  Mears,  M.  J. 
Lewis,  and  Hopkins. 

Commitfee  on  Finance — 5. 
Appointed.  Appointed. 

George  Fo.k,  Dec.     7,  1882     W.S.W.Ruschenberger.Jan.      3,  1883 

Caspar  Wister,  "  "       John  Ashluirst,  Jr.,      Jan.         1886 

Lewis  Rodman,  "    -  "       William  F.  Norris,         Feb.         1887 

Jan.  1887.  The  Committee  consisted  of  Drs.  Ruschenberger,  W^ister,  and 

Ashhurst,  with  the  President  and  Treasurer  ex  officio. 

Committee  on  the  Directory  for  Nurses — 8. 

Appointed.  Appointed. 

S.  Weir  Mitchell,  Feb.  1,1882  Robt.  P.  Harris,  Feb.  1,1882 

W.  W.  Keen,  "  "  Albert  H.  Smith,  Mar.  1,  1882 

Samuel  Lewis,                   "  "  Wharton  Sinkler,  Jan.  2,  1884 

John  H.  Brinton,  "  "  J.  C  Wilson,  Jan.  5,  1887 

Jan.  1887.  The  Committee  consisted  of  Drs.  Keen,  Sinkler,  and  Wilson. 

Committee  on  Entertainments — 9. 

Appointed.  Appointed. 

Samuel  W.  Gross,*  Jan.    2.  1884  J.  Murray  Chester.        Jan.         1886 

W.  W.  Keen,  "  "  Louis  Starr.  Mar.    3,  1886 

Richard  J.  Dunglison,  "  "  John  M.  Keating,  Jan.         1887 

Rich'd  A.  Cleemann,  "  "  J.  Madison  Taylor, 

J.  Ewing  Mears,  3Iar.  5, 

Jan.  1887.  The  committee  consisted  of  Drs.  Cleemann,  Starr.  Keating,  and 
Taylor,  with  the  President  ex  officio. 

*  Resii^ned  from  the  Committee  March  5,  1884. 


198  APPENDIX. 

Committee  07i  Wiliiain  F.  Jetiks  Prize — 3. 

Appointed.  Appointed. 

Ellwood  Wilson,  Jan.        1886    Theopliilus  Parvin,        Jan.         1886 

Robert  P.  Harris, 

Jan.  1887.  The  committee  consisted  of  Drs.  Wilson,  Harris,  and  Parvin. 

Mrs.  Helen  C.  Jenks,  in  order  to  found  a  memorial  of  her  late  husband, 
William  F.  Jenks,  M.D.,  in  November,  1885,  confided  to  the  custody  of  three 
trustees,  Drs.  James  H.  Hutchinson,  James  V.  Ingham,  and  W.  S.  W. 
Euschenberger,  and  their  successors,  five  thousand  dollars  to  be  invested,  the 
income  thereof  to  be  used  for  the  paj'ment  of  a  Prize  to  be  awarded,  once  in 
every  three  years  from  Jan.  1,  1886,  to  the  author  of  the  best  dissertation 
upon  obstetrics,  or  upon  the  diseases  of  women  and  children,  by  a  committee 
to  be  appointed  by  the  president  of  the  College  of  Phj'sicians  of  Philadel- 
])hia.     For  details,  see  Trans.  Coll.  Phys.  Philad.,  page  xxxi.  vol.  8,  1886. 

Standing  Comjoitees  from  1834  to  1851. 

Com,m,ittee  on  Public  Hygiene. 

Oct.  7,  1834.  John  Bell,  William  Darrach,  Ed.  Y.  Howell,  Joseph  Togno. 

Oct.  6,  1835.  John  Bell,  Thomas  T.  Hewson,  John  C.  Otto,  Joseph 
Parrish. 

Aug.  2,  1836-39.  John  Bell,  D.  Francis  Condie,  Thos.  T.  Hewson,  John 
C.  Otto,  Joseph  Parrish. 

July  7,  1840.  John  Bell,  until  Jan.  6, 1851,  when  this  and  the  six  following 
committees  were  abolished : 

Committee  on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine. 

Oct.  1834,  85.  Benj.  H.  Coates,  Wm.  W.  Gerhard,  John  C.  Otto,  Caspar 
W.  Pennock.     In  1836,  Thomas  Stewardson  was  added  to  the  committee. 

1837.  A.  Bournonville,  Squire  Littell,  J.  Rodman  Paul,  John  Revere,  F. 
A.  Vandj'ke  were  added,  and  in  1838  Robley  Dunglison. 

1839.  A.  Bournonville,  James  H.  Bradford,  W.D.  Brinckle,  B.  H.  Coates, 
Robley  Dunglison,  Wm.  W.  Grcrhard,  Ed.  Hallowell,  Samuel  Jackson  (North- 
umberland), Squire  Littell,  C  W.  Pennock,  Edward  Peace,  William  Pepper, 
John  Revere,  Thomas  Stewardson,  Fred.  Turnpenny,  F.  A.  Vandyke,  Rush 
Vandyke,  Francis  West. 

July,  1840.  Benj.  H.  Coates. 

June,  1841.  Samuel  Jackson  (Northumberland)  till  Jan.  6,  1851  (except- 
ing the  year  1848,  when  B.  H.  Coates  served. 

Committee  on  Surgery. 

Oct.  1835.  William  Ashmead,  Reynell  Coates,  Joseph  Hartshorne,  who 
dechned  in  Nov.,  Joseph  Pancoast,  Thos.  H.  Ritchie,  Joseph  Togno.    I 


APPENDIX.  199 

J8.'i0,  George  Fox,  Isaac  HayH,  Tliomas  I).  Miittcr  were  addod,  and  in  Nov. 
Josopli  Piiiicoa.st  was  ai)i)()iritod  (Jliairniari,  vice  Ritchie,  decoaHcd.  Jri  1837, 
Isaac  I'arriHli  and  .John  T.  SharplcsH;  in  ]>^'.W,  W.  S.  VV.  Kusdicnhcrger, 
and  in  ] H.'J'J,  ThoH.  8.  Kirkljiich;,  (Jeorgo  McClolIan,  and  .Jacoh  J'andolph  were 
added.  JHK),  .JoKcph  I'ancoast.  184],  1848,  (}.  W.  Norria.  1842-47-49 
till  .Jan.,  f)!,  Isaac  Parrish. 

CoinniWen  on  Midwifery. 

Oct.  1S34-35.  Lewis  P.  Cebhard,  ]i.  M.  JIuKton,  Chas.  D.  Meig«,  John 
Moore,  John  lluan.  In  LS.'iCi.  .John  Moore  i.s  omitted  ;  David  Ruttcr  was 
added  in  1837,  and  in  1839  Tiicophilua  E.  Beesley,  B.  D.  Neil),  J.  R.  Paul, 
Joseph  Warrington. 

July,  1840  and  41.  Charles  D.  Meigs;  1842-43,  Hugh  L.  Hodge. 

Aug.  1844-47.  Joseph  Warrington. 

June,  1848.  John  D.  Griscora  until  Jan.  18.51. 

Coinmittee  on  the  Diseases  of  Women. 

July,  1840  and  41.  R.   M.  Huston;  1842  and  43,  Joseph  Warrington; 
1844,  Hugh  L.  Hodge. 
1845,  4(i,  47.  Henry  Bond. 

1848.  Lewis  Rodman  till  Jan.  1851. 

Coinmittee  on  the  Diseases  of  Children: 

Oct.  1834  and  35.  TheophilusE.  Beesley,  Hugh  L.  Hodge,  Charles  Lukens, 
Henry  Neill ;  1836,  J.  Marshall  Paul;  1837,  Charles  Noble;  and  1838,  J. 
R.  Paul  were  added. 

1839.  Hugh  L.  Hodge,  Charles  Lukens,  Henry  Neill,  Charles  Noble. 

1840.  Henry  Neill. 

1841-47.  D.  Francis  Condie  ;  1848,  Edward  Hallowell. 

1849.  D.  Francis  Condie  till  Jan.  1851. 

Committee  on  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy. 

Oct.  ]  834-35.  Franklin  Bache,  George  Fox,  John  K.  Mitchell,  George  B. 
Wood. 

1836.  George  Fox  was  omitted.     1839,  Joseph  Carson  was  added. 

1840-41.  George  B.  Wood  ;  1842,  Franklin  Bache  ;  1843-45,  Joseph  Car- 
son ;  1846,  Francis  West ;  1848,  Joseph  Carson  till  Jan.  1851. 

Coinmittee  on  Meteorology  and  Epidemics. 

March  6,  1787.  John  Carson,  William  Clarkson,  Saml.  P.  Griffitts,  James 
Hall,  John  Morris. 
Jan.  4,  1790  till  Nov.  1792,  Nicholas  B.  Waters. 
Nov.  6,  1792.  Thomas  Parke. 


200 


APPENDIX. 


After  the  publication  of  the  Transactions  in  1793,  the  committee  is  not 
mentioned  in  the  minutes. 

Oct.  7,  ISo-i.  Nathaniel  Chairman,  R.  La  Roche. 

Oct.  6,  1835.  William  Darrach,  Thomas  T.  Hewson,  J.  W.  Moore,  J.  Mar- 
shall Paul,  Thos  Stewardson. 

Aug.  1836-39.  Wm.  Darrach,  Thos.  T.  Hewson,  J.  W.  Moore. 

July,  1840-42.  J.  W.  Moore  ;  1843,  Wm.  Darrach. 

1844-47.  J.  W.  Moore;  1848,  Governeur  Emerson. 

1849.  Henry  Gibbons. 

1850-54.  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger. 

1855-63.  Wilson  Jewell. 

1864-66.  James  M.  Corse. 

1866-73.  W.  Lehman  Wells. 

1874-80.  Richard  A.  Cleemann. 

1881  (April).  Joseph  G.  Richardson  till  the  committee  was  abolished 
in  1882. 

Coynmittee  on  the  Pharmacopceia ,  from  1788  to  1798. 


John  Redman, 
John  Jones, 
Adam  Kuhn, 
Thomas  P.  James, 


William  Shippen,  Jr., 
Benjamin  Rush, 
Saml.  P.  Griffitts, 
Benjamin  S.  Barton, 


Caspar  Wistar, 
James  Hutchinson, 
Thomas  Parke. 


Samuel  P.  Griffitts, 
Thomas  C.  James, 
Thomas  T.  Hewson, 
Thomas  T.  Hewson, 
Joseph  Hartshorne, 
George  B.  Wood, 
Franklin  Bache, 
George  B.  Wood, 
Franklin  Bache, 
Joseph  Carson, 
George  B.  Wood, 
J.  Carson, 


Appointed. 

Sept.  4,  1821 


April  29,1828 


Jan. 

Feb. 


Feb. 


1829 
1,  1848 


1868 


Appointed. 

Robert  Bridges,  Feb.        1868 

Horatio  C.  Wood, 

W.S.W.Kuschenberger,Sept.     5,  1877 

Robt.  Bridges,  " 

John  B.  Biddle, 

H.  C.  Wood, 

R.  J.  Dunglison,  " 

I.  Minis  Hays,  Oct.  25, 

Samuel  Lewis,  Dec.  14, 

Theodore  G.  Wormley,  June    8,  1878 

John  J.  Reese,  March     1879 


A  year  or  two  previously  to  each  decennial  revision  of  the  pharmacopoeia, 
a  committee  was  appointed,  by  the  college,  to  revise  the  last  edition  of  the 
work,  and  suggest  such  amendments  as  it  might  deem  proper  to  be  made 
under  the  authority  of  the  National  Convention  at  its  next  meeting. 


APPENDIX. 


201 


Delajatcs  to  the  National  Convention  for-  ReriHiyir/  the  I'harmncopcnia. 


Thomas  Parlco, 
Thomas  'l\  Ifcwson, 
(Jcorf^^o  i>.  Wood, 
Franklin  liaclio, 
Franklin  Hachc, 
Henri'  Bond, 
Joseph  Carson, 
Joscpli  Carson, 
Henry  Bond, 
Francis  West, 


r.hclcd. 

IK20  rJcor^'c  li.  Wood, 

"  I'obort  liridgcs, 

IH."/)  I{.  1'.  Tiiomas, 

"  (jcorgo  I>.  Wood, 

I  ,S40  JJobcrt  liridKcs, 

"  Horatio  (1.  Wood, 

"  W.  S.  W.  Kuschenberger, 

1850  Alfred  Stilh;, 

"  I.  Minis  Hays, 


FAuUd. 

1800 


IH70 


1880 


Delcgatcn  to  the  Pennsylvanin  State  Convention,  elected  Feb.  8,  1848. 


Joseph  Carson, 
Victor  L.  Godon, 
John  D.  Griscom, 
Samuel  Jackson. 


Isaac  Hays, 
Rene  La  Roche, 
Squire  Littell, 


J.  Forsyth  Meigs, 
Lewis  Rodman, 
F.  Gurney  Smith, 


Delegates  to  the  National  Quaranti7ie  and  Sanitary  Convention. 
Elected  April  J,  1857. 
John  Bell,  Governeur  Emerson, 


R(^ne  La  Roche, 
Edward  Hartshorne, 


R^ne  La  Roclie, 
Edward  Hartshorne, 


R.  La  Roche, 
John  Bell. 


D.  Francis  Condie. 

Elected  March  3,  1858. 

John  Bell,  Governeur  Emerson, 

D.  Francis  Condie.   ' 

Elected  April  6,  1859. 
Wilson  Jewell,  W.S.W.Ruschenberger, 


Elected  in  ISGO. 


Wilson  Jewell,  John  Bell, 

W.  S.  W.  Rusclienberffer. 


Wm.  Maybury, 


Delegates  to  the  Liter 7iatio7ial  Medical  Congress  at  Paris,  elected  May  1,  1867. 

William  F.  Nonis,  John  L.  Le  Conte,  Wilson  Jewell, 

Francis  W.  Lewis. 


202 


APPENDIX. 


Delegates  to  the  Centennial  Medical  Coynmission  mid  Interyiational  Medical 
Cotigress  of  1876,  elected  June  2,  1875. 


John  Ashhurst,  Jr., 
T.  Hewson  Bache, 
John  H.  Brinton, 
Joseph  Carson, 
Richard  A.  Cleemann, 
J.  M.  Da  Costa, 
Horace  Y.  Evans, 


Thos.  S.  Kirkbride, 
J.  Ewing  Mears, 
George  R.  Morehouse, 
Wm.  F.  Norris, 
Jacob  Roberts, 
W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger 
Horatio  C.  Wood. 


W.  H.  Ford, 
W.  K.  Gilbert, 
S.  W.  Gross, 
Ed.  Hartshorne, 
I.  Minis  Haj's, 
William  Hunt, 
W.  W.  Keen, 

Dr.  Caspar  Wister,  Treasurer  of  the  International  Medical  Congress  of 
1876,  transferred  to  the  College,  February  4,  1880,  the  residuary  fund  of  the 
Congress,  $800,  to  establish  the  International  Medical  Congress  Trust,  the 
income  thereof  to  be  applied  to  the  illustration  of  the  Transactions  of  the 
College. 

Delegates  to  the  American  Medical  Association. 

Appointed  December  1,  1846. — 17. 

Robert  Bridges,  Isaac  Hays,  J.  W.  Moore, 

H.  Bond,  Thomas  T.  Hewson,  J.  Rodman  Paul, 

D.  F.  Condie,  Saml.  Jackson,  Wm.  Pepper, 

George  Fox,  Caspar  Morris,  Jacob  Randolph. 

Alfred  Stille,  and  C.  D.  Meigs,  February  8,  1847.  Joseph-  Carson,  Chas. 
R.  King,  and  Rene  La  Roche,  May  4,  1847. 


Henry  Bond, 
D.  F.  Condie, 
George  Fox, 
Isaac  Hays, 


Henry  Bond, 
D.  F.  Condie, 
Governeur  Emerson, 
George  Fox, 


Appointed  February  1,  1848 — 10. 

Samuel  Jackson,  William  Pepper, 

Chas.  D.  Meigs,  Alfred  Stills, 

J.  Rodman  Paul,  Charles  R.  King. 


Elected  February,  1849—10. 


Isaac  Hays, 
Saml.  Jackson, 
G.  W.  Norris, 


A.  Stille, 
Francis  West, 
G.  B.  Wood. 


Elected  January,  1850 — 12. 


B.  H.  Coates,  R.  La  Roche, 

Charles  Evans,  Chas.  D.  Meigs, 

Saml.  L.  HoUingsworth,  Casper  Morris, 
Wm.  H.  Klapp,  W.  Byrd  Page, 


J.  Rodman  Paul, 
Lewis  Rodman, 
W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger, 
F.  Gurney  Smith. 


APPENDIX. 


203 


FAccted  Fchrunry  4,  IHOl— 12. 


Joseph  Carson, 
D.  F.  C(.n(lio, 
Gcorfi;«  Fox, 
Isaac  Hays, 


Q.  Emerson, 

J.  D.  Griscom, 

Isaac  Hays, 

S.  L.  Hollingsworth, 

K.  La  Roche, 


William  Ashmcad, 
John  Bell, 
Henry  Bond, 
Robert  Bridges, 
Joseph  Carson, 


John  B.  Biddle, 
Robt.  Bridges, 
James  M.  Grreene, 
John  D.  G-riscom, 


Franklin  Bache, 
John  B.  Biddle, 
Robt.  A.  Given, 
P.  B.  Goddard, 


Franklin  Bache, 
J.  B.  Biddle, 
Henry  Hartshorne, 
Wm.  V.  Keating, 


Franklin  Bache, 
Thomas  Dillard, 
W.  W.  Gerhard, 
D.  Gilbert, 


Caspar  Morris, 
John  Ncill, 
(Joorge  W.  Norris, 
W.  Bynl  Page, 


J.  R.  Paul, 

Wm.  Pepper, 

W.  H.  W.Ptiischcnberger, 

Goo.  B.  Wood. 


■  14. 


Elected  March  2,  1852- 

John  Ncill,  A.  E.  Stocker, 

J.  \i.  Paul,  F.  West, 

W.S.W.I'vuschenberger,  Caspar  Wister, 

F.  G.  Smith,  Geo.  B.  Wood. 
A.  Still6, 

Elected  February,  1853—15. 

Gov.  P]i)ierson,  Isaac  Hays, 

Charles  Evans,  R.  La  Roche, 

George  Fox,  J.  R-  Paul, 

Ed.  Hallowell,  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger, 

Ed.  Hartshorne,  Alfred  Stille. 


Elected  February  1,  1854—12. 


Isaac  Hays, 

S.  L.  Hollingsworth, 

Saml.  Lewis, 

C.  D.  Meigs, 


John  Neill, 
L.  Rodman, 
F.  G.  Smith, 
Geo.  B.  Wood. 


Elected  February  7,  185.5—12. 

Ed.  Hartshorne,  J.  R.  Paul, 

Bernard  Henry,  Francis  G.  Smith, 

John  Neill,  Francis  Weet, 

Geo.  W.  Norris,  Geo.  B.  Wood. 

Elected  February  6,  1856-12. 

C.  D.  Meigs,  Alfred  Stille, 

Geo.  W.  Norris,  R.  P.  Thomas, 

W.  Byrd  Page,  Geo.  B.  Wood, 

J.  R.  Paul,  Thos.  H.  Yardley. 

Elected  April  1,  1857—12. 

Ed.  Hartshorne,  C  D.  Meigs, 

S.  L.  Hollingsworth,  Geo.  W.  Norris, 

Jos-  Hopkinson,  Francis  West, 

B.  S.  Jauuey,  Geo.  B.  Wood. 


20i 


APPENDIX. 


Thos.  F.  Betton, 
John  B.  Biddle, 
Joseph  Caison, 
Isaac  Hays, 
S.  L.  HoUingsworth, 

Addinell  Hewson, 
S.  L.  HoUingsworth, 
William  Hunt, 
R.  La  Eoche, 
S.  W.  Mitchell, 

James  M.  Corse, 
Henry  E.  Drayton, 
James  M.  Greene, 
Addinell  Hewson, 

On  account  of  the 
1861-62. 

W.  F.  Atlee, 
Charles  S.  Boker, 
Joseph  Carson, 
J.  M.  Corse, 


D.  F.  Condie, 
J.  M.  DaCosta, 
Augustine  H.  Fish, 
D.  Gilbert, 
H.  Lenox  Hodge, 

D.  F.  Condie, 
J.  M.  Da  Costa, 
S.  D.  Gross, 
J.  H.  Hutchinson, 
Wilson  Jewell, 


Augustine  H.  Fish, 

Isaac  Haj-s, 

C.  Percy  La  Roche, 

Squire  Littell, 

J.  H.  B.  McClellan, 


Elected  March  3,  1858—13. 

Samuel  Lewis,  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberg  er 

Geo.  W.  Norris,  Francis  West, 

J.  R.  Paul,  Caspar  Wister, 

Lewis  Rodman,  Geo.  B.  Wood. 

Elected  April  6,  1859—13. 
J.  R.  Paul,  R.  H.  Townsend, 

James  E.  Rhoads,  E.  Wallace, 

W.S.W.  Ruschenberger,  Caspar  Wister, 
A.  Still(^,  Geo.  B.  Wood. 

Elected  April  4,  1860—12. 

Wm.  Hunt,  J.  R.  Paul, 

Squire  Littell,  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger, 

Caspar  Morris,  Francis  West, 

Geo.  W.  Norris,  Caspar  Wister. 

disturbed  state  of  the  country  no  meetings  were  held  in 

Elected  May  6,  1863—12. 

George  Fox,  J.  R.  Paul, 

J.  Cheston  Morris,  Alfred  M.  Slocum, 

Geo.  W.  Norris,  W.  D.  Stroud, 

John  H.  Packard,  Caspar  Wister. 


Elected  May  4,  1864—13. 

J.  H.  Hutchinson, 
John  F.  Lamb, 
Squire  Littell, 
S.  W.  Mitchell, 

Elected  April  5,  1865—14. 

J.  J.  Levick, 
Wm.  Maybury, 
Caspar  Morris, 
Geo.  W.  Norris, 
John  H.  Packard, 


John  J.  Reese, 
Lewis  Rodman, 
A.  M.  Slocum, 
W.  D.  Stroud. 


W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger, 
Alfred  M.  Slocum, 
R.  H.  Townsend, 
Owen  J.  Wister. 


Elected  April  11,  1866—14. 
W.  Maybury,  R.  H.  Townsend, 

S.  W.  Mitchell,  W.  L.  Wells, 

J.  C.  Morris,  Caspar  Wister, 

Geo.  W.  Norris,  Geo.  B.  Wood. 

A.  StiU6, 


APPENDIX. 


205 


W.  F.  Alice, 
W.  S.  Forhos, 
v.  ll.(Jotcliell, 
1).  (jlilbort, 
S.  D.  Gross, 


John  Aslihurst,  Jr., 
T.  Ilcvvsoir  Baclic, 
.1).  JiVancis  Condie, 
Emil  J<'ischer, 
a.  p.  Gebhard, 
Ed.  Hartshoriie, 

T.  H.  Bache, 
John  H.  IJrinton, 
D.  Murra}'  Cheston, 
D.  F.  Condio, 
J.  M.  Da  Costa, 
A.  D.  Hall. 

John  Aslihurst,  Jr., 
John  H.  Brintou, 
J.  M.  Da  Costa, 
H.  Lenox  Hodge, 
William  Hunt, 


John  M.  Adler, 
John  H.  Brlnton, 
J.  M.  Da  Costa, 
Wm.  Goodell, 
Saiul.  D.  Gross, 
Wm.  S.  Halsey, 


Elected  April'.),  1807- 

L.  D.  Harlow, 
II.  Lenox  Ilodgc, 
Wm.  Hunt, 
J.  F.  j.amb, 
J.  J.Leviek, 

Elected  April  15,  18G8 

S.  L.  Hollingsworth, 
J.  J.  Levick, 
Samuel  Jjcwis, 
S.  W.  Mitehell, 
Geo.  W.  Norris, 

7itc(l  by  the  Council  April 

Ed.  Hartshorne, 
Isaac  Hays, 
C.  D.  iMeigs, 
S.  W.  Mitchell, 
Caspar  Morris, 

Elected  April  6,  1870- 

J.  Ewing  Mears, 
J.  C.  Morris, 
Geo.  W.  Norris, 
J.  H.  Packard, 
Wm.  Pepper, 

Elected  April,  1871—18. 

Horace  B.  Hare, 
0.  A.  Judson, 
W.  W.  Keen, 
S.  W.  Mitchell, 
W.  F.  Norris, 
Isaac  Ray, 


Wm.  May  bury, 
A.  Nubingcr, 
A.  M.  Slocum, 
A.  StiI16, 
Casi)ar  Wi.ster. 

—10. 

J.  II.  Packard, 

L.  Jloduian, 

W.  S.  W.  Kuschenberger, 

A.  M.  Slocum, 

Caspar  Wister. 

9,  1800— KJ. 

Geo.  W.  Norris, 
John  H.  Packard, 
W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger, 
Alfred  Still($, 
George  B.  Wood, 


-15. 


J.  G.  Richardson, 
F.  G.  Smith, 
A.  Stille, 
W.  L.  Wells, 
Caspar  Wister. 


W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger, 

F.  G.  Smith. 

A.  StilkS 

Ralph  M.  To^vn5end, 

Richard  H.  Townsend, 

Geo.  B.  Wood. 


John  H.  Ashhurst,  Jr., 
T.  Hewson  Bache, 
Robert  Bridges, 
J.  M.  Da  Costa, 
Horace  Y.  Evans, 
R.  J.  Dunglison, 
Ed.  Hartshorne, 


Elected  April  3,  1872- 

x\.  Douglas  Hall, 
S.  B.  Howell, 
Wm.  Hunt. 
F.  F.  Maury, 
J.  H.  Packard, 
B.  H.  Baud, 
Isaac  Ray, 


-•20. 


W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger, 

F.  G.  Smith, 

A.  Stille, 

R.  H.  Townsend, 

Ellerslie  Wallace, 

H.  C.  Wood.  Jr. 


206 


APPENDIX. 


Elected  April  2,  1873—19. 


D.  Haj'es  Agnew, 
John  Ashhurst  Jr., 
Joseph  Carson, 
J.  Solis  Cohen, 
Saml.  D.  Gross, 
W.  F.  Jenks, 
W.  W.  Keen, 

Harrison  Allen, 
Charles  S.  Boker, 
C.  H.  Burnett, 
Richard  A.  Cleemann, 
L.  A.  Duhring, 
Horace  Y.  Evans, 


Joseph  Leidy, 
J.  Aitkin  Meigs, 
Geo.  W.  Norris, 
Joseph  Pancoast, 
J.  S.  Parry, 
Wm.  Pepper, 

Elected  April  2,  1874—17. 

William  Goodell, 
Samuel  D.  Gross, 
H.  Lenox  Hodge, 
James  V.  Ingham, 
J.  Ewing  Mears, 
J.  Aitkin  Meigs, 


Isaac  Ray, 

W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger, 

Wm.  Thomson, 

EUerslie  Wallace, 

George  B.  Wood, 

H.  C.  Wood,  Jr. 


W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger, 
F.  G.  Smith, 
A.  Stille, 
W.  L.  Wells, 
H.  C.  Wood. 


At  the  meeting  of  the  American  Medical  Association,  held  at  Detroit, 
Michigan,  June,  1874,  the  plan  of  organization  was  amended  so  that  only 
State,  County,  and  District  medical  societies  are  entitled  to  be  represented 
in  it. 


i:()f;I-  OK    KKIJ.OW.S 

flF    TIIK 

COLLEGE  OV  IMIYSTCIANS  OF  I'll  ILADELTIIIA, 
Elected  ouiunu  tuic  Centukv  exjjincj  .Iancaky,  1887. 


AllllUr.N  lATIONa 

*  Died  whilo  a  MUnv,  d.  See,  Secretflry 

f  Resigned,  Ros. 

^  Forf'oitcd  followsliip  by  nogligoiue  of  tiiiioly 
payment  of  aunuiil  contributions,  Ft. 
N.  R.,  Non-rcsidoiit. 
b.,  born. 
P.,  President. 
V  P.,  Vice-President. 


Sect.,  Section. 

Com  p.,  Companion. 

Constit.,  Constituent  member. 

Milit  ,  Military. 

The  date  placed  immediately  after  a  name  is 
the  date  of  election. 

.  following  a  title,  eignifles  that  it  is  still 

held. 


FELLOWS. 

Abbott,  Griffith  E.    Oct.  1883.    b.  Feb.  7,  1850. 

A.B.  1871,  A.M.  1874,  M.D.  1879,  Univ.  Pa.,  Ph.D.  1875,  .Jena.  Memb. 
Chem.  Geschcl.  Berlin  1873  ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Jan.  1878 ;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  1880;  Amer.  Acad.  Med.  1882;  Demonstrator  Chemistry 
Med.  Dep.  Univ.  Pa.  1877-79. 

Adler,  John  M.    April,  1870.    b.  Aug.  9,  1828. 

A.B.  1847,  A.M.  1851,  Coll.  N.  J. ;  M.D.  1851,  Columbia  Coll.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  Phys.  Panama  R.  E.  Co.  1852-55  ;  Act.  Asst.  Surg.  U.  8.  A. 
1861-65 ;  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1856 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 

Agnew,  D.  Hayes.     January,  1859.     b.  Nov.  24,  1818. 

M.D.  1838,  Univ.  Pa. ;  LL.D.  1876,  Coll.  N.  J. ;  Lecturer  Philad. 
School  Anat.,  Surg.  Philad.  Hosp.  1854;  Demonstrator  Anat.  and  Asst. 
Lect.  Surgery  1863,  Univ.  Pa. ;  Surg.  Wills  Hosp.  1SG4 :  Surg.  Pa.  Hosp. 

1865-71-1877 . ;  Orthopredic  Hosp.  1867  ;  Prof.  Clinical  Surg.  1870  ; 

Prof.  Principles  and  Pract.  Surg.  1871 .  Univ.  Pa. ;  Prof.  Clinical 

Surgery  Univ.  Hosp.  1874 ;  Consult.  Surg.  Orthopoedic  Hosp.,  German- 
town  Hosp.  1880  ;  Philad.  Dispens. ;  Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April, 
1872,  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872,  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.,  P.  1877 ;  Manager 

House   of  Refuge  1871 . ;     Incorporator  Amer.  Soc.  for  Prevent. 

Adulterat.  of  Food,  March,  1885 ;  Constit.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. ; 
Acad.  Surg.  Philad. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872. 


208  APPENDIX. 

Alison,  Robert  H.    (N.  R.)    April,  1876. 
M.D.  1869,  Univ.  Pa. 

Allen,  Harrison.     January,  1867.     b.  April  17,  1841. 

M.D.  1861,  Uiiiv.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Pbilad.  July,  1862, 
Corresp.  Sec.  Feb.  1867- Jan.  1868 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1868  ; 
Boston  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  1878 ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1864-78,  V.  P. 
1877 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1875 ;  Biological  Soc.  Washington,  D.  C. 
1880 ;  Amer.  Laryngological  Assoc.  1883,  P.  1886  ;  Amer.  Assoc.  Natu- 
ralists, 1883,  P.  1886 ;  Neurological  Soc.  Philad.  1887 ;  Historical  Soc. 
Texas  1887 ;  Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1862-65 ;  Comp.  Milit.  Order  Loyal 
Legion,  U.  S.  1887 ;  Asst.  Surg.  Wills  Hosp.  1868-70 ;  Surg.  Philad. 
Hosp.  1870-78;  St.  Joseph's  Hosp.  1870-78;  Prof.  Compar.  Anat. 
1865-78,  Physiology  1878-85,  Emeritus,  Univ.  Pa. ;  Prof.  Anat.  Philad. 
Dental  Coll.  1867-78. 

*Allen,  Jonathan  M.    July,  1852. 

M.D.  1840,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  April,  1852; 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1852. 

Allis,  Oscar  H.    April,  1873. 

M.D.  1866,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Attend.  Surg.  Presbyterian  Hosp. 
and  Howard  Hosp. 

Andrews,  Thomas  Hollingsworth.  January,  1869.  b.  Feb.  15,  1843. 
M.D,  1864,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. 
1866 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  May,  1868 ;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  1869 ; 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1870 ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa.  1872 ;  Obstetrical  Soc. 
Philad.  1878;  Med.  Jurisprudence  Soc.  Philad.  1885.  Resid.  1864-66, 
Surg.  Out-patient  Dep.  1874-76  Pa.  Hosp.;  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A. 
Hosp.  1863  ;  Surg.  Howard  Hosp.  1868-75  ;  Consult.  Surg.  Hosp.  Good 
Shepherd,  Radnor,  Pa.  1872 ;  Coronor's  Phys.  187^77  ;  Demonstrator 
Anat.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1872-79. 

*Annan,  William.     June,  1796.    d.  Oct.  4,  1797. 

ASHBRIDGE,  Richard,  U.  S.  N.     (N.  R.)     April,  1882.     b.  July  10,  1854. 
A.B.  1872,  Haverford  Coll. ;  M.D.  1875,  Univ.  Pa. 

^Ashbridge,  William.     Jan.  1872.     b.  March  15, 1846.     d.  Dec.  13, 1884. 
M.D,  1867,  Univ.  Pa.    Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. ;  Surg.  Ger- 
man Hosp.  Philad. ;  Phys.  Out-patients,  Pa.  Hosp.  and  Univ.  Hosp. 

Ashhurst,  John,  Jr.    July,  1863.    b.  Aug.  23,  1839. 

A.B.  1857;  A.M.  M.D.  1860,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp. 
1861-62;  Act.  Asst.  Surg.  U.S.A.  1862-65;  Surg.  Episcopal  Hosp. 
1863-80,  Manager  1880;  Children's  Hosp.  1870;  Consult.  Surg.  Hosp. 


AI'I'IINDIX.  209 

(»(»(m1   Slicplicnl    ISTl,   Si,.    (;iirisl()|)lH!r'H    IKTr*,  WomatrH   MrjHp.   \HH(); 

Prof.  Clinical  Surg.  Univ.  I'a.  1H77 . ;   Mcuib.  (JcnUirinial  Med.  Com - 

nii.MHion  lS75-7f);  V.I*.  .Snrjr.  Soct.  International  Med.  ('on^r.  1H7G; 
Patlu.loKical  S()(!.  IMiihuI.  IMCI,  I'.  I,s70;  ObHtctrical  Hoc.  Philad  1874; 
Phihul.Co.Mod.  Son.  I.SSO;  (Jonstit.  Follow  Acad.  Snr/^'cry  1870  ;  ConHtit. 
Mcnilj.  Amor.  Siiri^Wcal  Assoc.  ISSO;  McMnh.  Ili.storical  Soc.  I'a.  1 8.0'J ; 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Pliilad.  Oct.  I,SC>();   Auwr.  i'liiloH.  Soc  Jan.  1884. 

A.siiiinits'r,  Samuici..     April,  isC),').    }>.  Sept.  II,  \xU). 

M.D.  1801,  Univ.  Pa.  Momb.  Palbolo-ical  Soc.  J^liilad.;  i'bilad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc. ;  Board  of  Health  Pliilad. ;  Alumni  Soc.  Med.  Dep.  Univ. 
]'a.,  Ciiair.   Exec  Comt.  18SC,  ;   Acad.   Nat.  Sc  Philad.  March,  1807. 

Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.S.A.  hSC);',. 

AsHMEAl),  W[MJAiM.     Jan.  IS.')'),     b.  Jnly  2,  1  sol . 

M.D.  182(1,  Univ.  l*a.  Snr;;.  Pliilad.  ITosp. ;  Phys.  Philad.  Di.spens., 
Magdalen  Asylum,  Philad.;  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Med.  Soc. 
State  Pa.;  Anier.  Med.  Assoc.  1847. 

IAtlee,  Edwin  AtJGUSTus.    July,  lsi.>.    b.  Nov.  16, 177('..    Pies.  Aug.  16, 
1822.     d.  March  8,  1852. 
M.D.  1804,  Univ.  Pa.    Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  18PJ. 

Atlee,  Walter  Frankt.tn.    April,  1857.    b.  Oct.  12,  1828. 

A.B.  1846,  Yale ;  M.D.  1850,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
May,  1857;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1855. 

*Atlee,  Washington  L.  .June,  1846.  b.  Feb.  22,  1808.  d.  Sept.  7,  1878. 
M.D.  1 829,  .Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Prof.  Chemistry  Pa.  Coll.  1845-5.3. 
Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc,  P.  1871;  P.  xAJed.  Soc  State  Pa. 
1875;  Internat.  Med.  Congress,  1876;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc  1847,  V.P. 
1876-77;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.,  P.  1874;  Con- 
stit.  Amer.  G3'necological  Soc.  ;  Phj's.  Lancaster  Co.  Hosp.  18 14. 
Treasurer  of  Commissioners  of  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 

*Bache,  Franklin.  April,  1829.  b.  Oct.  25,  1792.  d.  :N[areh  19.  1864. 
A.B.,  M.D.  1814,  Univ.  Pa.  Phys.  Walnut  St.  Prison  1824-30  ;  East- 
ern Penitentiary  1829-39.  Prof  Chemistry,  Franklin  Inst.  Pa  1826-32; 
Philad.  Coll.  Pharmacy,  1831-41 ;  and  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1841-^4. 
Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc  Dec  1816;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Dec  1817- 
Nov.  1822;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc  April.  1S20, 
Sec.  1825-42,  V.  P.  1843-52,  P.  1853-55;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1852. 

14 


210  APPENDIX. 

Bache,  Thomas;  Hkwson.     April,  1852.     b.  Sept.  IG,  1826. 

A.B.-184G,  A.M.  1849,  Univ.  Pa.;  M.D.  1850,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Metub.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.;  Pathological  Soc. 
Philad. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1855.  Resid.  Phys.  1852-53  Pa.  Hosp. ; 
Surgeon  Western  Clinic  Infirm.  (Howard  Hosp.);  Attend.  Phys.  Chil- 
dren's Hosp.  ah  origine  1870;  Surgeon  17th  Reg.  Pa.  Volunteers  1861 ; 
U.  S.  Vols.,  1861-65  (Major  and  Bvt.  Lt.  Col.) ;  Manager  and  Treasurer 
Children's  Hosp.  Philad. ;  Director  and  V.  P.  Pa.  Instit.  for  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb. 

B^VER,  Benjamin  F.     June,  1883.     b.  Jan.  29,  1S46. 

M.D.  1876,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Pathological 
Soc.  Philad.;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.,  P.  1885-87.  Maternity  Hosp. 
Demonstrat.  Clinical  Surg.  Univ.  Pa.,  1878-85 ;  Prof.  Obstetrics  and 
G-ynecology  Philad.  Polyclinic  1885 . 

Baker,  Washington  H.    April,  1879. 

M.D.  1875,  Univ.  Pa.    Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  March,  1876. 

Baldwin,  Louis  K.    April,  1876.    b.  March  27,  1836. 

M.D.  1862,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1870, 

Treasurer,  1883 .  ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1871  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 

1883.      Act.  Assist.   Surg.  U.  S.  A.   1862-65.      Phys.    Charity  Hosp. 
1868-70. 

Bartholow,  Roberts.     Oct.  1879.     b.  Nov.  18,  1831. 

A.B.  1848,  A.M.  1854,  M.D.  1852,  Univ.  Maryland;  LL.D.  1877,  Mt. 
St.  Mary's  Coll.  Emmetsburg,  Md.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1868; 
Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1880  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1880  ;  (Honorary) 
State  Med.  Societies  of  Connecticut,  of  New  York,  and  of  Ohio  ;  Societe 
Medico-Pratique,  Paris ;  Richmond  Med.  Soc.  ;  Cincinnati  Acad.  Med. 
Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  Army  1856-64.  Prof  Mat.  Med.  and  Therapeutics 
1867,  afterward  Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  Med.  Coll.  Ohio;   Prof.  Mat. 

Med.  Therapeutics  and  Hygiene,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1879 -.    Phys. 

Cholera  Hosp.,  and  Hosp.  Grood  Samaritan,  Cincinnati  1866  ;  Philad. 
Hosp.  1886 . 

*Barton,  Benjamin  Smith.    April,  1790.     d.  Dec.  15,  1815,  aet.  48. 

Presid.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  1808-12.  Prof.  Mat.  Med.  and  Botany,  In- 
stitutes and  Practice,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1789, 
V.P.  1802-16.     Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1798-1815. 

IIBarton,  William  P.  C.    June,  1815.    b.  Nov.  17,  1886.    ft.  Jan.  1822. 
d.  Feb.  29,  1856. 

A.B.,  Coll.  N.  J.  ;  M.D.  1808,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1809.  Memb. 
Philad.  Med.  Soc.  1806,  Orator  1817  ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1813,  Sec. 


APPENDIX.  211 

1KI7-20;  P.  liimicaii  Soc.  Surg.  iHt  Troop  I'liilad.  (.'avalry,  1H0« ; 
Surg.  U.  S.  N.Juiic,  IHOl),  Chier  I'.uroiiu  Mod.  and  Surg.  Navy  I)f;p. 
Sept.  ]842-Mar(:li  :'.!,  1H14.  I'rof.  I'>()tariy  Univ.  J 'a.  1820  ;  Prof.  Mat. 
Med.  and  liotaiiy,  .leflciHoii  Mod.  ("oil. 

Baiim,  Charles.    Jan.  ISS:',.    h.  Jan.  1,  185.5. 

A.B.  1874,  A.M.  1877,  Pa.  Coll.  Gettysburg;  M.D.  18,77,  Ph.D.  1878, 
Univ.  Pa.     Resid.  Pa.  IIosp.  1879-80;    Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 

1883.  Attend.  Phys.  Northern  TIoiik;  for  FiieridloH.s  Children,  1878-80; 
Visit.  Phys.  Northern  l)i,si)enH.  I  SSI. 

Baxter,  Henry  F.    April,  Is7;'..     b.  June  20,  1843. 

A.B.I  SCO,  A.M.  IStif),  Central  High  School,  Philad.;  M.D.  1864,  Univ. 
Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1868;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc  Philad.  Feb. 
1873-June,  1874;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1876;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1880. 
Phys.  3d  Poor  Dist.  1864-72;  Vaccine  Phys.  .3d  Dist.  1872-82. 

Beates,  Henry,  Jr.    Nov.  1883.    b.  Dec.  20,  1857. 

M.D.  1879,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1880;  Obstet- 
rical Soc.  Philad.  1880;  Philad.  Clinical  Soc.  1884-85,  P.;  Pathological 
Soc.  Philad.  1884;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. 

IIBeecher,  a.  C.  W.     Jan.  1874.     ft.  Nov.  7,  1883.     b.  March  26,  1845. 

M.D.  1867,  Jeiferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1872  ; 
Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1873:  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1886,  Sec.  1887. 
Resid.  Philad.  Hosp.  1867-69.  Assist.  Demonst.  Anat.  Jefferson  Med. 
Coll.  1869-77;  Clinic.  Lect.  Diseases  of  Women  1869-74;  Dist.  Phys. 
Guardians  of  Poor  1870-74.     Demonst.  x\nat.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1886. 

*BtESLEY,  Theophilus  Elmer.  Oct.  1832.  b.  Dec.  5, 1796.  d.  Oct.  17, 1867. 
M.D.  1819,  Univ.  Pa.    Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc  ;  V.  P.  Philad.  Co. 

Med.  Soc.  1852. 

*Bell,  John.    Feb.  1827.     b.  1796.     d.  Aug.  19,  1872. 

M.D.  1817,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1816;  Philad. 
Co.  Soc.  Jan.  1849,  P.  1858  ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1832,  Councillor 
1858-64.;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1846-47.  Lecturer  Institutes  of  3Ied. 
Philad.  Med.  Institute;  Prof.  Med.  Inst.  Med.  Coll.  Ohio  2  years. 
Phys.  City  Hosp.  1859. 

Benner,  Henry  D.    April,  1860.    b.  Oct.  7,  1833. 

M.D.  1854,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 

Bennet,  W.  H.     April,  1874. 

M.D.  1869,  Univ.  Pa.  Phys.  Episcopal  Hosp. :  St.  Christopher's 
Hosp. 


212  APPENDIX. 

^Berkeley,  Carter  N.    June,  1840. 

M.D.  1837,  Univ.  Pa.     Phys.  Episcopal  Hosp.,   St.   Christopher's 
Hosp. 

*Bertolet,  K  M.    July,  1871. 

M.D.  1868,  Univ.  Pa.     Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1873. 

*Betton,  Thomas  Forrest.  June,  1846.  b.  July  29, 1809.  d.  May  22,  1875 
M.D.  1832,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Dec.  1828-Dec 
1838  ;  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1829,  Sec.  1831 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1849 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1849,  P.  1854 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1857 
V.  P.  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1848.  Phys.  House  of  Refuge  1836-37 
Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1862-65  ;  Surg.  1st  Troop  Philad.  Cavalry, 
1833.    Prof.  Surgery,  Franklin  Med.  Coll.  1846-48. 

Biddle,  Alexander  W.    Oct.  1884. 
M.D.  1879,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 

*BiDDLE,  John  Barclay.  Jan.  1851.  b.  Jan.  3,  1815.  d.  Jan.  19,  1879. 
A.B.  1834,  St.  Mary's  Coll.,  Baltimore  ;  M.D.  1836,  Univ.  Pa.  Prof. 
Mat.  Med.  Franklin  Med.  Coll.  1846-48  ;  Prof.  Mat.  Med.  Pa.  Med.  Coll. 
1842-59  ;  Prof.  Mat.  Med.  and  Gen.  Therapeutics  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
June,  1865,  Dean  of  the  Faculty.  Phys.  Pa.  Instit.  Deaf  and  Dumb  1841. 
Phys.  Girard  Coll.  1856.  Inspector  Philad.  Co.  Prison,  P.  of  Board  ; 
Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1848.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1853  ; 
Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1837,  Corres.  Sec.  1859  ;  P.  Assoc.  Amer.  Med. 
Colleges ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. 

Biddle,  Thomas.     April,  1884. 

M.D.  1876,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Jan.  1877. 

Black,  John  Janvier.     (N.  R.)    April,  1866.    b.  Nov.  6,  1837. 

A.B.  Coll.  N.  J.  1858  ;  M.D.  1862,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  U.  S.  Marine 
Hosp.  San  Francisco,  Cal.  1858-60  ;  Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1862-64  ; 
Resid.  Philad.  Hosp.  1864-65  ;  Trustee  for  the  Poor,  New  Castle  Co.  Del. 

1872-78 ;  Phys.  New  Castle  Co.  Del.  Prison  1878 . ;  P.  Board  Trustees 

New  Castle  Commission  1879;  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1864  ; 
P.  Del.  State  Med.  Soc.  1877  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1876 ;  Assist.  De- 
monstrator Anat.  Univ.  Pa.  1864;    P.  Farmers'  Bank  State  Del.  1885. 

BoARDMAN,  Charles  Hodge.    (N.  R.)    Jan.  1867.    b.  May  25,  1838. 

A.B.  1859,  Yale;  M.D.  1862,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc. 
Philad.;  Ramsey  Co.  (Minn.)  Med.  Soc.  P.  1876;  Minn.  State  Med. 
Soc,  Record.  Sec.  1877 ;  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  V. 


aimm:n'I)IX.  218 

BOKlOK,  (!iiAi(i,Ks  STKWAiir.     July,  ISf)'.).     I).  Oct.  22,  1828. 

A.li.  Va>\\.  N.  J.;  M.I).  \H:,2,  Univ.  I'a.  Mcml..  Acad.  Nat.  Sc. 
Pliiliii,!.  Jiiiio,  iSOCi.     SiirK-  tSt.  Joscph'H  lIoHp. 

*BoLLios,  Lucius  S.     Ajiril,  1.S7I.     b.  April  21,  IH.'JT.     d.  Aug.  1.0.  187.3. 
A.B.  1859,  Brown  Univ.  ;  M.I).  1802,  Univ.  Pa.     Mcmb.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc.  Philad.  June,  1S()S;  IMiilad.  Co.  M(;d.  Sor;   18r.f,;  Amr-r.  Med.A.HSOC. 
1870  ;   Med.  So(!.  State  Pa.     Act.  iS^miint  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1802-04;  Phys. 
St..  Mary's  ITosp.  lsr)8-72. 

IIBoLLiNO,  lioi'.KiiT.     .July,  1804.     b.  Dec.  11,  1832.     ft.  .Jidy  :;,  1878. 

AH.  Univ.  Va.  ;  M.I).  18.05,  Univ.  Pa.;  Meinb.  I'i.ilad.  Co.  Med. 
Soc.  ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov.  1800-March  '60;  Assist.  Ex.  Off. 
Mower  U.  S.  A.  Hosp.  1802  ;  Pliys.  Charity  IIosp.  I860  ;  St.  Joseph's 
Convent  1861;  Bethesda  Home  1862  ;  Phys.  Hosp.  for  Consumptives 
Pliilad.  1886. 

*BoND,  Henry.     July,  1825.     b.  March  21,  1790.    d.  May  4,  1859. 

A.B.  1813,  M.D.  1816,  Dartmouth  Coll.  Memb.  Honorary,  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  1819,  V.  P.  1844;  Honor.  Anatom.  Soc.  Edinb.  1819;  New 
Hampshire  Med.  Soc.  1820;  Philad.  Acad.  Med.  1820;  Memb.  Board 
of  Health  Philad.  1833-38,  P.  1837-8;  Philad.  Med.  Lyceum  ;  Kappa 
Lambda  Soc.  1823  ;  a  Corporator  of  Philad.  Coll.  Med.  1835;  Constit. 
Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1847;  Constit.  Amer.  Med.  As.soc.  1846;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  ;  Soc.  for  Alleviating  Mi.series  of 
Public  Prisons ;  Corres.  New  England  Hist.  Soc;  Amer.  Stati.'^tical  Soc; 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Jan.  1830;  Corres.  National  In.stit.  Washington 
D.  C. ;  Northern  Acad.  Arts  and  Sciences,  New  Hampshire ;  Phys. 
Philad.  Disp. ;  Southern  Disp.  Philad.  1822;  Amer.  Statistical  Assoc. ; 
New  England  Historic.  Genealogical  Soc.  ;  Amer.  Antiquarian  Soc. ; 
Historical  Societies  of  Pa.,  New  York,  Maryland,  Wisconsin,  and  Massa- 
chusetts. 

*BouRNONYiLLE,  Anthony.    May,  1837.   b.  Aug.  6,  1797.  d.Feb.  27. 1863. 

A.B.,  A.M.,  M.D.,   1818,  Copenhagen,  Denmark;    1S2S,   Jefferson 

Med.  Coll.     Memb.  Philad.  iMed.  Soc.  Dec  1 828 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 

1852. 

*BoYS,  William.    Nov.  1798,  elected  Assoc. 

*Bradford,  James  H.     Jan.  1839.     b.  Nov.  4,  1802.     d.  April  9,  1859. 

M.D.  1823.  Univ.  Pa.  Phys.  Chinese  Amer.  Hosp.  Canton,  China, 
1825-35.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc  Philad.  July,  1839-July,  '43. 

Bradford,  Tho.aias  Hewson.    April,  1884.    b.  .July  16,  1848. 

M.D.  1874,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.     Resid.  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  Feb.  1875- 


214  APPENDIX. 

Oet.  '70  ;  District  Phys.  Philad.  Disp.  Nov.  1876-Oct.  '79  ;  Phys.  Charity 
Hosp.  Nov.  1880;  Howard  Hosp.  1882;  Disp.  Phys.  St.  Christopher's 
Hosp.  18S4;  Phys.  Children's  Hosp.  1886;  Grynecologist  Out-patient 
Dept.  Pa.  Hosp.  May,  1887 ;  Late  Surg.  3d  Reg.  Inf.  N.  G.  P.  Memb. 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1878 ;  Obstetrical  Soc  Philad.  1884 ;  Med.  Soc. 
State  Pa. 

*BRn)QES,  Robert.    July,  1842.     b.  March  5,  1806.    d.  Feb.  20,  1882. 

A.B.  1824,  Dickinson  Coll. ;  M.D.  1828,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1826 ;  Acad.  Nat.  8c.  Philad.  Jan.  1835,  Libr.  1836-39, 
Corres.  Sec.  May,  1840-Dec.  '41,  V.  P.  Sept.  1850,  Dec.  '64,  P.  Dec.  1864- 
Dec.  '65 ;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  1836 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1844, 
Councillor  1859-77  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1852  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1847  :  Philad.  Coll.  Pharmacy  1838,  Trustee  1839,  Prof.  General  and 
Pharmaceutical  Chemistry  1842-79  ;  Prof.  Chemistry  Franklin  Med. 
Coll.  1846-48. 

*Brinckle,  Thoimas  R.     Jan.  1845.    b.  Sept.  20,  1804.    d.  July  8,  1853. 
M.D.  1826,  Univ.  Pa. 

*Brinckle,  William  Draper.     May,  1839.     b.  Feb.  9,  1798.    d.  Dec.  16, 
1862. 

A.B.  1816,  Coll.  N.  J.;  M.D.  1819,  Univ.  Pa.  Phys.  City  Hosp. 
1827-39 ;  Buttonwood  St.  Cholera  Hosp.  1832.  Memb.  Pa.  Horticult.  Soc. 
Sept.  1843 ;  Honorary  Genesee  Valley  Horticult.  Soc.  1852  ;  New  York 
Horticult.  Soc.  Feb.  1853;  Constit.  Amer. Pomological  Soc,  P.;  Memb. 
Board  of  Health,  Philad.  1852 ;  Bishop  White  Prayer  Book  Soc.  1834. 

Brinton,  John  H.     Oct.  1856.    b.  May  21,  1832. 

A.B.  1850,  A.M.  1853,  Univ.  Pa.;  M.D.  1852,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  June,  1851  ;  Instituent,  Pathological  Soc. 
Philad.  Oct.  1857;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872;  Philad.  Surg.  Club  1877; 
Instituent,  Acad.  Surg.  Philad.  April,  1879  ;  Instituent,  Amer.  Surg. 
Assoc.  1880 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Feb.  1886. 
Surg,  and  Brigade  Surgeon  U.  S.  V.  Aug.  1861-March,  '65 ;  Lecturer 
Operat.  Surgery  1853-61 ;  Principles  and  Pract.  Surgery  1861  ;  Philad. 
Med.  Summer  Assoc;  Operat.  Surgery  Summer  Course  Jefferson  Med. 
Coll.  1867-82;  Mutter  Lecturer  on  Surgical  Pathology  (5th  Course,  Gun- 
shot Injuries)  J  869;  Surgeon  St.  Joseph's  Hosp.  1859;  Philad.  Hosp. 

1867-82;  Jefferson  Coll.  Hosp.  1877 . ;  Prof.  Practice  and  of  CHnical 

Surgery  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1882 . 

Bruen,  Edward  Tunis.    Oct.  1878.    b.  Aug.  12,  1851. 

Ph.D.  1872,  M.D.  1873,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 
1877,  V.  P.  1886-87;  Patholog.  Soc  Philad.  1874;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 


APPENDIX.  215 

ISHO;  dliriKildloi/iralSoo.  IHS4  ;  l'liil;i<l.  Clinical  Soc.  1885  ;  Soc  Amer. 
Phys.  IM.SC.  I'liys.  IMiil:i,(l.  HoHj).  1S74;  AhhIhI.  l*liyH.  Univ.  Ilonp. ; 
Assist,  to  I'nd".  riiy.siriil  Diiignosis  Univ.  I'a.  1884;  Lecturer  on  Pa- 
tholo^'y  Woiiiiurs  1M(m1.  Coll.  1878;  Lately  I'hys.  Out-patient  Dept. 
Childroti'H  lloHp. 

fBliOK,  WiMJAM  I'knn.     April.lHT'J.     res.  Dec.  5,  18S;i.     b.  July  li'J,  184.5. 
M.D.  1869,  Univ.Pa.     Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  IMiihul.  1875  ;  I'hilad. 
Co.  Med.  8oo.  1877. 

BuLLorK,  WiMJAM  II.     (N.  11.)     Jan.  1S5I.     b.  Oct.  4,  1824. 
M.D.  1847,  Univ.  Pa. 

Burnett,  Charles  Henry.    July,  J87(J.    b.  .May  28,  1842. 

A.B.  18()4,  A.M.  1867,  Yale  Coll.;  M.D.  1807,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
Pathological  Soc.  IMiilad.  1867-7U  ;  Otological  Soc.  1872,  V.  P.  1878-82, 
P.  1883-85  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1876 ;  Med.  Soc.  Stat^Pa.  1883. 
Resid.  Episcopal  Hosp.  1867-08;  Aurlst  Presbyterian  Hosp.  1872; 
Consult.  Aurist  Pa.  Instit.  for  Deaf  and  Dumb  1878;  Prof.  Otology 
Philad.  Polyclinic  18S3 . 

*BirRNS,  lloHERT.     Oct.  1875.     b.  Nov.  7,  1809.     d.  March  12,  188-3. 

M.D.  1839,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1860,  V.  P. 
Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.;  Northern  Med.  Soc.  Philad.  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1865  ;  St.  Andrew's  Soc. ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa. ;  Sydenham  Soc. 

*BuRPEE,  David.    April,  1863.    b.  April  14,  1827.    d.  Sept.  14,  1882. 

M.D.  1851,  Pa.  Coll.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Amer.  .Med. 
Assoc.  1872  Phj's.  Diseases  of  tbe  Skin,  Howard  Hosp.  Philad. ;  Di- 
rector U.  S.  Army  Hosp.  Race  St.  Philad.  1862. 

Cadwalader,  Charles  E.    March,  1886.    b.  Xov.  5,  1839. 

A.B.  1858,  A.M.,  M.D.  1861,  Uuiv.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med. 
Soc. ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. ;  Amer.  Acad.  Med. ; 
Mut.  Aid  Assoc.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Phys.  Church  Home  for  Chil- 
dren 1874;    Lincoln  Instit.  1876;    Home  for  the  Homeless  1874 . ; 

Philad.  Dispeus.  1874 . 

IICaldwell,  Charles.    July,  1795.    ft.  Jan.  4,  1S03.    b.  1772.    d.  July  9, 
1S53. 

M.D.  1796,  Univ.  Pa.  Prof.  Geology  and  Philosophy  of  Xat.  Hist. 
Univ.  Pa.  1815-18;  Prof  Institutes  Med.  Transylvania  Univ.  1S19,  and 
Univ.  Louisville. 

*CABSOJf,  John.     Jan.  1787.     b.  Nov.  12,  1752.     d.  Oct.  26.  1794. 

M.D.  Univ.    Edinb.      Attend.    Phys.    Philad.  Dispens.  Feb.  17S6. 


216  APPENDIX, 

Surg.  1st  Troop  Pliilad.  Cavalry,  May,  1786,  July,  '8S ;  Phys.  Hiber- 
nian Soq.  1793.  Trustee  Univ.  Pa.  1794.  Deputy  Grand  Master 
Grand  Lodge  Pa. 

*Caeson,  Joseph.     Dec.  1838.     b.  April  19,  1808.     d.  Dec.  30,  1876. 

A.B.  1826,  M.D.  1830,  Univ.  Pa.;  Eesid.  Philad.  Hosp.  1830-31; 
Phys.  Pa.  Hosp,  1849-54;  Foster  Home  1840;  Consult.  Phys.  Episcopal 
Hosp.  1852.  Prof.  Mat.  Med.  Philad.  Coll.  Pharmacy  1836-50;  Lec- 
turer Mat.  Med.  and  Pharm.  Med.  Institute  Philad.  1844;  Prof.  Mat. 
Med.  and  Therapeutics  Univ.  Pa.  1850-76.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc. 
Feb.  1828;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Oct.  1833,  Libr.  1834-36,  Record. 
Sec.  Dec.  1836-June,  '37,  V.  P.  Dec.  1869-Dec.  75 ;  Amer.  Philos. 
Soc.  April,  1844,  Curator,  1859-76 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847 ;  National 
Conv.  Revis.  Pharmacopojia  1860,  P.  1870 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc,  P. 
1862;  State  Med.  Soc.  New  York ;  Internat.  Med.  Congr.  1876;  Director 
Philad.  Trust  and  Safe  Deposit  Co.  1872 ;  Constit.  Alumni  Soc.  Med. 
Dep.  Univ.  Pa. 

Chapin,  John  B.     Nov.  1885.     b.  Dec.  4,  1829. 

A.B.  1850,  Williams  Coll.,  M.D.  1853,  Jeflferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb. 
Assoc.  Superintendents  Amer.  Inst,  for  the  Insane,  1860 ;  Ontario  Co. 
(N.  Y.)  Med.  Soc.  1862;  Seneca  Co.  (N.  Y.)  Med.  Soc.  1871;  State 
Med.  Soc.  N.  Y.  1880;  Neurological  Soc.  Philad.  1885;  Med.  Jurispru- 
dence Soc.  Philad.  1885.  Eesid.  Phys.  New  York  Hosp.  1854;  Assist. 
Phys.  New  York  State  Lunatic  Asyl.  1854-58;  Res.  Phys.  Hosp.  for 
Insane,  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.  1858-69;  State  Commis.  to  locate  and 
build  Willard  Asyl.  for  Insane  1865-69;  Med.  Superintend.  Willard 
Asylum  for  Insane  1869-84;  Phys.  in  Chief  Pa.  Hosp.  for  Insane 
1884 . 

Chapman,  Henry  C.    Jan.  1880.    b.  Aug.  17,  1845. 

M.D.  1867,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  April,  1868, 
Curator  1876;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1875;  Franklin  Instit.  of  Pa.; 
Prosector  Zoological  Soc;  Lecturer  Anat.  and  Physiology  Univ.  Pa. ; 
Prof.  Institutes  Med.  and  Physiology,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  April,  1880 • 

*Chapman,  Nathaniel.  Nov.  1807.  b.  May  28,  1780.  d.  July  1,  1853. 
M.D.  1800,  Univ.  Pa.  Surg.  1st  Troop  Philad.  Cavalry  1804.  Memb. 
Philad.  Med.  Soc  1807,  P.  1816;  Acad.  Medicine,  P.  1821;  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  April,  1807,  Councillor  1817-28,  V.  P.  1828-46,  P.  1846-49; 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847,  P.  '48.  Prof.  Anat.  Pa.  Acad.  Fine  Arts  1812 ; 
Adjunct  Prof.  Midwifery,  1810;  Prof  Mat.  Med.  1813,  Theory  and 
Pract.  Med.  1816-50,  Univ.  Pa. 

Cheston,  D.  Muekay.     Jan.  1868.     b.  Feb.  23,  1843. 

M.D.  1864,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  May,  1867; 


AI'l'KNIHX.  217 

Constit.  Ob8tclri<^al   Soc.    I'liihid.;    yXmcr.  Mefl.  Ahhoc.  1860.     ReHid. 

E|iisc,()|.;il  IIosp.  1S(;|  (ir);    IMiy.  (^liil'Ircn'H  Hohj).  18<!rj-8r>. 

*CnovKr,  AitRAiiAM.     Jiiii.  1787.     1).  M;iy  25,  170  4.     d.  March,  1700. 

DemoiiHlr:il,(tr  Aiiut.  C(j.  IJarberH  and  HurgeoiiH  London  17.%.  Lec- 
turer oti  Anal. 

Claiik,  LtoonardS.     Ai)ril,  187.".. 

M.D.  1807,  Univ.  Pa.  Mcnil).  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  I'liilad.  .Sept.  1873, 
Med.  Exaiiiiiuu-,  Ordc^r  of  S|>:irta  and  I'liilud.  lic'lid'  League. 

*Clarkhon,  GioivARDUs.     .Ian.  1787.     b.  1737.     d.  Sept.  19,  1700. 
Mcmb.  Philos.  Soc.  17(i8;  Trustee  Univ.  State  Pa, 

fCLARKSON,  William.    Jan.  1787.    b.  Nov.  7,  1703.    Kes.  Feb.  9,  1793. 
d,  Sept.  9,  1812. 
M.D.  1785,  Univ.  Pa.    Attend.  Phy.s.  Philad.  Dispen.s.  Feb.  1786. 

*Cleaver,  Isaac.    Oct.  1815.    d.  Feb.  10,  1822,  set.  30. 

M.D.  1805,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  1803,  Permanent 
Chairman  1807,  Orator  1809 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phihid.  .Tan.  1817. 

Cleemann,  Richard  Alsop.    .Jan.  1872.    b.  Feb.  22,  1840. 

A.B.  1859,  A.M.,  M.D.  1862,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc. 
Philad.  1866;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1868,  P.  1882-84;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1872;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1876;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1879; 
Amer.  Acad.  Med.  1879 ;  International  Med.  Congress,  Sect.  1876. 
Resid.  Phys.  Hosp.  P.  E.  Church  1862 ;  Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A. 
Aug.  1862-Sept.  '64;  Dist.  Phys.  Philad.  Dispens.  186-5-68;  Phys.  St. 
Mary's  Hosp.  1872-76,  1878-79;  Phys.  Church  Home  for  Children 
1868-80;  Alumni  Manager  Univ.  Hosp.  1880.  Memb.  Board  Health 
1878.     Corresp.  National  Board  Health  1879-80. 

*CLEME]srTS,  Richard.    July,  1854. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad."  July,  1852;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1855. 

Clymer,  Meredith.     (N.  R.)     July,  1842.     b.  June  6,  1817. 

M.D.  1837,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1836;  Philad. 
Co.  JMed.  Soc.  1842 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1848 ;  New  York  Co.  Med. 
Soc.  1869 ;  Soc.  Neurolgy,  P.  1874 ;  Soc.  Alumni  Med.  Dept.  Univ.  Pa., 
V.  P.  1875,  Orator  1876 ;  New  York  Soc.  Alumni  Univ.  N.  Y.  1886 ; 
Honorary.  Assoc.  Amer.  Phys.  1886.  Phys.  Philad.  lustit.  for  the  Blind 
1842-43;  St.  Joseph's  Female  Orphan  Asyl.  1848-50;  Philad.  Hosp. 
1843-46,  Consult.  Phys.  1846-50.  Lecturer  on  Instit.  Med.  1843,  and 
Pract.  Med.  1849,  Philad.  Med.  Instit.  Prof.  Pract.  Med.  Franklin 
Med.  Coll.  1846-48 ;  Prof.  Pract.  and  Instit.  Med.  Univ.  New  York  1S51. 


218  APPENDIX. 

*C0ATES,  Bexjamin  H.  May,  1827.  b.  Nov.  14,  1797.  d.  Oct.  16, 1881. 
M.D.  1818,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  1814-19,  Phys.  1828-41,  Pa.  Hosp. 
Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1817,  V.  P.  18-44;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
April,  1818;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1823;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847; 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  April,  1849,  P.  1859;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1864; 
Historical  Soc.  Pa.  V.  P. 

!|C0ATES,  Eeynell.     Feb.  1835.     ft.  1842.     b.  1802.     d.  April  27,  1886. 

M.D.  1823,  Univ.  Pa.  Eesid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1819-23.  Memb.  Philad.  Med. 

Soc.  Nov.  1824;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov.  1834- Aug.  '48. 

CoHEJf,  J.  SoLis.     April,  1871. 

M.D.  1860,  Univ.  Pa.  Prof.  Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Chest, 
Philad.  Polyclinic  and  Coll.  for  Graduates.  Phys.  German  Hosp. ; 
Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Oct.  1870- June '77;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1864;  26th  Regt.  Pa.  Vol.  1861 ;  Act.  A.ssist.  Surg.  U.  S.  N.  Sept.  4, 1861 
-Jan.  12,  '64;  U.  S.  A.  Hosp.  Philad.  1864. 

^CoLHOUx,  Samuel.    Aug.  1839.    d.  April  7,  1841,  set.  54. 

Resid.  1809-10,  Phys.  1816-21  Pa.  Hosp.     Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc. 

*C0NDIE,  D.  Francis.     May,  1836.    b.  May  12,  1796.     d.  March  21,  1875. 
M.D.  1818,  Univ.  Pa.    Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847;  Philad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc.  1852 ;  Soc.  State  Pa.,  P.  1859. 

*CoRBiTT,  William  B.    Jan.  1870. 

Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1870. 

*C0RSE,  James  M.     Oct.  1857.     (N.  R.  from  Jan.  1869.)     d.  Aug.  10, 1885. 
ffit.  73. 

M.D.  1851,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1852  ;  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc.  Philad.  Nov.  1852-Aug.  '76 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1855. 

*CoxE,  William  S.    Jan.  1829.    b.  April  16,  1790.    d.  July  20,  1837. 
A.B.  1807,  A.M.  1810,  Coll.  N.  J.;  M.D.  1811,  Univ.  Pa. 

Cruice,  Robert  Blake.    April,  1866.    b.  Sept.  29,  1838. 

M.D.  1859,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Dec.  1874 ; 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1878;  Compan.  Milit.  Order  Loyal  Legion 
U.  S.  Jan.  1882 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1884.  Assist.  Surg.  Pa.  Vol.  Aug. 
1861 ;  Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  April,  1862.  Resid.  Aug.  1863,  Attend. 
Surg.  Dec.  1880,  Phys.  and  Surg,  in  charge  Jan.  1881,  St.  Joseph's  Hosp. 
Philad. . 

*Cbuice,  William  R.    April,  1873.    b.  Dec.  23,  1842.    d.  Aug.  15, 1886. 
M.D.  1865,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Jan.  1876; 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1877,  V.  P.  1886. 


APPENDIX.  219 

■"■(  !uMMiN(f,  John.     Oct.  ]T.)r>. 

IIOijMMiMKKY,  .lAMKs.     April,  1808.     ft.  Xov.  7,  ]88.'5. 

M.D.  ]8r>(;,  .l.dbiHon  Mfd.  Coll.  Mcmb.  .Amor.  Mr;fl.  Assoc.  18G0 ; 
Acad.  Niit.  Sc.  I'liilud.  Nov.  18(i!)-.Jnn(;,  72. 

*CuNNiN()irAAr,  .Tamks.     April,  1787.     d.  Dec.  17J)7, 
Fhya.  Hibcriiiiin  Soc.  171)3. 

*(JURRIE,  William.     Jan.  1787.     b.  1754.     d.  June  la,  1828. 

Memb.  Board  of  Hcaltli,  Philad. ;  Anier.  Philos.  Soc.  July,  1792. 
Phys.  Magdalen  Asylum. 

OuRTiN,  Roland  G.    April,  1884.    b.  Oct.  29,  1829. 

A.M.  (Honorary),  1888,  M.D.  ISr.f),  Pb.D.  1871,  Tniv.  Pa.  Memb. 
Obstetrical  Soc.  Pbilad.  1870  ;  Patbological  Soc.  Philad.  1871,  Trca.surer 
1879-80;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1878;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov. 
1871 ;  Amer.  Climatological  Assoc.  188-'),  V.  P.  1886  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1872;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  Resid.  Phys.  1866-67,  Visit.  Phys.  Philad. 
Hosp.  1868;  Maternity  Hosp. ;  Phys.  Throat  and  Chest  Dept.  Howard 
Hosp.  1876-82;  Phys.  Univ.  Hosp.  1879;  Philad.  Lying-in  Charity 
1871 ;  Chief  of  Med.'  Disp.  Univ.  Hosp.  1872-82.  Lect."  Physical  Diag- 
nosis, Univ.  Pa.  1877;  Assist.  Clinical  ^led.  Univ.  Pa.  1875;  Assist. 
Med.  Director  International  Exhib.  1876  ;  Assist.  U.  S.  Geologist,  1868 ; 
U.  S.  Naval  Storekeeper  1861-65. 

Da  Costa,  Jacob  M.    Oct.  1858.    b.  1833. 

A.M.  M.D.  1852 ;  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.,  LL.D.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc.  Philad.  Feb.  1852 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1866  ;  Amer.  Acad.  Arts 
and  Sc. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1855;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  ex-P. ; 
Corresp.  Pathological  Soc.  N.  Y. ;  New  England  Historical  Soc. ;  Hono- 
rary, Med.  Soc.  State  N.  Y. ;  Med.  Soc.  London.     Prof.  Theory  and 

Pract.  Med.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1872 .     Phys.  Episcopal  Hosp. ; 

Philad.  Hosp.  1865;  Pa.  Hosp.  1865 .     Consult.  Phys.  Children's 

Hosp. 

Da  Costa,  John  C.    Feb.  1884. 

M.D.  1878,  Jeffei-son  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  June, 
1857;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Oct.  1879;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  Nov. 
1880,V.  P.  '87  ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1886.  Senior  Assist.  Phys.  Philad. 
Lying-in  Charity  and  Nurses'  School  1880-84;  Gynecologist  Jeflerson 
Med.  Coll.  Hosp.  March,  1884 . 

*Darrach,  William.     May,  1828.     b.  June  16,  1796.     d.  May  6,  1865. 

A.B.  1815,  A.M.  Coll.'  N.  J. ;  M.D.  1819,  Univ.  Pa.  Eesid.  Philad. 
Hosp.  1818  ;  Phys.  Philad.  Dispens.  7  years ;  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary ; 


220  APPENDIX. 

Howard  Hosp. ;  Eastern  Penitentiary,  Pa.  10  years;  Southern  Home 
for  Friendless  Children.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med. 
Soc.  1852  ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  March,  1823-March,  29.  Prof.  Theory 
and  Pract.  Med.  Pa.  Med.  Coll.  1843-54. 

*Darrach,  William.    Oct.  1866.    b.  1839.    d.  Jan.  28,  1881. 

A.B.  1859,  M.D.  1861,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc. ;  Alumni 
Soc.  Med.  Dep.  Univ.  Pa. ;  Act.  Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  A. 

Darrach,  James.    April,  1859.    b.  1828. 

A.B.  1849,  A.M.  1852,  Univ.  Pa. ;  M.D.  1852,  Pa.  Med.  Coll.  Eesid- 
Pa.  Hosp.  1853-54.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1857  ;  Philad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc. ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov.  1858.  Surg,  in  charge  Cuyler 
U.  S.  A.  Hosp.  1862 ;  Consult.  Phys.  Germantown  Hosp.  and  of  Jewish 
Hosp. 

Deakyne,  a.  C.     June,  1874. 
M.D.  1854,  Pa.  Med.  Coll. 

Deal,  Lemuel  Jacob.    (N.  R.)    July,  1870.     b.  Feb.  24,  1842. 

A.B.  1860,  A.M.  1863,  Univ.  Pa. ;  M.D.  1865,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. ; 
Ph.D.  1872  Wagner  Free  Institute  Sc.  Memb.  Franklin  Institute, 
Pa.,  March,  1866  ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  July,  1867-June,'77;  Northern 
Med.  Assoc,  P.  1863;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc,  Assist.  Sec.  1872;  Med. 
Soc  State  Pa.  1878 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1868.  Attend.  Phys.  North- 
ern Dispens.  1866-73 ;  Asst.  Demonstrator  Anat.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
1866-73  ;  Attend.  Phys,  Dispens.  Episcopal  Hosp.  1878-85  ;  St.  Christo- 
pher's Hosp.  1877-85;  Lecturer  on  Chemistry  Franklin  Instit.  Pa. 
1866-67;  Prof,  of  Chemistry  Wagner  Free  Instit.  Sc.  1866-73  ;  Philad. 
Coll.  Pharmacy  1877 .     Woman's  Med.  Coll.  1874-75. 

Dbrcum,  Francis  X.    Jan.  1885. 

M.D.  1877,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1878.  Instructor 
in  Nervous  Diseases,  Univ.  Pa.  1885 . 

fDlCKSON,  S.  Henry.     Jan.  1859.     b.  1798 ;  res.  Oct.  5,  1864.     d.  March, 
31,  1870. 
M.D.  1819,  Univ.  Pa. 

*DiLLARD,  Thomas.     Nov.  1842.     b.  Jan.  24,  1801.     d.  March  1,  1870. 

M.D.  1825,  Univ.  Pa.  Surg.  Mate  Nov.  1824;  Surg.  Jan.  1828,  U.  S. 
Navy.     Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1855. 

*D0RSEY,  Nathan.    April,  1887.    d.  July  2,  1806. 
Lazaretto  Phys.  Philad.  1805. 


APl'KNDIX.  221 

Downs,  Koiuout  Nohton.     April,  ISIII.     1).  Sept.  \r>,  I82I). 

M.D.  1H5(J,  Univ.  I'.i.  Act.  AhhI.  Surg.  II.  H.  A.  Sept.  1862-fir,; 
Con.sult.  PhyH.  (Ji'.rm:uiLown  IFoHp. 

*DliAYTON,  IlKNiiY  E.     A|)ril,  isr.l.     1,.  1-^cl).  25,  1823.     d.  April  ]'.),  1802. 
M.D.  1845,  Univ.  Pa.     Snl•;,^  ICpiscop;!!  IFohj).,  1'.  IJoard  of  .Matiagere; 
Amer.  Med.  Aasoc.  IHf)!. 

Drysdale,  Thomas  MuiiKAY.     ,Iunc,  issi.    1..  Auf,'.  14,  \H'',]. 

M.D.  18.52,  Pn.  Med.  Coll.  ;  A.M.  187!)  (honorary),  LaFaycttc  Coll. 
Mcnib.  Philiul.  Co.  Med  Soc.  1853,  V.  P.  1875,  P.  1876  ;  Med.  Soc.  State 
Pa.,  P.  18G4,  Corresp.  Sec.  1873-74;  Amer.  Med.  As-soc.  1873;  Amer. 
vVcad.  Med.  1879;  V.  P.  1882;  Constit.  Amer.  Gynecological  Soc.  1876; 
British  Med.  Assoc.  1877 ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1877 ;  Obstetrical 
Soc.  Philad.  1877,  V.  P.  1881,  P.  1887;  Internat.  Med.  Congress,  1876. 
Assist.  Surg.  1st  Regt.  Infant,  reserv,  1861,  Surg.  1863. 

DuER,  Edward  Louis.    April,  1864.    b.  June  19,  1836. 

A.B.  1857,  Yale  Coll. ;  M.D.  1860,  Univ.  Pa.  Surg.  U.  S.  Vol.  1861- 
65.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. ;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad. ;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1872.  Accoucheur  and  Clinical  Lecturer  on  Diseases  of 
Women  and  Children,  Philad.  Hosp. ;  Phys.  for  Disea-ses  of  Women, 
Presbyterian  Hosp. ;  Visit.  Phys.  Preston  Retreat ;  also,  of  State  Hoap. 
for  Women. 

*DUFFIELD,  Benjaa[IN.     Jan.  1787.     b.  Nov.  3,  1753.     d.  Dec.  13,  1799. 
A.B.  1771,  Coll.  Philad.     [The  commencement  for  1774  was  not  held. 
Therefore  each  of  the  Medical  Professors  of  the  College  of  Philadel- 
phia gave  him  a  certificate  that  he  had  attended  the  full  courses  of 
lectures.]     Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  July,  1786. 

*DuffieIjD,  Samuel.    Jan.  1787.    b.  1732.    d.  Dec.  1814. 

M.B.  1768,  Coll.  Philad.  Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Dec.  1768, 
Curator  1774-82,  1786-91,  Councillor  1783  and  1805.  Wholesale  and 
Retail  Druggist  1768  ;  Surg.  Pa.  Navy  Oct.  1775  ;  Superintendent  Hosp. 
and  Pest  House,  Pa.  Navy  April,  1776.  Elected  member  of  the  Conti- 
nental Congress,  by  the  Pa.  Assembly,  Sunday,  Sept.  14,  1777,  but  no 
evidence  that  he  served  has  been  found.  Phys.  of  Asylum  for  Orphans 
made  by  Yellow  Fever,  Oct.  1793 ;  Consult.  Phys.  Board  of  Healthy 
1798 ;  Phys.  to  attend  the  poor  of  the  city. 

[Benjamin  DutEeld  and  Samuel  Duffield  were  not  of  the  same  family.] 

DuHRiNG,  Louis  A.    Jan.  1871.    b.  Dec.  23,  1845. 

M.D.  1867,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Amer.  Dermatological  Assoc,  P. . 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872 ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. ;  Pathological  Soc', 
Philad. ;  Corres.  New  York  Dermatological  Soc. ;  Honorary  McLain 
Soc.  Loudon.     Lecturer  1871,  Clinic.  Prof.  Skin  Diseases  1876.  Univ_ 

Pa. . ;  Dermatologist  Philad.  Hosp. ;  Phys.  and  Consult.  Phys.  and 

P.  Trustees  Philad.  Dispens.  for  Skin  Diseases. 


222  APPENDIX. 

DuLi.ES,  Chakles  Winslow.    Jan.  1881.    b.  Nov.  29,  1850. 

M.D..  1875,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1876  ;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  1878 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1880.  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. 
1881;  West  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  1881;  Philad.  Acad.  Surgery,  1884. 
Eesid.  Philad.  Hosp.  1875-76 ;  Pa.  Hosp.  1877  ;  Eegistrar  1878-83, 
Surg.  Out-patients  Univ.  Hosp.  and  of  Presbyterian  Hosp.  1883 ;  lately 
Lecturer  on  Venereal  Diseases  Philad.  School  Anat. 

DuNGLisoN,  Richard  J.    April,  1863.    b.  Nov.  13,  1834. 

A.B.  1852,  A.M.  1855,  Univ.  Pa.;  M.D.  1856,  JeflFerson  Med.  Coll. 
Memb.  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1867,  Sec.  1875 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  May, 
1874-June,  '77;  Centennial  Med.  Commis.  Sec.  1875-76;  a  Sec.  Inter- 
nat.  Med.  Congr.  1876  ;  Amer.  Acad.  Med.,  Sec.  and  Treas.  1878  ;  Amer. 

Med.  Assoc,  Assist.  Sec.  1876,  Treasurer  1877 . ;  Philad.  Co.  Med. 

Soc.  1863  Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1862-65 ;  Phys.  Burd  Orphan 
Asylum;  Pa.  Instit.  for  Instruct,  of  the  Blind  1861;  Director  Mutual 
Aid.  Assoc.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Corresp.  Sec.  Alumni  Assoc- 
Jefferson  Med.  Coll. ;  P.  Musical  Fund  Soc.  Philad. 

*DUNGLIS0N,  ROBLEY.  June  18,  1838.  b.  Jan.  4,  1798.  d.  April  1,  1869. 
Licentiate  Royal  Coll.  Surg.  London  1819 ;  M.D.  1824,  Univ.  Erlan- 
gen ;  M.D.,  Honorary,  1825  Yale ;  LL.D.  1852,  Jefferson  Coll.  Canons- 
burg,  Pa.  Phys.  Accoucheur  Eastern  Dispens.  Lond.  1824 ;  Prof.  Med- 
Sciences  Univ.  Va.  1825 ;  Prof.  Mat.  Med.  Therapeutics,  Hygiene  and 
Med.  Jurispr.  University  Md.  1833 ;  Prof.  Instit.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Philad.  June,  1836-68.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  Memb.  Amer.  Philos. 
Soc.  Jan.  1832,  Sec.  1840-52,  V.  P.  1853-56, 1858-59  ;  (Honorary)  Med. 
Soc.  State  of  New  York  Feb.  1833  ;  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Feb.  1837  ;  Acad. 
Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Jan.  1853 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1857 ;  Training  School 
for  Idiots,  V.  P. ;  Musical  Fund  Society,  P. ;  Pa.  Institution  for  Instruc- 
tion of  the  Blind,  V.  P.  1844;  Chairman  of  the  Faculty  Univ.  Va. 

DuxGLiso>-,  Thomas  R.     (N.  R.)     July,  1871.     b.  March  10,  1837. 

A.B.  1855,  A.M.  1858,  Univ.  Pa. ;  M.D.  1859,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  April,  1872 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1877. 

DuNOT,  Justus.     (N.  R.)     Feb.  1849. 

DuNTOif,  William  R.    April,  1860.    b.  March  10,  1831. 

A.B.,  M.D.  1853,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. ;  Ob- 
stetrical Soc.  Philad.  Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1863 ;  Consult.  Phys. 
Germantown  Hosp. 

Edwards,  Joseph  F.    Oct.  1882.     b.  Dec  8,  1853. 

M.D.  1874,  Univ.  Pa. ;  A.M.  1880,  Georgetown  Coll.  Memb.  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc;  Philad.  Medico-Legal  Soc.  Memb.  State  Board  of 
Health,  Pa.  Resid.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1874;  Assist.  Surg.  2d  Reg. 
Nat.  Guard  Pa.  1876,  Surg.  1878. 


Al'l'KNDIX.  228 

EnWARDS,  WiiJ.iAM  A.    .I;ni.  |s,s7.    1j.  Auk- 20,  18fiO. 

iVI.I).  ISSI,  (Jniv.  I'll.  .Mcmh.  I'al.l.oloKical  Soo.  I'liilad.  \HH2;  I'hila.l. 
Co.  Mod.  Sot;.  IHH4;  Med.  Soc  Slato  I'a.  ISH.',.  IriHtr.  Clinical  .Med. 
and  IMi.vH.  Di.sixMiHiiry  Cniv.  I'a.  lsH2;  AssiHt.  Patliolo^iHt  I'hilad.  Ho»p. 
JHS2-<s;];  Mud.  i;(!«i,slrar  I'liilad.  lIoHp.  IKH}  ;  I'liyn.  S(.  Jow-pirH  HoHp. 
1885. 

*EmKIIH()N,  (ioi  VKN'KUIf.      I'\;h.   I  s  17.     d.  July  2,  1874. 

M.D.  iSiC),  Univ.  I'a.  Attend.  I'hy.s.  I'hilad.  DiHpens.  J^2].  .Nlcinb. 
Philad.  Mod.  Soc.  1813,  Sec.  1816  ;  Aiuer.  I'liilos.  Hoc.  18.3.3,  Councillor 
18,37-4();  Anier.  Med.  Assoc.  1847:  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  I'hilad.  Aug.  18.03; 
Piiilad.  Co.  Med.  Hoc,  I'.  18.'37 ;  .Med.  Soc.  State  Fa. 

*Emi,kn,  Ja.mks  \.     April,  18.52. 

M.D.  1849,  Univ.  I'a.  .Mcmb.  I'hilad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  18-52;  Aujer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1855, 

*Emlen,  Sa.mikl.     Aug.  1818.     b.  March  0,  178',).     d.  April  17,  1828. 

M.D.  1812,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1819;  Kappa 
Lambda  Soc     IMiys.  Philad.  Dispens.  1815;   I'a.  Hosp.  182.5-28. 

ESKIUDGE,  J.  T.     Oct.  1880.     b.  June,  1848. 

U.J).  1875,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. 
1876;  Philad.  Clinical  Soc.  1877;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc  1879;  Amer. 
Neurological  Soc  1883;  Philad.  Neurological  Soc.  1884;  Amer.  Clima- 
tological  Assoc.  1885  ;  El  Paso  Co.  Med  Soc.  1884,  P.  1886 ;  Phys.  Eye 
and  Ear  Dept.  Philad.  Di,sp.  1876-77;  Catharine  St.  Disp.  1876-83; 
Howard  Hosp.  1881-83;  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  1882-84;  Jefferson  Med. 
Coll.  Hosp.  1883-84.  Instructor  in  Nervous  Diseases,  Post-Grad.  Course 
Jeff.  Med.  Coll. 

*EVANS,  CnARi.ES.     April,  1842.     d.  April  21,  1879,  aet.  77. 

M.D.  1828,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1852.  Attend. 
Phys.  Frankford  Asylum  for  the  Insane. 

Evans,  Horace  Y.    Oct.  1868.    b.  Oct.  1834. 

A.B.  1855,  A.M.  1858,  Coll.  N.  J.;  M.D.  18.58,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1864,  P.  1882;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1S72.  A'isit. 
Phys.  Charity  Hosp.  1864;  Episcopal  Hospital  1874.  Surg.  1st  Troop 
Philad.  Cavalry.  1867. 

IFassitt,  Loiis.    April,  1866.    res.  Dec  7,  1870.     d.  Dec.  9,  1883,  jet.  57. 
M. D.  1848,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc  Philad.  Jan.  lS57-Sept.  66. 

Fenton,  Thomas  H.    April,  1884.    b.  May  28,  1856. 

M.D.  1877,  Univ.  Pa.   Memb.  PhUad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1879  ;  Patholog- 


224  APPENDIX. 

ical  Soc.  Philad.  1881  ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1880;  Amer.  Med.  Aesoc. 
1884;  Auier.  Pub.  Healtli  Assoc.  1884;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Jan. 
1884;  German  Med.  Soc.  Philad.  1887.  Resid.  Phys.  Episcopal  Hosp. 
1877;  Wills  Hosp.  1878;  Attend.  Phys.  Charity  Hosp.  1879;  Phys. 
Home  for  Aged  Couples,  1879;  Clinical  Assist.  Wills  Hosp.  1877-85; 
Attend.  Ophthalmic  Surg.  House  of  Good  Shepherd,  1880  ;  St.  Vincent's 
Home,  1886;  Trustee -Charity  Hosp.  188G ;  Director  10th  School  Sect. 
1882-85. 

Finn,  W.  H.    Jan.  1872. 

M.D.  1863,  Univ.  Harvard.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Sept. 
1869-June,  '77.     Surg.  St.  Christopher's  Hosp. 

Fischer,  E.mil.    Oct.  1866.    b.  June  22,  1832. 

M.D.  1855,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. 
1857  ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc  Philad.  May,  1857-Dec.  '63  ;  Northern  Med.  Assoc. 
1860 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1868  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1868  ;  Librarian 
Pa.  Hosp.  1855-57.  Phys.  Northern  Dispensary  1860-61  ;  Phys.  Ger- 
man Dispensary,  and  German  Hosp.  1858-74. 

*FisH,  Augustine  H.    July,  1859.    b.  1828.    d.  Aug.  3,  1872. 

A.B.  1848,  Coll.  N.  J.,  M.D.  1851,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Philad.  Hosp. ; 
Phys.  Philad.  Dispens. ;  Phys.  Howard  Hosp. ;  Med.  Board,  Charity 
Hosp. ;  Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  Hosp.  West  Philad.  1862.  Memb. 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc,  V.  P.  1871  ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1862;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1858  ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. ;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad. 

Fisher,  Henry  Middleton.    May,  1884.    b.  May  29,  1851. 

A.B.  1872,  Harvard  Univ.,  M.D.  1875,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Patholog- 
ical Soc  Philad.  1876;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc  Philad.  Jan.  1876;  Obstetrical 
Soc.  Philad.  1876.  Phys.  Outpatients  Pa.  Hosp.  1882 ;  Attend.  Phys. 
Episcopal  Hosp.  1883. 

Forbes,  William  S.    April,  1862.    b.  Feb.  10,  1831. 

M.D.  1852,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.,  1866,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc  Philad.  Sept.  1856-June, '77  ;  Philad.- Co.  Med.  Soc  ;  Pathological 
Soc  Philad.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc  1872.  Resid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1853-55; 
Surg.  English  Miht.  Hosp.  Scutari,  Constantinople  1855 ;  Surg.  Epis- 
copal Hosp.  Philad.  1862-87  ;  Chief  of  Coll.  Avenue  Anat.  and  Operat. 
Surg.  vSchool  1857-70;  Demonstrator  Anat.  1879-86;  Prof.  Anat.  and 
Clinical  Surg.  1886 .  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 

Ford,  William  Henry.    July,  1870.     b.  Oct.  7,  1839. 

A.B.  1860,  A.M.  1863,  Coll.  N.  J.,  M.D.  1863,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1869  ;  Philad.  Obstetrical  Soc.  1872; 
Amer.  Pub.  Health  Assoc.  1874  ;  Acad.  Med.  1878  ;  Board  of  Health, 
Philad.  1871,  Sec  1875-77,  P.  1877-79  and  1886-87. 


APPENDIX.  225 

FoRMAi),  IIknhv  K.     Miiy,  1884.     I..  I''<;1..  Is47. 

H.IVl.  lsr,<J,  Univ.  IIcifleiluT^';  iM.l).  I«77,  Univ.  I'a.  Momh.  I'aiho- 
lo^ical  Soc.  rhilad.  IH77,  V.  I'.;  Acad.  Nat.  Ho.  I'liilml.  Jan.  IW); 
Franklin  Iii.sL  l*a.  ISH2;  I'liilad  (Jo.  Med.  Hoc.  IHK.'',;  Mod.  Hrn;.  Htate 
l*a.  ISSI;  Assoc.  Aincr.  I'liyHiciaJis  ISSC) ;  DcmonHtrator  J'alliolo^y  and 
Morliiil  Ariat.  Univ.  I'a.  1877  ;  l'afli(ilo;;ist  and  .MicroHcopi.>-t  Univ.  IIonp. 

and  I'liilad.  Hosp.  187H;  Coroner's  J'liy.s.  I'hilad.  1S84 .  ;  Librarian 

StilU';  Med.  Library,  Univ.  I*a.  1878 . 

*FoULKE,  John.     dan.  IT>!7.     d.  IT'.k;. 

M.D.  J780,  Coll.  I'iiihid.  IMiys.  I'a.  JIo.«p.  1784-94.  Lectnrer  on 
Anat.  1784-%.     Menib.  Amcr.  l'iiilo.s.  Hoc.  Jan.  1784,  Hcc  1780-89. 

*Fox,  Gkoroe.     Sept.  is:',i.     b.  May  8.  ISOO.     d.  Dec.  27,  18S2. 

A.B.  1S25,  M  D.  182S,  Univ.  I'a.  Hur-,'.  Wills  ITosp.  ]S:M-40;  Surg. 
Pa.  Hosp.  1848-54;  St.  Joseph's  Female  Orphan  Asylum  18-38- .54. 
Memb.  I'hilad.  Med.  Soc  Feb.  1827;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc  Philad.  May,  18.36- 
Jan. '42;  Philad.  Med.  Soc..  V.  P.  1849:  Anier.  Med.  Assoc  1847; 
Treas.  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1848-&2;  Director  National  Bank  of  Com- 
merce 1876-82. 

Fox,  Joseph  M.    May,  1885.    b.  July  16,  1855. 

M.D.  1877,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Piiilad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1886.  Surg. 
Out-patients  of  Pa.   Hosp. ,  of  Children's  Hosp..  and  of  Univ.  Hosp. 

1884. 

Fricke.  Albert.  Jan.  1864.    Sept.  13,  181.5. 

M.D.  Univ.  Berlin,  Piussia.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov. 

18,59;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1849;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872;  Historical 

Soc.  Pa.  1880.  Senior  Phys.  German  Hosp.  Philad.  1866-74. 

Gardette,  Emile  Blaise.     July,  1870.     b.  Aug.  12,  1803. 

M.D.  1838,  Jefferson  :\Ieci.  Coll.  Memb.  Acad.  Xat.  Sc.  Philad. 
April,  1853-March,  '6-5 ;  French  Soc.  Bienfaisance  Philad. ;  Historical 
Soc.  Pa.  Trustee  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1856,  P.  Board  Trustees,  March, 
1876 . 

*Gebhard,  Lewis  P.     April,  1828.     b.  June  14,  1791.     d.  Dec.  24,  1873. 
M.D.  1813,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1812;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  1853,  P.  1864;  Northern  Med.  Assoc;  Soc.  Prevention 
Cruelty  to  Animals  :  Colonization  Soc. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1S64. 

Gerhard,  George  S.    April,  1873. 
M.D.  1870,  Univ.  Pa. 

15 


226  APPENDIX. 

*Gerhard,  William  Wood.  Sept.  1834.  b.  July  23, 1809.  d.  April  28,1872. 
A.B.  1826,  Dickenson  Coll. ;  M.D.  1832,  Univ.  Pu.  Resid.  Pa.  Hosp. 
1S34-3G,  Phys.  1845-68;  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  Menib.  Phihid.  Med. 
Soc.  June,  1827  ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov.  1835  ;  Pathological  See. 
Philad.,  P.  1838;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1843.  Asst.  Prof.  Instit.Med. 
Univ.  Pa.  1838. 

Getchell,  FEAifcis  Horace.    July,  1864.    b.  Dec.  8,  1836. 

M.D.  1859,  Dartmouth  Coll. ;  M.D.  1872,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Act 
Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1862-65 ;  Gynecologist  Jefferson  Coll.  Hosp. ;  Ob- 
stetrician Catharine  Street  Dispensary.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc. 
Philad. 

*GiBBOics,  Henry.    Aug.  1846.    b.  Sept.  8,  1808.    d.  Nov.  5,  1884. 

M.D.  1829,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  San  Francisco  Co.  Med.  Soc.  P. ;  State 
Med.  Soc.  Cal.,  P.  1857;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  July,  1844;  Constit. 
California  Acad.  Nat.  Sc,  P. ;  Cal.  State  Board  of  Health  ;  Philad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc.  1852;  Cal.  State  Prison  Commission;  Sons  of  Temperance; 
Los  Augeles  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc  1849.  Prof. Mat.  Med. 
and  Therapeutics  Med.  Dept.  Univ.  of  the  Pacific,  1861 ;  Prof.  Theory 
and  Pract.  Med.  Cooper  Med.  Coll.  Visit.  Phys.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  and 
Public  Hosp.,  San  Francisco. 

*GlBBONS,  JOHX  H.     March,  1788.     d.  Oct.  5,  1795,  set.  36. 
M.D.  1786,  Edinb.     Lecturer  Pract.  Med.  1789. 

*GlLBERT,  David.     Oct.  1853.     d.  July  28,  1868. 

Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1850.   Prof.  Surgery  Pa.  Med.  Coll. 

IIGlLBERT,  W.  Kent.     July,  1863.    b.  Dec.  28,  1829.     ft.  July  3,  1878.     d. 
June,  28,  1880. 

A.  B.  1848,  Pa.  Coll.  Gettysburg ;  M.D.  1852,  Pa.  Med.  Coll.  Eesid. 
Philad.  Hosp.  Memb.  Hist.  Soc.  Pa. ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Acad. 
Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  May,  1866.     Coroner  Philad.  1878-80. 

GiRViN,  Robert  M.    March,  1885.    b.  Feb.  3,  1836. 

M.D.  1862,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.    Obstetrician  Philad.  Hosp.  1866-76; 

Gynecologist  Presbyterian  Hosp. .     Memb.  Philad  Co.  Med.  Soc. 

.;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad. .;  West  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  1881. 

Given,  Robert  Aiken.    Jan.  1848.    b.  March  15,  1816. 

M.D.  1839,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Delaware  Co. 
Med.  Soc. ;  Philad.  Neurological  Soc. ;  Assoc.  Med.  Superintendents  of 
Amer.  Instit.  for  the  Insane ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1855.  Assist.  Phys. 
Pa.  Hosp.  for  Insane  1841-44;  Phys.  Eastern  Penitentiary  1844-51; 
Superint.  Burn  Brae  (Del.  Co.,  Pa.)  Hosp.  for  Mental  and  Nervous  Dis- 
eases 1859 . 


AI'I'KNDIX.  227 

HJjJONTWonTii,  Okoimii;.     .Imii.  17X7.     h.  July  22,  1 7-%.     <l.  N'»v.  4,  I7!)2. 
M.D.  Univ.  Kditii).     Wv.iuh.  y\in(r.  I'IiiIoh.  8oc.  Oct.  \7W.     Keg.  and 
IIoHi).  8ur}^.  Aincr.  Army  1777  H(). 

*()lj:ntw<)HTII,  I'i.unkkt  F.  Sept.  17'.)2.    b.  July  27,  17(iO.    d.  J;m.  Hi,  IKi^i. 
M.I).  17'.)0,  Univ.  I'u. 

GoBRECiiT,  William  II.     (N.  R.)     July,  IHM. 

M.D.  1849,  Med.  Coll.  Tliiliid.  Meiiib.  riiihid.  Co.  Med.  .Soc.  1852; 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  July,  185(i-March,  '65;  Ainer.  Med.  Assoc.  1868. 

*GoDDARD,  Paul  Bfxk.     Nov.  1S42.     d.  .Inly  5,  18fi6,  set.  57. 

M.D.  1S32,  Univ.  Pa.  Dcmonstrat.  Anat.  Univ.  Pa.  1841  ;  Prof.  Anat. 
Franklin  Med.  Coll.  1847-52.  Hurg.  1st  Troop  Philad.  Cavalry  1847; 
8uri,^  U.  tS.  V.  18(J3-G5.  P.  Board  of  Health  Philad.  1859-63.  Merab. 
Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1831  ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Feb.  1829,  Libr. 
Dec.  1833-Dec.  '34,  Curator  Dec.  1834-Dcc.  '35;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc. 
April,  1840;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1855 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Med. 
Soc.  State  Pa. 

GoDEY,  Harry.    June,  1884. 

*GoDON,  Victor  L.    June,  ]S4().    d.  1849. 

M.D.  1834,  Univ.  Pa.     Assist.  Slirg.  U.  S.  Navy  1835-44. 

Goodell,  William.    April,  1868.    b.  Oct.  17,  1829. 

A.B.,  A.M.,  Williams  Coll. ;  M.D.  1871,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.; 
(Honorary)  Edinb.  Obstetrical  Soc. ;  Detroit  Obstetrical  Soc. ;  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Soc.  Maryland ;  Med.  Soc.  State  N.  Y. ;  Acad.  Med.  City 
of  N.  Y. ;  Corres.  Sec.  Centennial  Med.  Commis.  1875-76 ;  Corres.  Lon- 
don Obstetrical  Soc;  Imperial  Med.  Soc.  Constantinoi)le;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1872 ;  Boston  Gynecological  Soc.  Phys.  in  charge  Preston  Re- 
treat.   Prof.  Clinical  Gynecology  Univ.  Pa. . 

Goodman,  Henry  Earnest.    Jan.  1867.    b.  April  12,  1836. 

M.D.  1859,  Univ.  Pa..  Memb.  Pathological  Soc  Philad.  1868;  Oph- 
thalmological  Soc.  Philad.  1870  ;  Social  Sc.  Assoc.  Philad.  1870  ;  Amer. 
Pub.  Health  Assoc.  1866;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc. 
Philad.  Jan.  1877  ;  British  Med.  Assoc  1868  ;  International  Ophthalmic 

Congr.  at  Heidelberg  1868 ;  Union  League  Philad.  1S67 . ;  Comp. 

Milit.  Order  Loyal  Legion  U.  S.  1867  ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa.  1877  ;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Med.  Soc,  1886;  Council  of  Church  of  the  Holy  Communion, 
V.  P.  1870 ;  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  1866  ;  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland, 1870;  Army  of  the  Potomac,  1870;  Internat.  Med.  Congr. 
1876.   School  Director  9tli  Ward  Philad.  1870.     Resid.  Philad.  Hosp. 


228  APPENDIX. 

1859-60  ;  Wills  Hosp.  1860-61,  Attend.  Surg.  1872.  Surg.  8th  Pa.  Cavl. 
May  to  July,  1861;  2Slh  Keg.  Pa.  Vol.  July,  ISGl-May,  1864;  U.  S. 
Vol.  May,  1864-Dec.  65.     Port  Phys.  Philad.  1866-73  ;  U.  S.  Examiuing 

Surg,  for  Pensions  1866 .     A  Founder  and  Attend.  Surg,  and  Sec. 

Med.  Staff  Philad.  Orthopoedic  Hosp.  1867 .     Founder  Maternity 

Hosp.  and  Consult.  Surg.  1868 .    Surg.  Out-patients  Pa.  Hosp.  1872; 

Prof.  Surgery  1881-82,  Prof.  Principles  and  Pract.  Surgery,  Orthopoedic 
and  Clinical  Surgery  1885,  Medico-Chirurgical  Coll.  Philad. . 

[Present  at  the  battles  of  Ball's  Bluff,  Cedar  Mountain,  Antietam,  Chancel- 
lorsville,  Gettysburg,  Lookout  Mountain,  Missionary  Kidge,  Kinggold,  Resaca, 
and  all  the  battles  to  Atlanta,  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea  and  to  Washington. 
Brevetted  Lieut.  Col.  March  10th,  and  Colonel  April  5,  1865,  for  faithful  and 
meritorious  service  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion.] 

Graham,  John.    Nov.  1885.    b.  June  17,  1844. 

M.D.  1867,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Med.  Cadet  U.  S.  A.  July,  1863- 
April,  1865 ;  Asst.  Surg.  149th  Pa.  Volunteers  April  to  June,  1865,  2d 
Pa.  Heavy  Artillery  July,  1865-Jan.  '66.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 
1881 ;  Med.  Jurisprudence  Soc.  Philad.  1885. 

Geangeb,  William  H.    Jan.  1864. 
M.D.  1852,  Univ.  Pa. 

*Gkant,  Wm.  Eobertson.  June,  1846.  b.  Dec.  22, 1811.  d.  March  28, 1852. 
M.D.  1839,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.     Demonstrator  Anat.  1838-i2,  Prof. 
Anat.  Pa.  Coll.  1843-52.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1848 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Dec.  1849. 

*Greene,  Alfred.    Jan.  1857. 

*Greene,  James  M.     April,  1849.    b.  Sept.  24,  1795.     d.  June  9,  1871. 

M.D.  1823,  Univ.  Pa.  Eesid.  Philad.  Hosp.  1823-24;  Surg.  Mate 
April,  1825,  Surg.  Dec.  1828-71  U.  S.  Navy.  Memb.  Franklin  Inst.  Pa. 
Feb.  1846 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1852 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1855. 

Grier,  Matthew  J.     Oct.  1870.     b.  March  8,  1838. 

M.D.  1863,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. 

*Griffitts,  Elijah.    April,  1821. 

M.D.  1804,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1852. 

Griffith,  John  P.  Crozer.     Jan.  1883.    b.  Jan.  5,  1856. 

A.B,  1877,  Ph.D.  M.D.  1881,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc. 
Philad.  Feb.  1876 ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1882;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 


APPENDIX.  229 

LS.SO.    KcHid.  I'Jiya.  J'rortbyloriiin  il<mj).  lHHl-82;  I'liy.s.  I'liihul.  ]>i«pen». 
1882-80;    St.  Clement'a  Dispcna.  1880;    Southern  Home  for  Children, 

1883.     Awst.  DoinoMHlnitor   Histology  Univ.  Pa.,  188;{-80 .;    AhhI. 

to  Prof.   Pnu't.  Mud.   Univ.    Pa.,    1880 .;    Consult.  Phyw.    I3apti«t 

()r|ili;in!igc,  1880 . 

"GlUKKlTTH,HAMUKrJ?owKi>.    .Ian.  1787.    })..Iuly  21,  17r)0.    d.  May  12,  1826. 
MM.  178],  Univ., Stntc  Pa.    Attend.  Pliys.  Pliilad.  Di.spen.s.  Feb.  1786. 
Prof.  Mat.  Med.  Univ.  Pu.  17!)2-!>(i.     Memb.  Ainer.  PJiiioH.  Soc.  Jan. 
1788,  Council.  17!)l-!»7. 

Griscom,  John  D.     (N.  R.)     Aug.  J842.     March  25,  1809. 

M.D.  1838,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  See;  Med.  See. 
State  Pa.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1837,  Sec.  1839;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1847.  Manager  Will's  Hosp.  1839-41;  Director  of  Public  Schools, 
Philad.  1839.  Phys.  Northern  Dispens.  1840;  House  of  Refuge  Philad. 
1840-43. 

Gross,  Ferdinand  H.    May,  1883.    b.  Aug.  18,  1831. 

M.D.  1855,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. 
1868;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1872;  Alumni  Assoc.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
1870;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1878;  Philad.  Acad.  Surgery  1882;  German 
Med.  Soc.  Philad.  P.  1880;  Med.  Jurisprudence  Soc.  Philad.  1886. 
Surg.  U.  S.  Vol.  (Brevt.  Lt.-Col.)  1861-05;  Senior  Surg.  German  Hosp. 
Philad.  1S74. 

*Gross,  Samuel  David.    (Assoc.  Aug.  1840.)    Jan.  1857.    b.  July  8,  1805. 
d.  May  6,  1884. 

M.D.  1828,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  LL  D.  1861,  Jefferson  Coll.;  1884, 
Univ.  Cambridge,  Univ.  Edinburgh,  and  Univ.  Pa. ;  D.C.L.  1872,  Univ. 
Oxford.  Demonstrator  Anat.  Med.  Coll.'of  Ohio  1833-35;  Prof.  Patho- 
logical Anat.  Cincinnati  Coll.  1835-39;  Prof.  Surg.  Univ.  Louisville 
1840-49,  1851-56;  Prof.  Surgery  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1856-82.  Memb. 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  P.;  Constit.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  P.;  Con- 
stit.  Philad.  Acad.  Surgery  P. ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Dec  1856-Feb.  '78 ; 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1854;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.,  P.  Constit.  Med. 
Jurisprudence  Soc.  Philad.,  P.  Constit.  Amer.  Surg.  Assoc,  P. ;  Massa- 
chusetts Med.  Soc. ;  Rhode  Island  Med.  Soc. ;  New  York  State  Med. 
Soc;  Acad.  Med.  New  York ;  Cincinnati  Med.  Soc. ;  Ohio  Hist,  and 
Philos.  Soc. ;  Med.  Soc.  Louisiana;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1858,  P.  Nat. 
Assoc.  Protection  of  the  Insane;  Amer.  Pub.  Health  Assoc. ;  Centen- 
nial Med.  Commission  Philad.  1875.  P.  ;  luternat.  Med.  Cong.,  P.  1876; 
Pa.  Dental  Coll.,  P.;  Hon.  Memb.  British  Med.  Assoc;  Royal  Med. 
and  Chirurg.  Soc.  London;  Clinical  Soc.  L'md.;  Pathological  Soc. 
Loud. ;  Medico-Chirurgical  Soc.  Edinb. ;    Imperial  Med.  Soc.  Vienna  ; 


230  APPENDIX. 

Med.  Soc.  Chriatiania ;  Royal  Soc.  Pab.  Med.  Belgium;    Med.  Soc.  St. 
Louis  Potosi. 

Gross,  Samuel  W.     Oct.  1868.     b.  Feb.  4,  1837. 

M.D.  1857,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.; 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1880. 
Surg.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Hosp.  Prof.  Principles  of  Surgery  and 
Clinical  Surgery,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. . 

Grove,  John  H.    April,  1871.     b.  Jan.  13,  1825. 

M.D.  1849,  Univ.  Pa. ;  A.M.  1880,  La  Salle  Coll.;  LL.D.  1881,  Man- 
hattan Coll.  Memb.  Lancaster  Med.  Soc.  1854;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1867;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1869;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1869; 
Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1884.     Surgeon  U.  S.  Vol.  Oct.  1861-Nov.  '64; 

Brevt.  Lt.-Col.  U.  S.  V.  Oct.  12, 1865.     Surg.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  1868 . ; 

Med.  Direct.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  and  St.  Agnes  Hosp.  1887. 

Hall,  Andrew  Douglass.     Jan.  1863.    b.  July  2,  1833. 

A.B.  1851,  Univ.  Pa. ;  M.D.  1854,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  1870 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872 ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. 
1876;  Amer.  Ophthalmological  Soc.  1867.  Surg.  St.  Mary's  Hosp. 
1867-72;  Wills  Hosp.  1863;  Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1862-64. 

*Hall,  James.     Jan.  1787.     d.  Sept.  16,  1801. 

Attend.  Phys.  Philad.  Dispens.  Feb.  1786-87;    Phys.  Lazaretto  1800. 

*Hallowell,  Edward.    May,  1839.    d.  Feb.  20,  1860. 

M.D.  1830,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Feb.  1828;  Acad. 
Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Feb.  1834;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1851 ;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1849;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1852. 

*Halsey,  William  S.     Jan.  1870.     d.  March.  1874. 

Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  April,  1857.     An;er.  Med.  Assoc.  1858. 

^Hamilton,  George.    April,  1865.     b.  Nov.  15,  1808.    d.  Oct.  30,  1885. 
M.D.  1831,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  P.  1868;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1872. 

Hammond,  William  Alexander.  (N.  E.)  July,  1859.  b.  Aug.  28,  1828. 
M.D.  1848,  Univ.  City  of  New  York.  Corres  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
1853.  Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1859;  New  York  Co.  Med.  Soc; 
New  York  Neurological  Soc;  New  York  Soc.  Med.  Jurisprudence;  N. 
Y.  State  Med.  Soc. ;  Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sc ;  Corres.  Anthropo- 
logical Instit.  Great  Britain  and  Ireland;  Honorary,  Royal  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Soc  Edinb. ;  British  Med.  Assoc;  St.  Andrew's  Graduates 
Assoc ;    Wiirtemburg  Soc.  Obstetricians  and  Surgeons ;    Utrecht  Soc. 


APPENDIX.  231 

Arts  iiii.l  S(!.  AhhIhI.  Siir^.  fl>l.J  .lunc,  1H41»,  fCapt.)  18r,4-Oct.  1860; 
(r(;!i|)i)t.)  AHHist.  Stirf^.   Mny,    1801,  Siir^--^ J<'ii<Tal  Ai)ril,  18G2-Auf^. '04 

IJ.H.  Army.  Surg.-Ooneriil  U.S.  y\.  nitircd  Miircli,  IH78 .  I'rof.  Anat. 

and  PhyHiol.  Univ.  Md.  Oct.  IHGO.  Lecturer  DiHeascH  of  the  .Mind  and 
Nervous  System,  Coll.  Phys  and  Surg.  N.  Y.  18G6-G7;  Prof.  DiHea>je« 
of  the  Mind  and  Nervous  Syst.  Bellevue  Med.  (.'oil.  1867-74;  Univ. 
City  of  New  York  1874-82;  New  York  Post  (Jraduate  Med.  School  and 

Hosp.  1882 .     i'hys.  in  Chief  Nc^w  York  State  IIosp.  for  Disea-seB 

of  the  Nervous  Syst.  18G8 .  IMiys.  Out-Dept.  I5ellcvue  Hoap.  Ner- 
vous Discuses  18(18 . 

*Hani),  Fkank  C.     April,  1881.     d.  Sept.  t»,  1881. 

Hanski.l,  Howard  Forde,    Jan.  188G.    b.  Oct.  25,  1855. 

A.B.  1874,  A.M.  1880,  Brown  Univ.;  M.D.  1879,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1882;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1884;  Amer. 
Acad.  Medicine  1885.  Surg.  Eye  and  Ear  Dept.  South  Western  Hosp. 
1881.  Adjunct  Prof.  Diseases  of  Eye,  Philad.  Polyclinic,  May,  1885- 
March,  '87.;  Chief  Clinical  Asst.  Eye  Dept.  Jeflerson  Med.  Coll.  Hosp. 
March,  1887. 

*Hare,  Horace  Binney.     April,  1869.     d.  March  25,  1879. 

M.D.  18(3G,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Aug.  1867. 

Harlan,  George  C.     Jan.  1865.    b.  Jan.  28,  1835. 

A.B.  1855,  A.M.  1858,  Del.  Coll.;  M.D.  1858,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1859;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872  ;  Philad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc.  1876;  Amer.  Ophthalmological  Soc.  1873;  Amer.  Otological 
Soc.  1882 ;  International  Ophthalmological  Soc.  1876 ;  Internal.  Med. 
Cong.  1876.  Resid.  Phys.  Wills  Hosp.  1857;  St.  .Joseph's  Hosp.  1858; 
Pa.  Hosp.  1859;  Surg.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.. 1867;  Children's  Hosp.  1869; 
Wills  Hosp.  1868;  Pa.  Instit.  for  Instruction  of  the  Blind,  1875;  Eye 
and  Ear  Dept-  Pa.  Hosp.  1879  ;  Act.  Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  Navy,  1861 ;  Surg. 
11th  Pa.  Cavalry  Sept.  1861 ;  Act.  Med.  Inspector  June,  1863  ;  Pension 
Exam.  Surg.  1868;  Prof.  Diseases  of  the  Eye,  Philad.  Polyclinic  1883; 
Consult.  Ophthalmic  Surg.  Philad.  Inst,  for  Deaf  and  Dumb  1885. 

Harlow,  Lewis  D.    Jan.  1863.    b.  June  16,  1818. 

A.B.  1843,  A.M.  1857',  Dartmouth  Coll. ;  M.D.  1845,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Aug.  1857  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1860 ;  Obstetri- 
cal Soc.  Philad.  1869,  P.  1878-80 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872 ;  Amer.  Acad. 
Med.  1880;  Med,  Soc.  State  Pa.  1884.  Surg,  in  charge  U.  S.  A.  Hosp. 
George  and  Fourth  St.,  Philad.  1862-63 ;  Surg.  U.  S.  V.,  in  charge  Hosp. 
No.  3,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  April,  1863-Dec.  '63;  in  charge  Officers"  Hosp. 
Chattanooga  and  Lookout  Mountain,  Tenn.,  Jan.  1864— April, '65.  [Brevt. 
Lt.-Col.  and  mustered  out  of  service  Aug.  1865.]     Prof.  Obstetrics  and 


232.  APPENDIX. 

Diseases  of  Women  and  Children,  Philad.  Coll.  Med.  1855-57,  and 
Med.  Dep.  Pa.  Coll.  1859-61.  Consult.  Obstetrician  1859-02,  Philad. 
Hosp. 

II  Harris,  Robert.    Jan.  1787.    ft.  Jan  4, 1803.    b.  1772.    d.  Jan.  1815. 

The  Coloniul  Records  and  Pennsylvania  Archives  give  us  glimpses  of  Dr. 
Kohert  Harris's  career. 

Feb.  22,  1776,  the  Committee  of  Safety  loaned  him  £110  to  "assist  him  in 
forwarding  the  building  of  a  powder  mill  and  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder." 
During  1776  ihe  records  show  that  he  was  supplied  by  the  commitiee  with  five 
tons  of  saltpetre,  and  paid  on  account  of  his  manufacture  of  gunpowder  £450. 

When  salt  was  scarce,  and  before  the  Pennsylvania  Salt  Works  at  Toms 
Eiver,  N.  J.,  were  in  woiking  condition,  Dr.  Robert  Harris  proposed,  August  9, 
1777,  to  the  Sujireme  Executive  Council  to  engage  in  the  manufacture  of  salt,  pro- 
vided that  three-fourths  of  the  necessary  capital  were  furnished  by  the  Council. 

From  1782-85  he  was  Surgeon's  Mate  of  the  2d  Eegt.  He  was  appointed, 
June  24,  1786,  a  commissioner  from  York  Co.,  Pa.,  to  carry  out  an  Act  of  As- 
sembly of  March  31,  1784,  declaring  the  Susquehanna  and  other  streams  public 
highways. 

June  5,  1788,  a  deed  was  executed  conveying  to  him  151  acres  of  land  in  York 
Co.,  Pa.,  confiscated  from  John  Rankin.  He  bought  it  October,  1779,  for  £4815, 
"  which  the  said  Robert  Harris  hath  duly  jiaid  into  the  treasury." 

Harris,  Robert  P.    April,  1862.    b.  Nov.  15, 1822. 

A.B.  1841,  M.D.  1844,  Univ.  Pa.  Eesid.  Wills  Hosp.  1844-45 ;  Pa. 
Hosp.  [1845^7 ;  Ophthalmologist  Demilt  Dispens.  1852-55.  Memb. 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1856 ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1858  ;  Constit. 
Memb.  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1868,  P.  1871  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872. 

Harte,  Eichard  H.     May,  1885.    b.  Oct.  23,  1855. 

M.D.  1878,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1881.  Surg. 
Out-patients  Univ.  Hosp.  1881 ;  Out-patients  Pa.  Hosp.  1883  ;  Assist. 
Surg.  Univ.  Hosp.  1883 ;  Demonstrator  Osteology  Univ.  Pa.  1885. 

*Hartshorne,  Ebward.  April,  1847.  b.  May  14,  1818.  d.  June  22,  1885. 
A.B.  1837,  A.M.  Coll.  N.  J. ;  M.D.  1840,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  1841-43, 
Attend.  Surg.  1859-65  Pa.  Hosp. ;  Resid.  Phys.  Eastern  Penitentiary 
Pa.  1843-44 ;  Attend.  Phys.  Wills  Hosp. ;  Manager  Episcopal  Hosp. ; 
Manager  Univ.  Hosp. ;  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1858 ;  Pathological  Soc. 
Philad.,  P. ;  Ophthalmological  Soc,  V.  P. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1853 ; 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  May  1847-80 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1858 ; 
Soc.  Alumni  Med.  Dept.  Univ.  Pa. ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Histori- 
cal Soc.  Pa. ;  Princeton  Alumni  Assoc,  of  Philad.,  V.  P. 

Hartshorxe,  Henry.     Oct.  1851.     b.  March  16,  1823. 

M.D.  1845,  Univ.  Pa. ;  A.M.  1860,  Haverford  Coll. ;  LL.D.  1884, 
Univ.  Pa.    Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1852  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1852 ; 


APPENDIX.  2.'i3 

Med.  Soc.  StJiln  I'll.,  licconl.  Sec.  IK')H;  Aciid.  Nat.  He,  Philad.  April, 
1855;  Arrn'i-.  I'liiloK.  Soc.  .Fuly,  IHO.'J;  Ainer.  AHMftc.  Advanc.  Sc. ;  Arrier. 
Public  Ilealtli  Assoc,  V.  V.  1H74;  Phiiad.  Uliiiicai  Hoc.  1«HG.  lUmul. 
Pa.  Hosp.  1845-48;  Attend.  Phys.  Phiiad.  flosp.  1856  ;  EpiHcopal  Ho«p. 
18GO-(52;  Consult.  Phys.  Woman's  llosp.  Phiiad.  1865-70.  Prof.  Physi- 
ology Phihul.  0)11.  Medicine  185:5 ;  Prof.  Pract.  Med.  Pa.  Coll.  of  Medi- 
cine 18()0;  J'rof.  Anat.  :uid  Physiology  Central  High  School  Phiiad. 
18(J2-()S;  Prof.  Hygiene,  Physiology,  and  Diseases  of  Children,  Woman'H 
Med.  Coll.  Pa.  lS(5,5-7();  Prof.  Hygiene  Univ.  Pa.  1866-76  ;  Prof.  Physi- 
ology and  Hygiene  Pa.  Coll.  Dental  Surgery,  1863-66  ;  Prof.  Organic  So. 
and  Philos.  Haverford  Coll.  1868-76;  Prof.  Anat.,  Physiology,  and 
Nat.  Hist.  Girard  College,  1872;  P.  Howland  Collegiate  School  for 
Young  Ladies,  Union  Springs,  N.  Y.,  1876-78. 

*Hartshorne,  Joseph.     Dec.  1824.    b.  Dec.  26, 1779.    d.  Sept.  20, 1850. 
M.D.  1805,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  1801-6,  Attend.  Surg.  1810-21  Pa.  Hosp. 
Memb.  Phiiad.  Med.  Soc.  1802 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1815. 

*Hassler,  Ferdinand  A.     July,  1868. 
M.D.  1866,  Univ.  Pa. 

Hastings,  John.     (N.  R.)    April,  1849. 

M.D.  1840,  Univ.  Pa.    Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  Navy  Sept.  1841-May,  1850. 

*Hatfield,  Nathan  L.  Jan.  1855.  b.  Aug.  2,  1804.  d.  Aug.  29,  1887. 
A.B.  Univ.  Pa.,  M.D.  1826,  Jeflferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Northern 
Med.  Assoc.  Phiiad.,  P.;  Phiiad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Board  of  Health 
Phiiad.,  P.  1846-48;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc  1818;  Med.  Soc  State  Pa., 
V.P.  1866;  Alumni  Assoc  Jeiferson  Med.  Coll.,  P.  1874;  Rocky  Moun- 
tain Med.  Assoc. ;  California  State  Med.  Assoc.  Consult.  Phys.  North- 
ern Dispeus. 

*Hayes,  Isaac  I.     (N.  R.)    Jan.  1865.    b.  March  5, 1832.    d.  Dec  17,  1881. 

M.D.  1853,  Univ.  Pa.     Surg.  Second  Grinnell  Polar  Exped.  1853-55. 

Commander  Arctic  Exploring  Exped.  1850-Gl.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  So. 

Phiiad.  Jan.  1856 ;  Anthracite  Coal  Co.  N.  Y.,  P.  1865 ;  N.  Y\  State 

Assembly  1875-81.     Brigade  Surg.  U.  S.  V.  1861-65. 

*Hays,  Isaac.    Sept.  1835.    b.  July  5,  1796.    d.  April  12,  1879. 

A.B.  1816,  M.D.  1820,  Univ.  Pa.  Surg.  Pa.  Infirm,  for  Diseases  of 
the  Eye  and  Ear,  1822-27 ;  Wills  Hosp.  1834-54;  Phys.  Phiiad.  Orphans' 
Asjdum ;  Phiiad.  Dispens. ;  Southern  Dispens. ;  Pa.  Instit.  for  Instruct, 
of  the  Blind.  Memb.  Phiiad.  Med.  Soc. ;  Med.  Soc  State  Pa. ;  Phiiad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc ;  Kappa  Lambda.  Soc ;  Alumni  Assoc.  Med.  Dep.  L'niv. 
Pa.,  V.  P. ;  Ophthalmological  Soc  Phiiad..  P. ;  Corres.  Gynecological 
Soc.  Boston;  Med.  Soc.  Hamburg;  Soeiete  L'niverselle  d"  Ophthalmo- 
logie;   Cengres  Medicale  Internationale  de  Paris;   (Honorary)  Amer. 


234  APPENDIX. 

Opbtlialmologicfil  Soc. ;  of  the  State  Med.  Societies  of  New  York  and 
Rhode  Island;  Med.  Soc.  Baltimore;  Acad.  Med.  Abington,  Va.;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1847,  Treasurer  1848-52,  Chair.  Com.  Publicat.  1847-53; 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  July,  1818,  Pub.  Com.  Dec.  1821-Dec.  '25, 
Curator  1821-31,  P.  Dec.  1865-Dec.  '69.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1830, 
Councillor  1853-77. 

Hays,  I.  Minis.     Jan.  1872.    b.  July  26,  1847. 

A.B.  1866,  M.D.  1868,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Assoc.  Amer.  Phys  ;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Feb.  1886 ;  Sec-General  Inter- 
national Med.  Congress  1876. 

Hearn,  Joseph.    April,  1882. 

M.D.  1867,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Surg.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Hosp. ; 
Philad.  Hosp. 

^Henderson,  Andrew  Augustus.  July,  1864.  b.  Feb.  14, 1816.  d.  April  4, 
1875. 
M.D.  1838,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.   Asst.  Surg.  Sept.  1841,  Surg.  March, 
1856,  Med.  Director  March,  1871,  U.  S.  Navy.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc. 
Philad.  July,  1848 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1862. 

*Henry,  Bernard.    April,  1851.    d.  July  4,  1860. 

M.D.  1849,  Univ.  Pa.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  Navy  Nov.  1844-Oct.  '50; 
Asst.  Surg.  First  Troop  Philad.  Cavalry  1854.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc. 
Philad.  May,  1849. 

Henry,  Frederick  Porteous.    June,  1884.    b.  July  21,  1844. 

M.D.  1868,  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg.  New  York.  Memb.  Pathological 
Soc.  Philad.  (V.  P.  and  Treasurer)  1870;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1878; 
Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1879 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1880  ;  Amer.  Assoc.  Phys. 
1886.  Prof.  Pathology  and  Microscopy,  Philad.  Polyclinic  1882-85; 
Prof.  Clin.  Med.  Philad.  Polyclinic  1885.  Phys.  Episcopal  Hosp.  1874; 
Consult.  Phys.  Home  for  Consumptives,  1882. 

IIHess,  Egbert  J.    April,  1878.    ft.  Nov.  7,  1883. 

M.D.  1871,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  May,  1876,  Re- 
corder Biolog.  and  Microscop.  Sect.  1878 . 

Hewson,  Addinell.     Jan.  1853. 

M.D.  1850,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Resid.  1851-52,  Attend.  Surg.  1861-77 
Pa.  Hosp.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Jan.  1853 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1855. 

*Hewson,  Thomas  Tickell.  Dec.  1801.  b.  April  9,  1773.  d.  Feb.  17,1848. 

A.B.  1789,  Coll.  Philad. ;  M.D.  1822,  Honorary,  Univ.  Harvard.    Phys. 

Walnut  Street  Prison  1806  ;  Philad.  Hosp.  1811 ;  Phys.  Orphan  Asylum 


APPENDIX.  235 

lH17-.".7;  Piir^.  Tu.  Ilosp.  IHIH-.'i.'}.  Mciiil).  lO-liiil..  .M<<l.  Hoc.  1796; 
Aiiicr.  IMiil()s.,Soc.Aj)ril,lS01-;!;),(Juriit()r  1817-21, Sec.  1K21-22;  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  I)(!(^  IHO.*?.     I'rof.  (Joinjiiinit.  A  nut.  Univ.  I'a.  IHHj. 

HlNKLE,  A.  O.  15.     .liui.  1X72. 

M.D.  18.07,  Univ.  Til.  Mcmb.  Ac:id.  Nat.  Sc.  I'hilad.  .Sept.  1867; 
Amer.  Med.  Ashoc.  1K72. 

*H0DGE,  Hugh.     Dec.  1793.     d.  .Inly,  1798,  u-t.  4.'i. 

A.M.  1778,  Coll.  N.  J.  Hurgcon's  Mate  Revolutionary  Army.  Memb. 
Amer.  PhiloH.  Soc.  Jan.  179G. 

*HODGE,  Hugh  L.     April,  1827.     b.  June  27,  1796.     d.  Feb.  26, 1873. 

A.M.  1814,  Coll.  N.  J. ;  M.D.  1818,  Univ.  Pa. ;  LL.D.  1872,  Coll.  N.  J. 
Phys.  Southern  Dispensary  1820;  Phys.  Pa.  llosp.  1832-54;  Lecturer 
on  Princip.  8urg.  Med.  Instit.  Philad.  1823 ;  Prof.  Obstetrics  and  Dis- 
eases of  Women  and  Children,  Univ.  Pa.  1835-63.  Memb.  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  April,  1832 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1848. 

*Hodge,  Hugh  Lknox.  April,  1863.  b.  July  30, 1836.  d.  June  16, 1881. 
A.B.  1851,  A.M.,  M.D.  1858,  Univ.  Pa.  Eesid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1858-60; 
Demonstrator  Surgery,  Univ.  Pa.  1863  Act.  Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1862. 
Pa.  Reserve  Corps  Surgs. ;  Surg.  Children's  Hosp.  1864;  Surg.  Presby- 
terian Hosp.  1872.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1870 ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. ; 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad. ;  Pathological  Soc. 
Philad.,  P.  1876.     Demonstrator  Anat.  Univ.  Pa.  1870-81. 

Holland,  James  W.    Dec.  1885.    b.  April  24,  1849. 

A.M.  1866,  Univ.  Louisville;  M.D.  1869,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Prof. 
Med.  Chemistry  and  Mat.  Med.  1875,  and  of  Theory  and  Pract.  Med. 
1883,  Univ.  Louisville;  of  Med.  Chemistry  and  Toxicology,  Jeiferson 
Med.  Coll.  1885.     Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Feb.  1886. 

*H0LLiNGSW0RTH,  SAMUEL  L.     April,  1849.     d.  Dec.  14,  1873. 

M.D.  1842,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1839,  Censor 
1859  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1855. 

*HooPER,  William  H.    xVpril,  1852.    d.  Dec.  IS,  1883. 

M.D.  1848,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Xat.  Sc.  Philad.  Dec.  1'^.34- 
June,  1877. 

Hopkins,  William  Barton.    April,  1879. 

M.D.  1874,  Univ.  Pa.  Eesid.  1875-77,  Surg.  Out-patients  1881,  Pa. 
Hosp.;  Out-patients  Univ.  Hosp.  1877-86;  Episcopal  Hosp.  1879-84 ; 
Attend.  Surg.  Episco]ial  Hosp.  1884;  Assist.  Demonstrator  Surg.  Univ. 
Pa.  1877-85.  Prof.  Clinical  Surg.  Philad.  Polyclinic.  Memb.  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc. 


236  APPENDIX. 

*HoPKiNS,  Samuel  C.    Aug.  1817.    d.  April  28,  1818. 
M.D.  1816,  Univ.  Pa. 

*H0PKINS0N,  Joseph.     April,  1852.     b.  March  30, 1816.     d.  July  11, 1865. 
M.D.  1838,  Univ.  Pa.     Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  Navy  Oct.  1840-Sept.  '52 ; 
Director  U.  S.  Army  IMower  Hosp.  Chestnut  Hill  Pa.  Oct.  1862.    Memb. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Feb.  1852. 

Horn,  George  H.    Oct.  1867.     b.  April  7,  1840. 

M.D.  1861,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Amer.  Entomological  Soc.  1860,  P. 
1883 ;  California  Acad.  Sc.  1862 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1866,  Corres. 

Sec.    1876 .,   Director    Entomological   Section   1883 .  ;    Amer. 

Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1868,  Sec.  Jan.  1887;  Soci6te  Entomologique  de 
Russcie,  1872;  Cambridge  Entomological  Club,  1876;  Socictc  Frangaise 
d'Entomologie  1884;  K.  K.  Zool.  Bot.  Gesellschaft,  Wien,  1884;  Hon. 
Memb.  Entomological  Soc.  Canada  1868;  Entomologische  Verein  zu 
Stettin  1884;  Brooklyn  (N.  Y.)  Entomological  Soc.  1885  ;  Societe  Ento- 
molgique  de  France,  1885.  Assist.  Surg.  2d  Cal.  Cavalry,  May,  1863 ; 
Surg.  2d  Eegt.  Cal.  Vol.  Oct.  1865. 

HoRWiTZ,  Phineas  J.     June,  1884.     b.  March  3,  1822. 

M.D.  1845,  Univ.  Md.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  Navy  1847,  Surg.  April, 
1861,  Med.  Inspector  March  3, 1871,  Med.  Director  June,  1873  ;  Chief  of 
Bureau  Med.  and  Surg.  Navy  Dept.  July  9,  1865-July  '69. 

IIHowELL,  Edward  Y.     June,  1832. 
M.D.  1822,  Univ.  Pa. 

Howell,  Samuel  B.    April,  1868. 

M.D.  1858,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov.  1865, 
Record.  Sec.  Feb.  1867-Dec.  1874;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872.  Prof. 
Minerology  and  Geology  Univ.  Pa. ;  Prof.  Chemistry  and  Mat.  Med. 
Philad.  Dental  Coll.     Phys.  House  of  Refuge  1880 . 

Hughes,  Daniel  E.    (N.  R.)     Oct.  1882.    Aug.  5, 1851. 

M.D.  1878,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc; 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  April,  1883;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  Demon- 
strator Clin.  Med.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1880-85. 

Huidekoper,  Rush  Shippen.     Jan.  1881.     b.  May  3,  1854. 

M.D.  1877,  Univ.  Pa.  Veterinaire  1882,  Alfort,  France  Memb.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Feb.  1880  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  U.  S.  Veterin.  Med. 
Assoc. ;  Maj.  Brig.  Surg.  First  Brigade  V.  G.  Pa.  1878.  Prof.  Internal 
Pathology  and  Zootechnics ;  Dean  Veterinary  Faculty,  Univ.  Pa. 

HuxT,  John  Gibbons.    May,  1884.    b.  July  27,  1826. 

M.D.  1850,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  July,  1858,  Conservator 
Biol,  and  Micros.  Sect.  1872-80.  Prof.  Histology  and  Microscopy 
Woman's  Med.  Coll.  Pa. 


APPENDIX.  237 

Hunt,  Wimjam.     April,  |H,V1.     1,.  Sept.  M,  1820. 

M.I).  184!),  Univ.  V.i.  .Mciiii).  Amor.  Med.  Ahhoc.  18.02;  Arad.  Nat. 
,Sc.  I'liiijid.  .lull.  I8.V);  I'iiiiiid.  (.'o.  Med.  Hoc.  187(i;  I'hihid.  Acad.  .'Sur- 
gery 187!);  llonoiiiry,  Aiiier.  Hurg.  A88f)C.  1882;  Alumni  Hoc.  Med. 
Dopt.  Uuiv.  J'a. ;  Jiistorical  Hoc.  J*a.  Director  I'hiiad.  Contribution- 
ship  1882.  Trustee  Univ.  Pa.  1879.  lleHid.  I'hys.  I'a.  HoHp.  1 8.'iO-.'i2 ; 
SllrJ,^    Episcopnl    llosp.    hS.O.VO;};    Will.s  llowp.  18.'i7-0.",;    Act.  AHHiHt. 

Siu-fi;.  l).  S.  A.  lS(;2-(i4;   Attend.  Surf!;.  I 'u.  llonp.  180.^ .;  Ortbopfjedic 

llosp.;    Oonsult.  Surf:;,  i'a.  Iiislit.  lor  Deaf  and  Dumb. 

*HUNTKR,  CiiAiu.Ks  T.     .Ian.  1.S7J.     b.  .Jan.  \'.i,  184.'i.     d.  April  27,  1884. 
M.D.  18G8,  Univ.  Pa.     Resid.  18(59,  Surg.  (Jut-patients,  I'a.   iiosp. 
Demonstrator  Surg.      Demonstrator  Anat.  Univ.  Pa,      Assist.  Surg. 
Univ.    Hosp.      Memb.    Acad.    Surgery;     Pathological    Soc.    Philad.; 
Alumni  Soc.  Med.  Dept.  Univ.  Pa.;  Amer.  Med.  A.ssoc.  1878. 

*HuSTON,  Robert  M.    Sept.  1826.    b.  1794.    d.  Aug.  .",,  1864. 

M.D.  lS2r),  Univ.  Pa.  Prof.  01)stctrics  and  Disca.se.s  of  Women  and 
Children  1838  ;  Prof.  Unt.  Med.  and  General  Therapeutics  1841-.")7,  .Jef- 
ferson Med.  Coll.  Mcmb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  P.  1844;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1848. 

*HuTCHiNSON,  .James.     Jan.  1787.     b.  .Jan.  29,  1752.     d.  Sept.  7,  1793. 

A.B.,  M.D.  1774,  ?  Coll.  Philad.  Surg.-Genl.  Pa.  Amer.  Army  1777. 
Trustee  and  Prof.  Mat.  Med.  Univ.  State  Pa.  1779;  Prof.  Chemistry 
Univ.  Pa.  1791.  Phys.  l^a.  Hosp.  1777-78—1779-93.  Phys.  Port 
Philad.     Memb.  Committee  of  Safety.     Fleet  Surgeon  Pa.  Navy. 

Hutchinson,  James  H.    Jan.  1863.    b.  Aug.  3,  1834. 

A.B.  1854,  A.M.  1857,  M.D.  1858,  Univ.  Pa.  Act.  Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  A. 
1862-65.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad-.  1858,  Sept.  1863-67,  P.  1871 
-73;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1864;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  April,  1858;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc. 
April,  1884.     Phys.  Episcopal  Hosp.  1863-68;    Children's  Hosp.  1862; 

Pa.  Hosp.  1868 . ;    Trustee  Uuiv.  Pa.  1878;    Director  Philad.  Lib. 

Co. ;  Director  Nat.  Bank  of  Commerce . 

Hutchinson,  Mahlon  P.    Sept.  1845.    ft.  1848. 
M.D.  1842,  Uuiv.  Pa. 

Ingham,  James  Veeree.     Jan.  1871.     b.  July  5,  1843. 

M.D.  1866,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1866-79; 
Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1871 ;  Constit.  Amer.  Gynecological  Soc.  1876. 
Resid.  Phys.  Episcopal  Hosp.  Oct.  1866-Dec.  '67 ;  Visit.  Phys.  Philad. 
Hosp.  1872-75;  Obstetrician  Maternity  Hosp.  1873-82:  Chair.  Ex. 
Com.  Maternity  Hosp.  1882. 


238  APPENDIX. 

Jacksox,  Edward.     Nov.  1885.     b.  March  30,  1856. 

C.E.  .1874,  A.M.  1879,  Uniou  Coll. ;  M.D.  1878,  Univ.  Pa.  Asst. 
Phys.  Philad.  Dispensary  1878;  Phys.  West  Chester  Dispensary  1882 
-84;  Clinical  Asst.  Eye  and  Ear  Dept.  Pa.  Hosp.  1884^85;  Chief,  Eye 
Clinic  Philad.  Polyclinic  1885.  Memb.  Chester  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1879 
-85;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1881,  Sec.  1882-83;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1883; 
Amer.  Acad.  Med.  1883;  Amer.  Ophthalmological  Soc.  1885;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  1885. 

fjACKSOX,  Samuel,  of  Northumberland.     May,  1838.     res.  Dec.  7,  1859. 
d.  Dec.  17,  1869. 

M.D.  1812,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  P.  1849;  Med. 
Soc.  State  Pa.;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847. 

*Jackson,  Samuel.     Nov.  1848.     b.  March  22,  1787.     d.  April  4,  1872. 

M.D.  1808,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1804;  Med. 
Soc.  State  Pa.  P.  1849;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Board  Health,  Philad. 
P.  1820;  Acad.  Med.  P.  1821 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847.  Amer.  Philos. 
Soc.  Jan.  1823.  Corres.  Academic  Koyale  de  Medecine  de  France  1836. 
Prof.  Mat.  Med.  Philad.  Coll.  Pharmacy  1821-25;  Prof.  I/istitutes  Med. 
Univ.  Pa.  1825-63.     Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1822-45. 

*James,  Thomas  C.    Oct.  1795.    b.  Aug.  31,  1766.    d.  July  5,  1835. 

M.B.,  Univ.  State  Pa.  1787.  Consult.  Phys.  Philad.  Dispens.  1814; 
Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1807-32.  Prof.  Midwifery  Univ.  Pa.  1810-34.  Memb. 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1797,  Council  1802-21;  Acad.  Nat  Sc.  Philad. 
March,  1814.     Manager  Humane  Soc. ;  Union  Benevolent  Soc.  1832. 

*jANifEY,  Benjamin  S.    Sept.  1845.    b.  Feb.  21,  1799.    d.  Jan.  8,  1859. 

M.D.  1813,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1808-13.  Memb.  Philad.  Co. 
Med.. Soc.  V.  P.  1858-59;  Constit.  Northern  Med.  Assoc;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc  1847. 

*Jardine,  Lewis  J.    July,  1800.     Elected  Assoc. 

*Jenks,  William  F.    April,  1871.    d.  Oct.  13,  1881. 

M.D.  1866,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872. 

*Jewell,  Wilson.     July,  1851.     b.  Nov.  12,  1800.    d.  Nov.  4,  1867. 

M.D.  1824,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1820;  Med. 
Soc.  State  Pa.  P.  1863;  Northern  Med.  Assoc;  Quarantine  and  Sanitary 
Assoc.  P.  1857;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847,  V.  P.  1862;  Board  Health 
Philad.  P.  1855-57.     Phys.  House  of  Eefuge,  1835. 

IJoHNSTON,  S.  Poyntell.     Dec  1840,  removed  1844.     d.  Oct.  4,  1872. 

M.D.  1836,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  1835-Aug.  '48.  Visit. 
Phys.  Pa.  Instit.  for  Instruction  of  the  Blind,  1841-44. 


APPENDIX. 

♦Johnston,  Wilmam  N.     Ajiril,  IHoi;.     d.  July,  1870. 

M.D.  J821I,  lliiiv.  I'iu     Mriril..  I'liihid.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 

*JONES,  John.     Jiui.  1787.     b.  172!).     <1.  Juno  23,  1791. 

M.l).  [Jiiiv.  RliciitiH.  Surg,  and  lOxarniricr  Revolutionary  Army; 
Prof.  Surgery  Kings  Coll.  N.  Y.  Conwult.  I'liyH.  I'hilad.  DispenH.  Feb. 
17.S(i;  Phys.  Pa.  Hoap.  1780-91;  Health  OfBcer  Philad.  1780-89. 
Menib.  liuraane  Soc.  P.;  Araer.  Philoa.  Soc.  April,  1769,  Council. 
1789. 

Jones,  S.  Preston.    (N.  R.)     April,  1864. 
M.D.  1855,  Univ.  Pa. 

JuDD,  Leonardo  r>A  Vinci.    Oct.  1885.    b.  Jan.  11,  1842. 

M.D.  1S77,  Jilibraoii  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  18«1 ; 
Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1884;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1886;  Med. 
Soc.  State  Pa.  1886;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1886.  Phys.  Pa.  Retreat  for 
Blind  Mutes  and  the  Aged  and  Infirm,  1884. 

JuDSON,  Oliver  Albert.    Oct.  1867.    b.  Sept.  28,  1830. 

M.D.  1851,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Phys.  Philad.  Disp.  1852-56 ;  Howard 
Hosp.  1856-61 ;  Philad.  Hosp.  1858-61;  Brigade  Surg.  Vol.  1861,  Brevt. 
Lt.-Col.  1865,  Brevt.  Col.  1865.  Manager  Burd  Orphan  Asylum  1868 
-82;  Manager  Pa.  Instit.  for  Instruct.  Blind  1878;  of  Children's  Hosp. 
Philad.  1879. 

JUEIST,  Louis.    Feb.  1886.    b.  April  10,  1855. 

M.D.  1880,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc; 
Pathological  Soc.  Philad. ;  German  Med.  Soc.  Philad.  Chief  of  Throat 
Dept.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Hosp.  Lecturer  on  Laryngology,  Jefferson 
Med.  Coll. 

Keating,  John  M.    Oct.  1877. 

M.  D.  1878,  Univ.  Pa.    Obstetrician  Philad.  Hosp. ;  Phys.  St.  Joseph's 

Hosp. ;  Maternity  Hosp. 

Keating,  William  V.    July,  1849.    b.  April  4,  1824. 

A.B.  1842,  St.  Mary's  Coll. ;  M.D.  1844,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1853;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.,  Jan.  1853;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc. 
April,  1854 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1884.  Consult.  Phys.  St.  Joseph's 
Hosp.  1849  ;  St.  Joseph's  Orphan  Asylum,  1850.  Prof.  Midwifery  and 
Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1860-62.  [Alarm- 
ing illness  induced  him  to  resign.]  Med.  Director  U.  S.  A.  Hosp. 
(Broad  and  Cherry  Streets,  Philad.),  1862-65.  Manager  Philad.  Saving 
Fund,  1856. 


240  APPENDIX. 

Keen,  William  W.    Jan.  18G7.    b.  Jan.  19,  1837. 

A.  B.  1>853,  High  School,  Philad.  and  Brown  Univ.  185'J;  M.D.  1862, 
Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Act.  Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  18G2-64.  Memb.  Acad. 
Nat.  So.  Philad.  April,  1867;  Sec.  Philad.  Pathological  Soc;  Constit. 
Amer.  Surg.  Assoc. ;  Philad.  Acad.  Surg. ;  Med.  Jurisprudence  Soc. 
Philad. ;  Clinical  Soc.  Philad. ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc,  V.  P.  1887 ;  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  July,  1884.  Lect.  Anat.  and  Operat.  Surg.  Philad.  School 
of  Anat.  1866-75;  Lecturer  on  Pathol.  Anat.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Surg.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  1866;  of  Women's  Hosp.  1884;  of  Mission 
Hosp.  and  of  Philada.  Home  for  Incurables.  Prof.  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Surgery,  Woman's  Med.  Coll.  1884;  Prof.  Artistic  Anat. 
Pa.  Acad.  Fine  Arts,  1876. 

IKeller,  William.     Jan.  1852.     Ees.  Feb.  5,  1862. 

Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov.  1848. 

IIKennedy,  Alfred  L.     Jan.  1852.     ft.  March  7,  1883. 

M.D.  1848,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Med.  Soc.  State 
Pa. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1853. 

King,  Charles  Ray.     (N.  R.)     Dec.  1844.    b.  March  16,  1813. 

A.B.  1831,  Columbia  Coll.  N.  Y.,  M.D.  1834,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  June,  1843;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847 ;  New  York  His- 
torical Soc.  ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa. ;  Overseer  Philad.  Divinity  School  P. 
E.  Church  1862 . 

*KlNG,  William  M.     Jan.  1864.     b.  June,  1836.     d.  March  14,  1880. 

M.D.  1858,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Assist.  Surg.  Dec.  1858,  Surg.  Feb. 
1870,  Med.  Inspector  May,  1875,  U.  S.  Navy.  Memb.  Acad  Nat.  Sc. 
Philad.  Oct.  1869. 

Kirkbride,  Joseph  J.    Oct.  1875.    b.  Aug.  4,  1842. 

Grad.  Pharm.  1870,  Philad.  Coll.  Pharm. ;  M.D.  1872,  Univ.  Pa. 
Memb.  Alumni  Assoc.  Philad.  Coll.  Pharm.  1870;  Alumni  Soc.  Med. 
Dept.  Univ.  Pa.  1872 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1879 ;  Pathological  Soc. 
Philad.  1879;  Photographic  Soc.  Philad.  1883;  Franklin  Institute  Pa. 
1884;  Historical  Soc.  Pa.  1885.  Phys.  Out-patients  Pa.  Hosp.  1872; 
Exam.  Phys.  Mutual  Benefit  Life  Ins.  Co.  1873. 

*Kirkbride,  Thomas  S.  Jan.  1839.  b.  July  31,  1809.  d.  April  16, 1885. 
M.D.  1832,  Univ.  Pa.  ;  LL.D.  LaFayette  Coll.  Resid.  Asylum  [for 
the  Insane]  at  Frankford,  Pa.  1832-33;  Pa.  Hosp.  1833-35;  Phys.  in 
Chief  and  Superintendent  Pa.  Hosp.  for  the  Insane  1840-85 ;  Phys.  House 
of  Refuge  1840.  Memb.  Assoc.  Med.  Superintend.  Amer.  Institut.  for 
the  Insane,  Oct.  1844,  Sec.  1844-51,  V.  P.  1851-58,  P.  1858-66 ;  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1831;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1851.    Trustee  Pa.  State 


/M'l'KMHX.  241 

Lunutic.  II()H[).  iit  irurriHhur^f  IHGI-G.'j.     ViHit.  J'liyH.   ]H'.'.7-4\,  ('(irrcH. 
Sec  l«54--0!»,  V.  P.  \Hr>U-Hr>,  I'll.  TiiHtit.  for  IriKtruct.  of  the  I'.liiul. 

•*Klai'I',  .Ioski'Ii.     April,  IsiS.     1).  Jiin.  17,  IH17.     <].  FeJi.  20,  IMHO. 

M.l).  Univ.  J':i.  \X'.','.}.  A  ( ^orponitor  llowiinl  Jhmp.  IH-'iS.  Memb. 
I'liilad.  Co.  Med.  Hoc. 

*Klajm',  Wii.LtAM  irr.NRY.  Aug.  1839.  b.  Oct.  14,  1808.  d.  Sept.  28,  1855. 
A.IJ.   1.S27,  MI).   18.",0,  Univ.   Pa.     Assist.  Phys.  Catharine   Street 
Choloni  lloHj).  1832;  Pliys.Phihid.  Co.  Prison,  1838-52.     Memb.  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  18-11);   Pliiiad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 

"KuiiN,  AiUAf,     Jan.  1787.     b.  Nov.  17,  1741.     d.  .July  5, 1817. 

M.D.  1767,  Univ.  Edinb.  Director-General  of  Hospital  Amer.  Army. 
Phys.  Pa.  llosp.  1774-81,  and  1782-98;  Philad.  Dispens.  1786.  Prof. 
Mat.  Med.  and  Botany,  Coll.  Philad.  1768  ;  Prof.  Theor.  and  Pract.  Med. 
Univ.  State  Pa.,  1789.  Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1768,  Curator 
1769-72,  Council  1788-1806. 

*La.ius,  D.  Paul.    July,  1849.     d.  Jan.  25,  1859. 

M.D.  1837,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1836;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1849,  P.  1853;  Amer.  :Med.  Assoc.  1851;  Northern 
Med.  Assoc.  1858. 

*Lamb,  John  Ferguson.    Jan.  1863.    b.  Dec.  28. 1791.    d.  April  26, 1869. 
M.D.  1820,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Oct.  1850,  V.  P. 
'52,  P.  '53 ;  Northern  Med.  Assoc. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1851 ;  Med.  Soc. 
State  Pa. 

*Lang,  Edmund.    Nov.  1849.    d.  1856. 

M.D.  1840,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1851 ;  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc.  Philad.  April,  1853. 

La  Roche,  C.  Percy.    (N.  E.)    July,  1865. 

M.D.  1856,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1858 ;  Amer.  Philos. 
Soc.  Jan.  1873. 

fLA  Roche,  Rene.  April,  1827.  res.  Jan.  1861.  b.  1795.  d.  Dec.  9,  1872. 
M.D.  1820,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pa.  Prison  Soc.  July,  1827;  Acad. 
Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Sept.  1823-Dec.  '38 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  April, 
1849;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847  ;  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  1818,  P.  1859;  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1827 ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.,  P.  1856-57;  Pathological 
Soc,  P.;  Board  of  Health  Philad.;  Trustee  Univ.  Pa.  Capt.  Volun- 
teers 1812-15. 

*Leavitt,  Thaddeus  L.    July,  1868.    b.  Sept.  20.  1840.    d.  Feb.  23.  1880. 
M.D.  1865,  Univ.  Pa.     Act.  Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1862-65.      Phys. 
Germantown  Dispens.  1866-77;  Germautown  Almshouse  1S67-S0;  Ger- 
mantowu  Hosp.  1870-79. 

16 


242  APPENDIX. 

IILeCotjtte,  Johx  L.  Oct.  1864.  b.  May  13, 1825.  ft.  July  3,  1878.  d.  Nov. 
15,  1883. 
A.B.  1842,  St.  Mary's  Coll.  Md.;  M.D.  1846,  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg. 
N.  Y.  Act.  Surg,  and  Med.  Director  U.  S.  A.  1862-65.  Memb.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Feb.  1845,  Corres.  Sec.  1852-59,  V.  P.  1874,  Director 
Entomological  Section  1876;  Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sc.  1848;  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1853,  Sec.  1855-79,  V.  P.  1880-83.  Amer.  Assoc. 
Advance.  Sc,  P.  1874;  Soc.  Royale  des  Sciences  de  Liege,  Jan.  1852; 
Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  1852;  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  Montreal  1853;  Die  Natur- 
forscher  Gesellscbaft  zu  Leipzic,  1854;  Soc.  Imper.  des  Sc.  Naturelle  de 
Cherbourg  1854 ;  Acad.  Imper.  des.  Sc.  Belles  Lettres  et  Arts  de  Lyon, 
1855  ;  Acad.  Literar.  et  Scientiar.  Regia  Borca  Monachii,  1856  ;  Royal 
Physical  Soc.  Edinb.  1857  ;  Zoological  Soc.  London,  1857  ;  Imper.  Free 
Economic.  Soc.  St.  Petersburg,  1857 ;  Kaiserlich-Konigliche  Geolog. 
Eeichsanstalt,  Vienna,  1857  ;  Soc.  Entomolog.  Rossica  S.  D.  1860 ;  U.  S. 
Nat.  Acad.  Sc.  1863;  Soc.  Entomolog.  Beige,  1864;  Linnean  Soc.  Lan- 
caster, Pa.  1864 ;  Essex  Instit.  Salem,  Mass.  1866 ;  Chicago  Acad.  Sc. 
1869 ;  Buffiilo  Soc.  Nat.  Sc.  1873 ;  Cambridge  Entomolog.  Club,  1876  ; 
Davenport  (Iowa)  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Honor.  Memb.  Der  Entomologische 
Verein  zu  Stettin,  1859 ;  Entomolog.  Soc.  London,  1863 ;  Entomolog. 
Soc.  Canada,  1868 ;  Soc.  Entomolog.  de  France,  1879 ;  Die  Deutsche 
Entomologische  Gesellschaft,  Berlin  1881. 

*Leedom,  J.  M.     April,  1864.     d.  Jan.  8,  1885. 
M.D.  1859,  Univ.  Pa. 

Leffmanx,  Henry.    Dec.  1883.    b.  Sept.  9,  1847. 

M.D.  1869,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.;  Ph.D.  (Honorary)  Wagner  Free 
Inst.  Sc.  1883  ;  D.D.S.  Pa.  Coll.  Dental  Surg.  1884.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc.  Philad.  Sept.  1872;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1879,  Record  Sec.  1880 
-84;  Soc.  Public  Analysts  of  England  1881;  Med.  Jurisprudence  Soc. 
Philad.  1883,  Sec.  ah  origine;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1881.  Assist.  Prof. 
Chemistiy  Central  High  School  Philad.  1876-80 ;  Demonstrator  Chem- 
istry Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1884-85;  Prof.  Chemistry  Philad.  Polyclinic 
1883-84;  Prof.  Chemistry  Pa.  Coll.  Dent.  Surg.  1883— also  in  Wagner 
Free  Inst.  Sc.  1875.  Port  Phys.  Philad.  1885-87.  Incorporator  Amer. 
Soc.  for  Prevent.  Adulterat.  of  Food,  March,  1885. 

*Leib,  Michael.    March,  1788.    b.  1759.    d.  Dec.  28,  1822. 

Attend.  Phys.  Philad.  Dispens.  1786-93;  Attend.  Phys.  Bush  Hill 
Hosp.  Sept.  12,  1793.  Memb.  Pa.  Prison  Soc.  April,  1789 ;  Democratic 
Soc.  and  Sec.  German  Republican  Soc.  1793.  Represent,  from  Philad. 
Co.  Legislature  Pa.  1797-98—1815-16.  Presidential  Elector  1808. 
Lazaretto  Phys.  Sept.  1 800.  Memb.  Congress  1799-1806 ;  U.  S.  Senator 
1808-14;  Postmaster  Philad.  1814;  Prothonotary  U.  S.  District  Court 
Philad.  Nov.  15,  1822. 


APPENDIX.  243 

[It  was  dotermiriod,  f^".])t.  I8II1,  Unit  Drs.  Loih,  Vhyt^'uU,  Cat)K;rftl,  Hnd 
Annan  should  liavo  ontini  dintclion  of  iho  JJiish  Hill  JIoHpital,  attend  there 
daily  at  11  o'clock  A.M.,  and  inrh  receive  two  guineas  a  visit.  They  declined. 
The  conimitteo  ordered,  Nov.  Dili,  their  hillw  to  be  ])aid,  as  follows:  Dr.  Physick 
5  vit^its,  £17.10;  Dr.  Catheral  2  visits,  £7;  Dr.  Leib  3  visits,  £10,  and  Dr. 
Annan  2  visits,  £7. 

Sopt,.  22.  Dr.  Jkiijatniii  Diidicld  pmfcrred  his  services  which  were  accepted, 
Nov.  21.  I'ho  President  was  rwjuostcd  to  communicate  to  Dr.  IJenjamin  Duf- 
fleld  the  thanks  of  the  commitlco  "for  his  attention  to  the  afilicted  at  the  hos- 
pital, and  to  deliver  to  him  a  check  for  Jf.'JOO."  [•^'«'',  Minutes  of  I'rofeedinga 
of  the  Committee,  appointed  Sept.  14,  1703,  by  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia, 
Northern  Liberties,  and  Bouthwark,  to  attend  to  alleviate  the  sufferings  of  the 
afflicted  with  malignant  fever.     8vo.  p.  22.3.] 

[See,  Martin's  Bench  and  Bar,  by  John  Hill  Martin,  Philad.,  1883.  Also, 
Colonial  liecords  and  Pennsylvania  Archives;  and  Congre.'sional  Directory, 
by  Ben.  Perley  Poore,  Boston,  1878.] 

[No  record  of  the  early  life  of  Dr.  Leib  lia.s  been  found.  Ben.  Perley 
Poore,  in  his  Congressional  Directory,  states  that  he  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1751),  and  died  there  Dec.  28,  1822.  Michael  Leib  was  one  of  the 
corporators  of  the  College  of  Physicians.  He  was  an  apprentice  of  Dr. 
Benjamin  Rush.  Probably  he  began  to  practise  medicine  as  soon  as  he 
was  "out  of  his  time."  His  name  is  not  on  the  catalogue  of  the  only  med- 
ical school  in  Philadelphia  prior  to  his  death.  There  is  nothing  to  suggest 
that  he  was  ever  abroad.  It  is  presumed,  therefore,  that  he  never  obtained 
any  collegiate  degree  in  medicine. 

The  records  show  that  he  was  engaged  in  politics  during  the  last  twenty- 
five  years  of  his  life.  It  was  said  that  he  "  rocked  the  cradle  of  Demo- 
cracy "  iu  the  Northern  Liberties,  from  which  it  may  be  fairly  inferred  that 
he  was  an  earnest  and  popular  democratic  politician.] 

Leidy,  Joseph.     Aug.  1851.    b.  Sept.  9,  1823. 

M.D.  1844,  Univ.  Pa. ;  LL.D.  1886,  Univ.  Harvard.  Prosector  Anat., 
Prof.  Anat.  1853,  Univ.  Pa. . ;  Director  and  Prof.  Zoology  and  Cora- 
par.  Anat.  Biological  Dept.  1884,  Univ.  Pa. . ;  Prof.  Nat.  Hist.  Swarth- 

more  Coll.  1871-85;  P.  Faculty  Wagner  Free  Instit.  Sc.  1885;  Demon- 
strator Anat.  Franklin  Med.  Coll.  1847-52.  Merab.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc. 
Philad.  July,  1845,  P.  1882;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1849;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1854;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1845;  New 
York  Acad.  Sc.  1848;  Hesse  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  1848;  Amer.  Acad.  Arts 
and  Sc.  1849;  Biological  Soc.  Paris,  1851;  Moscow  Soc.  Naturalists, 
1852;  Mons.  Soc.  Sc.  1854;  Elliot  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  Charleston,  S.  C. 
1855;  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sc.  1856;  Loudon  Zoological  Soc.  1857;  Leopold 
Carol.  Acad.  Sc,  Bonn,  1857;  Munich  Acad.  Sc  1858;  Prague  Bohem. 
Acad.  Sc  1860;  Zoological  and  Botan.  Soc.  Vienna,  1861;  Econom 
Agricult.  Acad.  Florence,  1861;  Geological  Soc.  London,  1863;  Nat. 


244  APPENDIX. 

Hist.  Soc.  Dublin,  1863;  National  xVcad.  Sc.  U.  S.  1863;  Essex  Instit. 
Salem,  Mass.  1866;  Linnean  Soc.  London,  1872;  Anthropological  Soc. 
London,  1872;  Cherbourg  Soc.  Nat.  Sc.  1873;  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  Mexico, 
1874;  Liverpool  Lit.  and  Philos.  Soc,  1877;  Washington  Biological 
Soc.  1884;  Copenhagen  Soc.  Sc.  1886.  Pathologist  St.  Joseph's  Hosp. 
1852;  Contract.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  General  Hosp.  Philad.  1862-65. 

Leidy,  Philip.    June,  1885.    b.  Dec.  29,  1838. 

M.D.  1859,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Medico-Chirurgical  Soc.  P.  1868; 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1870;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1876;  Med.  Soc.  State 
Pa.  1878;  Juniata  Valley  Med.  Soc.  1882;  Med.  Jurisprudence  Soc. 
Philad.  1883;  Neurological  Soc.  Philad.  1886;  Northern  Med.  Soc. 
Philad.  P.  1885.  Eesid.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1859-61 ;  Surg.  U.  S. 
Vol.  1861-65;  U.S.  Exam.  Surg,  for  Pensions  1866-70;  Port  Phys. 
Philad.  1874-83;  Consult.  Phys.  Home  for  Incurables  1875-78;  Con- 
sult. Phj^s.  Odd  Fellows'  Home  1878-87;  Phys.  in  Chief,  Philad.  Hosp. 
Insane  Dept.,  1886;  Consult.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  for  the  Insane,  1887 ; 
Memb.  (Sectional)  Board  of  Education. 

fLEVlCK,  James  J.     April,  1851.     res.  Sept.  1868. 

M.D.  1847,  Univ.  Pa. ;  A.M.  1884,  Haverford  Coll.     Memb.  Philad. 

Co.  Med.  Soc.  1853;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1865 .;    Amer.  Med. 

Assoc.  1864;  Historical  Soc.  Pa.  1855.  Eesid.  1849-51,  Phys.  1856-68 
Pa.  Hosp;  Phys.  Wills  Hosp.  1853-65;  Magdalen  Asylum,  1852 . 

Lewis,  Francis  W.    July,  1855.    b.  June  17,  1825. 

M.D.  1846,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Oct. 
1849;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1860;  Pa.  Prison  Soc.  Feb.  1865  ;  His- 
torical Soc.  Pa.  Phys.  Children's  Hosp.  1855-65 ;  Act.  Assist.  Surg. 
U.  S.  A.  Hosp.  Philad.  and  Harrisburg,  Pa.  1862-64;  Surg.  St.  Joseph's 
Hosp.  1863. 

"Lewis,  Frederick  W.    Jan.  1870.    d.  Dec.  8,  1873. 

M.D.  1867,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1868. 

Lewis,  Morris  James.    Jan.  1877.    b.  March  25, 1852. 

A.B.  1871,  A.M.  Ph.D.  M.D.  1874,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological 
Soc.  Philad.;  Philad.  Neurological  Soc.  Eesid.  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1874 
-75;  Disp.  Phys.  Children's  Hosp.  1877;  Disp.  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1880 
-81 ;  Assist.  Phys.  Orthopoedic  Hosp.  1877 ;  Phys.  Episcopal  Hosp.  1881 ; 
Children's  Hosp.  1885. 

Lewis,  Samuel.    Feb.  1840.    b.  Nov.  16,  1813. 

M.D.  1840,  Edinb.,  M.E.C.S.  Eng.  1839.  Memb.  of  the  Koyal  Med. 
and  Eoyal  Physical  Societies  Edinb.  1840;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Oct. 

1855 . ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1851 ;  Constit.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. 

1860;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 


AJ'J'KNDIX.  245 

*LrrrKM.,  S<iurRr;.     May,  18;{().     b.  Doc.  9,  ]H(»."..     <\.  July  4,  IHHC. 

M.I).  IK24,  Univ.  I'a.  Licoritiute  1825,  Acad.  Med.  IJuonoH  AyrcK, 
M(Miil).  I'liiliul.  Med.  Soe.  Dec.  1H2!  ;  Hoc.  I'.  K.  C.  for  AdvaricemrTit 
(lliriHUaiiiLy  in  I'a.  Dec.  l«.3;i.  V.  P.  1870-8(5,  BiHliop  White  I'rayer 
Book  Soc.  Roc.  Sec.  ]8.'M;  I'liiiad.  Co,  Med.  8oc. ;  Amer.  Med.  Ashoc 
1855.  Surg.  Wills  Hosp.  Feb.  :',,  1834,  Dec.  '64;  Consult.  I'hyH.  I'hilad. 
Dispells.  Jan.  18(;(i,  July,  'H(i. 

*LiVEZEY,  Edward.    July,  isoi.    d.  Aj.ril  15,  1876. 
M.D.  1858,  Uuiv.  I'a. 

Lloyd,  James  IIkndrie.    Nov.  1886.    b.  Dec.  1,  1853. 

A.B.  1873,  A.M.  1876,  Coll.  N.  J.;  M.D.  1878,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
West  riiilad.  Med.  Soc.  1S81;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1884;  Philad. 
Neurological  Soc.  (Sec.)  1884;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1885;  Med. 
Jurisprudence  Soc.  Philad.  1885;  Amer.  Neurological  Assoc.  1886. 
Instructor  Electro-therapeutics,  Univ.  Pa. ;  Phys.  in  charge,  Home  lor 
Crippled  Children. 

*L0GAN,  J.  Dickenson.     Feb.  1847.     b.  June  21,  1817.     d.  April  25,  1881. 
M.D.  18-12,  Univ.  T'a.     Resid.  Pa.  PIosp.  1844-46.     Memb.  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  March,  1839;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  March,  1853;  Biological 
Soc.     Trustee  of  the  Loganian  Library. 

LONGSTRETH,  MoRRis.     Oct.  1877.     b.  Feb.  24,  1846. 

A.B.  1866,  A.M.  1869,  Harvard  Coll.;  M.D.  1869,  Univ.  Pa.;  M.D. 
Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1870 ;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  See.  1882;  Amer.  Assoc.  Phys.  and  Pathologists  1886.  Resid. 
Phys.  Wills  Hosp.  1869;  Pa.  Hosp.  i 870-7 1 ;  Philad.  Dispensary  1871 
-73;  Pathologist  and  Curator  1871,  Phys.  Out-patients  1873-79,  Attend. 
Phys.  1879,  Pa.  Hosp.    Lecturer  Pathol.  Anat.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1876. 

Ludlow,  Johj^  Livingston.    June,  1849.    b.  May  14,  1819. 

A.M.,  M.D.  1841,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Med. 
Soc.  State  Pa.;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad. ;  Constit.  Med.  Jurisprudence 
Soc,  Philad. ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov.  1847 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1855 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1857,  Emeritus  Phys. 
1887;  Senior  Phys.  Presbyterian  Hosi^.  ab  origine ;  P.  Board  Exam. 
Surgeons  for  Pensions,  Aug.  1885. 

*LuKENS,  Charles.    Feb.  1832. 

M.D.  1816,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1815. 

MacCoy,  Alexander  W.    Nov.  1886.    b.  1S47. 

A.B.  1866,  A.M.  1868,  Wittenberg.  O. ;  M.D.  1870.  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1882;    Philad.  Laryngological  Soc.  1SS2;    Med 


2-i6  APPENDIX. 

Soc.  State  Pa.  1883;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1884;  Anier.  Laryngological 
Assoc.  1886.  Lecturer  oii  Laryngoscopy,  Ehiiioscopy,  aud  Diseases  of 
the  Throat  and  Nose,  Woman's  Med.  Coll.  Pa. 

*McClellan,  George.     May,  1839.     b.  Dec.  22,  1796.     d.  May  8,  1847. 

A.B.,  A.M.  Yale;  M.D.  1819,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc. 
Nov.  1817.  Prof.  Surgery  Jefierson  Med.  Coll.  1825-38,  of  which  he 
was  the  founder.     Prof  Surgery  Pa.  Med.  Coll.  1839-43. 

McClellan,  George.    Oct.  1875. 

M.D.  1870,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Surg.  Philad.  Hosp. ;  Howard  Hosp. 
Princii^al  Pa.  School  of  Auat. 

*McCLELLAJf,  John  H.  B.     July,  1849.    d.  July  21,  1874. 

M.D.  1844,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov.  1847; 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Anier.  Med.  Assoc.  1849.  Prof  Anat.  Pa.  Med. 
Coll. 

McFerran,  J.  A.     Jan.  1871.     b.  Nov.  27,  1827. 

M.D.  1847,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 
Phys.  Gynecological  Hosp.  and  Infirmary  for  Children.  Phys.  Philad. 
Hosp. 

*McIlyaine,  William.    Nov.  1791. 

Mallet,  John  William.    (N.  R.)    Jan.  1885.    b.  Oct.  10,  1832. 

A.B.  1853,  Univ.  Dublin;  Ph.D.  1853,  Univ.  Gottingen;  M.D.  1868, 
Univ.  Louisiana;  LL.D.  William  and  Mary  Coll.  Va.,  also,  Univ.  Miss- 
issippi. Fellow  Chemical  Soc.  Lond.  1857 ;  F.R.S.  Loud.  1877  ;  Memb. 
Chem.  Soc.  Paris;  German  Chem.  Soc.  Berlin  ;  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  New 
York,  P.;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1885;  Medico-Chirurgical  Faculty  of 
Maryland ;  Med.  Soc.  Va. ;  Pharmaceutic  Assoc.  Va.  Prof  Chemistry, 
Univ.  Alabama;  Med.  Coll.  Ala. ;  Univ.  La. ;  Univ.  Va. ;  Univ.  Texas; 
Jefferson  Med.  Coll.;  Chemist,  Geolog.  Surv.  Alabama;  Reporter  on 
Water  Analysis  for  Nat.  Board  Health  ;  Lecturer  Johns  Hopkins  Univ. 
A  judge  in  Chem.  Dept.  Centeun.  Exposit.  1876. 

IMason,  .John  K.     July,  1849.     res.  July  6,  1864.     d.  Oct.  2,  1872. 
M.D.  1842,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1853. 

IIMaury,  F.  F.     April,  1866.     b.  Aug.  9,  1840.     ft.  July  3,  1878.     d.  June 
4,  1879. 

M.D.  1862,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Resid.  Philad.  Hosp.  1862-63 ;  Act. 
Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  April,  1863,  April,  1865;  Accoucheur  1865,  Sur- 
geon 1866,  Philad.  Hosp.;  Surg.  Jefferson  Coll.  Hosp.  1877;  Surgeon 
1st  Troop  Philad.  City  Cavalry  1869.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 


API'MNOIX.  247 

Miiy,   ISGS-.Junc,  77;     l';illiologicfil   Soc.    I'liil:i<l.    \HC,r,;     Auk.t.  Mcrl, 
Ahsoc.  1X7:^;   riiil;ifl.  (U>.  Med.  Soc.  1877;  DcrnmUjlogical  Ahhoc, 

*Mayiujry,  WrLMAM.     .I;ui.  18r,2.     b.  Juno  .",,  1810.     d.  Nov.  20,  1873. 

A. 15.  IHK).  Miirsliiill  (JoU.;  M.IX  1843,  Univ.  I'a.  Memb.  I'bilad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc.  V.  r.  1858;  Northern  Med.  Assoc.  185!)  P.;  Acad.  Nat.  He. 
riulad.  Oct.  ISOO-Auf,'.  7.".;  Mod.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1'.  18GG;  Ilist/jrical 
Soc.  Pa.;  Franklin  Instil.  Pa. ;  Amcr.  Med.  A.ssoc.  1847.  P.  Managers 
Episcopal  irosj). ;  Trustee  Franklin  and  Marshall  Coll. 

MAYfiR,  Edward  R.     (N.  R.)     1850.     b.  .July  18,  182.",. 

A.B.  1841,  A.M.,  M.D.  1844,  Univ.  Pa.  Momb.  J>U7,crne  Co.  Med. 
Soc.  April,  ISlil  ;  Amcr.  Med.  Assoc.  1878.  Senior  Consult.  Phys.  and 
Dean  of  Stall",  Wilkcsbarre  City  Hosp.  1871. 

Mays,  Thomas  .J.    Oct.  1855.    b.  July  10,  1846. 

M.D.  1808,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Merab.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc; 
Deutsche  Medizinischc  Gcsellschaft  Philad.;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1876. 
Adjunct.  Prof.  Chest  Diseases,  Philad.  Polyclinic. 

Mears,  J.  EwiNG.     Oct.  18()8.     b.  Oct.  17,  1838. 

A.B.,  B.S.  1858,  A.M.  1876,  Trinity  Coll;  M.D.  1865,  Jefferson  Med. 
Coll.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1864,  Sec.  1868-71,  V.  P.  1876- 
77,  1878-81;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov.  1870-Oct.  77;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1870;  Constituent,  Philad.  Acad.  Surgery,  Sec.  1880-84,  Re- 
corder 1884 ;  Constituent,  Amer.  Surg.  Assoc.  1880,  Recorder  1881 ; 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1882;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1883.  Prof.  Anat. 
and  Surg.  Pa.  Coll.  Dental  Surgery,  1870 ;  of  Dental  Surgery,  Jefferson 
Med.  Coll.  1872.  Surg.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  1870 ;  Gynecologist  Jefferson 
Med.  Coll.  Hosp.  1876^ 

Meigs,  Arthur  V.    April,  1875.    b.  Nov.  1,  1860 

M.D.  1871, Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.;  Obstetrical 
Soc.  Philad.;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Resid.  Pa.  Hosp.  Oct.  1872- 
1874;  (lately)  Asst.  Phys.  Children's  Hosp.  Southern  Home  for  Friend- 
less Children  ;  Consult.  Phys.  Pa.  lustit.  for  Instruct,  of  the  Blind ; 
Phys.  Pa.  Hosp. 

*MeiCtS,  Charles  D.     April,  1827.     b.  Feb.  19,  1792.     d.  June  22,  1869. 

A.B.  1809,  Univ.  Georgia;  M.D.  1817,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1816 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Feb.  1818-Sept.  "22.  and 
April,  '4S-March,  "62.  Consult.  Phys.  and  Instituent  Memb.  Board  of 
Managers  1833-69.  Pa.  Instit.  for  Instruct,  of  the  Blind;  Amer.  Philos. 
Soc.  April,  1826,  Councillor  1832-58 ;  Kappa  Lambda  Soc. ;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1847 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Society  of  Swedish  Physicians 


248  APPENDIX. 

1854 ;  Corres.  Hunterian  Soc.  1854.  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1838-49.  Prof. 
Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
1841-01. 

*Meigs,  James  Aitkix.    Oct.  1856.    b.  July  31,  1829.     d.  Nov.  9, 1879. 

A.B.  1848,  Central  High  School,  Philad. ;  M.D.  1831,  Jefferson  Med. 
Coll.  Memb.  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  ;  Acad.  Nat.  Se.  Philad.  April,  1852, 
Libr.  Aug.  1856-May  31  '59  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1858  ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. ;  Historical  Soc.  Wisconsin ;  Medico-Legal 
Soc.  N.  Y. ;  Antiquarian  Soc.  Philad.  ;  New  York  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist. ; 
Soci(^te  d'Anthropologie  de  Paris  ;  Ethnological  Soc.  London  ;  Anthro- 
pological Soc.  Lond. ;  Societas  Medicorum  Svecanae,  Stockholm.  Attend. 
Phys.  Howard  Hosp.  1855-68  ;  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1868-79  ;  Phys.  Philad. 
Hosp.  Lecturer  Instit.  Med.  Philad.  Coll.  Med.  1857-59  ;  Prof,  of  Pa. 
Med.  Coll.  1859-61  ;  Prof.  Instit.  Med.  and  Med.  Jurisprudence,  Jef- 
ferson Med.  Coll.  1868.  Trustee  Polytechnic  Coll. ;  Trustee  Pa.  Coll. 
Dental  Surg. 

*Meigs,  John  Forsyth.  June,  1843.  b.  Oct.  3,  1818.  d.  Dec.  16,  1882. 
M.D.  1838,  Uni%'.  Pa.  Resid.  1838-40,  Att.  Phys.  1859-82,  Pa. 
Hosp.  Consult.  Phys.  Children's  Hosp.  and  of  the  Pa.  Instit.  for 
Instruct,  of  the  Blind,  1870.  Lecturer  on  Obstetrics,  on  Practice  of  Med. , 
on  Diseases  of  Children,  Philad.  Assoc,  for  Med.  Instruction,  1843. 
Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1841 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc  Philad.  April, 
1852 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1852 ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. ;  Ob- 
stetrical Soc.  Philad. ;  Philad.  Co.  Med  Soc. 

Mifflin,  Houston.     (N.  R.)    Dec.  1884.    b.  Sept.  29,  1850 

M.D.  1879,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Pa.  Hosp.  Feb.  1881-June,  '82.  Memb. 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Oct.  1884. 

Mills,  Charles  K.    Jan.  1881.    b.  Dec.  4,  1845. 

A.B.  1864,  A.M.  Central  High  School,  Philad. ;  M.D.  1869,  Ph.D. 
1871,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1870-77  ;  Northern 
Med.  Assoc.  Philad.  1870 ;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  1871 ;  Amer.  3Ied. 
Assoc.  1872;  Centennial  Med.  Commis.  1875-76;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. 
1876 ;  Internat.  Med.  Congress,  1876 ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1878, 
V.  P.  1884;  Amer.  Neurologic.  Assoc.  1881,  P.  1886-87;  Nat.  Assoc. 
Protection  of  the  Insane  and  Prevention  of  Insanity,  1882;  Lehigh 
Valley  Med.  Soc.  1883;  Philad.  Neurological  Soc.  1884,  V.  P.  1884-87; 
Med.  Jurisprudence  Soc.  Philad.  1884,  V.  P.  1885-87  ;  Amer.  Soc. 
Physical  Research,  1885,  P.  Philad.  Branch  1885;  Philad.  Co.  Med. 
Soc,  V.  P.  1881-82,  Censor,  1883-86.  Lecturer  on  Physics,  Wagner 
Free  Instit.  Sc.  1870-73;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  1872  ;  on  Electro-therapeut. 
Univ.  Pa.  1877-82 ;    on   Mental  Dis.    Univ.  Pa.    1881  ;    on   Nervous, 


APPENDIX.  24f* 

Moiiliil  l)i,s(;iH(!H,  jukI  Kloctro-thcriipciil.  WoniarrH  Merl.  Coll.  I'a.  ]HH2  ; 
Tliy.M.  Norllu'rii  Dispcris.  1871-74  ;  Dcpl,.  for  NcrvoUH  l)\t<can(;n  St. 
Mjuy'8  IloHp.  l'S72-74;  DIkikmih.  KpiHcopal  llosp.  |H74-7.'> ;  Chief  of 
DinponH.  for  Ncivomh  DiscuHcs,  Univ.  Howp.  1874-82;  Neurologist 
Philad.  IIosp.  1877,  and  Howard  liosp.  187'J-85;  CoriHult.  J'h.VH.  State 
IIoH]).  (or  Insane,  Norristown,  l^a.,  1880;  Consult.  ]'hys.  Pa.  Training 
S(!li()ol  (or  FeeVilc-ininded  Children,  1882;  also,  Insane  Dept.  I'hilad. 
ITosp.  ISS4.  Prof.  Diseai^es  of  the  Mind  and  Nervous  Sywt.  I'hilad. 
Polyclinic  and  Coll.  for  Graduates  in  Med.  1 884. 

*MiNNiCK,  Joseph  P.     Aug.  1801.     (Elected  Assoc.) 

*MiTCiiELL,  John  Kearsley.     Aug.  1827.     b.  March  12,  17!).'5.     d.  April 
4,  18r)8. 

A.B.  Edinb.;  M.D.  1819,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
July,  1822;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  July,  1827;  Philad.  Med.  Soc. ;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1847 ;  Philad.  Co.  Jlcd.  Soc.  Oct.  18,^)0.  Lcclurcr  on  Chem- 
istry in  Philad.  Med.  Institute,  1823-32;  in  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  1826-40; 
on  Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  in  Philad.  Med.  Instit.  1832-40;  Prof.  Theory 
and  Pract.  Med.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1841-58.    Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1827-34. 

Mitchell,  S.  Weir.    Jan.  1856.    b.  Feb.  15,  1829. 

M.D.  1850,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.;  LL.D.  1886,  Harvard  Univ.  Cor- 
res.  British  Med.  Assoc.  1860;  Boston  Med.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1861; 
Soci6t6  Academique  La  Loire  Inferieure,  1872;  New  York  Acad.  Med. 
1874;  Honorary,  Gynecological  Soc.  1870;  St.  Andrew's  Med.  Grad. 
Assoc.  1867;  London  Med.  Soc.  1878;  Med.  Soc.  of  New  Jersey,  1870; 
Med.  Soc.  State  of  N.  Y.  1877 ;  Foreign  Associate  Med.  Soc.  Nor- 
way, 1871;  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  April,  1852.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc. 
Philad.  Sept.  1853,  Biolog.  and  Microsc.  Section  1858-77,  Director 
1868-71;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1862;  Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sc. 
(Associate)  1865;  National  Acad.  Sc.  U.  S.  Amer.  1865;  Pathological 
Soc.  Philad.  P.  1869;  Med.  Soc.  State  of  New  Jersey,  1878;  Philad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc.  1878 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1880 ;  Amer.  Assoc.  Phys.  and 
Pathologists,  P.  1886.  Trustee  Univ.  Pa. ;  Director  Philad.  Lib.  Co. 
Phys.  Southern  Dispens.  Philad.  1866;  St.  Joseph's  Hosp.  1858;  Sani- 
tary Inspector  U.  S.  A. ;  Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  Army  Hosp.  for  Dis- 
eases and  Injuries  of  the  Nervous  System,  1863  ;  Visit.  Phys.  Pa.  Inst, 
for  Instruct,  of  the  Blind,  1861-67;  Phys.  Presbyterian  Hosp.  1872; 
Orthopaedic  Hosp.  and  Infirmary  for  Nervous  Diseases,  1872 ;  Consult. 
Phys.  State  Lying-in  Hosp.  and  Infirm.  1872;  Insane  Dept.  Philad. 
Hosp.  1884. 

*MoEHRiXG,  GoTTHiLF.     June,  1842.     b.  Dec.  14,  1802.     d.  Oct.  9,  1881. 
M.D.  1825,  Univ.  Berlin.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  April,  1S49. 
Phvs.  German  Benevolent  Soc.  Philad. 


250  APPENDIX. 

MoxTGO^[ERY,  Edward  E.     Oct.  1882.    b.  May  15,  1849. 

B.S.  1871,  Denison  Univ.  0. ;  M.D.  1874,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb. 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  187(5;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1882;  Piiilad.  Clinical 
Soc.  1885,  P. ;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1885,  V.  P.  Resid.  Phys.  Philad. 
Hosp.  April,  1874,  Jan.  '75,  Obstetrician  Philad.  Hosp.  1877-80.  Prof. 
Didactic  and  Clinic.  Gynecology,  Medico-Chirurgical  Coll.  Philad.  1886 ; 
Gynecologist  Medico-Chirurgical  Hosp.  Philad.  1886. 

*MooRE,  Charles.     April,  1787. 
Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1773-74. 

*M00RE,  John.    Aug.  1815.    b.  May  4,  1778.    d.  May  23,  1836. 
M.D.  1800,  Univ.  Pa.     Obstetrician  Pa.  Hosp.  1820-29. 

tMooRE,  John  AVilson.     Dec.  1817.     res.  Feb.  2, 1859.     d.  June  25, 1865. 
M.D.   1812,  Univ.  Pa.     Eesid.  1808-13,  Phys.  1821-27.   Pa.  Hosp. 
Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  1814;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847;  Philad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc.  April,  1849. 

Morehouse,  George  R.    July,  1863. 

M.D.  1875,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Aug.  1856; 

Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1877,  Council.  1882 .     Phys.  St.  Joseph's 

Hosp. 

^Morgan,  John.    Jan.  1787.    b.  1735.    d.  Oct.  15.  1789. 

A.B.  1757,  Coll.  Philad. ;  M.D.  1763,  Edinb.  Corres.  Royal  Acad. 
Surgery,  Paris,  1864.  Memb.  Arcadian  Belle  Lettres  Soc.  Rome, 
1764;  F.R.S.,  London  ;  Licentiate  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
London,  and  Edinb.  1765  ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1766.  Prof.  Theory  and 
Prac.  Med.  Dept.  Coll.  Philad.  1765.  Director-General  of  the  Military 
Hospitals  and  Phys.  in  Chief  of  the  Amer.  Army  1775-77.  Phys.  Pa. 
Hosp.  1773-77  and  1778-83. 

*M0RRis,  Caspar.     Sept.  1839.    b.  May  2,  1805.     d.  March  17,  1884. 

M  D.  1826,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1824^27.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat. 
So.  Philad.  June,  1829-Dec.  1838;  Bishop  White  Prayer  Book  Soc.  1834; 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1857-Dec.  '60.  Lecturer 
on  Pract.  Med.,  Philad.  Med.  Instit.  1838-44;  on  Diseases  of  Children 
1856-58  Philad.  Hosp.,  Phys.  House  of  Refuge  1832-34;  Visit.  Phys. 
1834-41,  a  Manager  1849-59,  V.  P.  1860-70  Pa.  Instit.  for  the  Instruc- 
tion of  the  Blind ;  an  Instituent  Manager  of  the  Episcopal  Hospital 
1851-84. 

Morris,  Caspar.    May,  1886. 
M.D.  1878,  Univ.  Pa. 


APPENDIX.  251 

MoRiUH,  IIknry.     M;iy,  1883. 

M.I).  1.S78,  JcilfcrBon  Med.  Coll. 

MoKRiH,  .1.  CiiKHTON.     Oct.  185(5.     b.  May  28,  18;{1. 

A.iJ.  J 851,  A.M.,  M.D.  1854,  Univ.  Pa.  Memh.  Acad.  Nat.  He.  I'hilad. 
Oct.  1854;  Amor.  Med.  Assoc.  1858;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  Dec.  1870; 
Amor.  IMiilos.  Soc.  .Inn.  188.S;  Pa.  llorticiiltural  Soc.  1880;  Pliihid.Co. 
ObHteitricui  Sdc.  riiihid.;  Amer.  Acad.  Med. ;  Ainer.  Pub.  Health  Ahsoc, 
PhyH.  Pliilad.  Disi^ens.  1854-57;  Moyainensing  House  of  Inrlustry; 
Foster  Home  for  Children,  1857-03 ;  AshIsI.  8urg.  1854-57,  Attend.  Phya. 
1867-72  Episcopal  Hosp. ;  Consult.  Phys.  Sheltering  Arms  1882 . 

]| Morris,  John.    Jan.  1787.    b.  Oct.  27,  1759.    ft.  1780.    d.  Sept.  1793. 

M.D.  1783.  Univ.  State  I'a.  Attend.  Phy.s.  Philad.  Dispens.  Feb.  1786. 

^Morton,  Samuel  George.  Jan.  1845.  b.  .Tan.  26,  1799.  d.  May  15,  1851. 
M.D.  1820,  Univ.  Pa.,  1823,  Edin.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1829.  Lec- 
turer Pract.  Med.  Philad.  Assoc,  for  Med.  Instruct.  1830;  Prof.  Anat. 
Pa.  Med.  Coll.  1839-43.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1819;  Acad. 
Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  April,  1820,  Record.  Sec.  1825,  '29,  Curator  1831-34, 
Corres.  Sec.  1831,  May,  '40,  V.  P.  May,  1840-Dec.  '49,  P.  Dec.  1849-May 
15,  '51 ;  Pa.  Prison  Soc.  Nov.  1827 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1828 ; 
Philad.  Med.  Soc;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847;  Massachusetts  Med.  Soc. ; 
Western  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  Georgia  Historical  Soc. ;  Lyceum 
of  Nat.  Hist,  of  New  York  ;  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  History  ;  Amer.  Oriental 
Soc.  Boston;  Amer.  Ethnological  Soc.  N.Y.;  Med. Soc, Sweden;  Royal 
Botan.  Soc,  Ratisbon  ;  Acad.  Sc.  and  Letters,  Palermo  ;  Royal  Soc. 
Northern  Antiquaries,  Copenhagen;  Acad.  Sc,  Letters,  and  Arts  de 
Zelanti  di  Arci-reale;  Imperial  Soc.  Naturalists,  Moscow;  Med.  Soc. 
Ediuburg;  Senckenburg  Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  Frankfort-on-Mayne. 

Morton,  Thomas  G.    July,  1861.    b.  Aug.  8,  1835. 

M.D.  1856,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1856;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1864;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  (res.);  Instit.  Memb.  Patho- 
logical Soc.  Philad. ;  Amer.  Surgical  Assoc.  1880 ;  Philad.  Acad.  Sur- 
gery. Commissioner  of  Public  Charities  Pa.  1883  ;  Chairman  Lunacy 
Commiss.  Pa.  1886  ;  Commiss.  Pa.  for  Erection  Norristown  Hosp. ; 
Amer.  Soc.  for  Restriction  of  Vivisection,  P.  1885-86 ;  Soc.  for  Protec- 
tion of  Children  from  Cruelty,  V.  P.  Resid.  Phys.  St.  Joseph's  Hosp. 
1856 ;  Wills  Hosp.  1S57 ;  Pa.  Hosp.  1857-58,  Surg.  Wills  Hosp.  1S59-74, 
Emeritus  '74;  Consult.  Surg.  Pa.  Instit.  for  Instruct  of  the  Blind  1862; 

Woman's  Hosp.  1870;  Surg.  Feb.   1864 .  Pa.  Ho.<5p.;    Pathologist 

and  Curator  1860-64,  Surg.  Jewish  Hosp.  1870;  Consult.  Surg.  Pa. 
Instit.  for  Deaf  and  Dumb,  1SS5 ;  Surg,  and  a  Founder  Orthopoedic 
Hosp.  1SG7  ;    Phys.  Howard  Home  1S65-75  ;    Surg.-iu-Chief  U.  S.  A. 


252  APPENDIX. 

Hosp.  Philad.  1S63  ;  Consult.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  (Mower)  Hosp.  1863; 
Prof,  of  Cliuical  and  Operat.  Surgery,  Philad.  Polyclinic  and  Coll.  for 
Graduates. 

Moss,  William.    Oct.  1864.    b.  May  8,  1833. 

M.D.  1855,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Surg.  6tli  Pa.  Cavalry,  1861 ;  U.  S. 
Volunteers  1862. 

MussER,  John  Here.    Oct.  1882.    b.  June  22,  1856. 

M.D.  1877,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1879 ;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  1880;  Neurological  Soc.  Philad.  1886;  West  Philad.  Med. 
Soc.  1885;  Amer.  Climatological  Soc.  188G;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1883. 
Corres.  Sec.  1881-87.  Med.  Registrar  Univ.  Hosp.  1878-81  ;  Chief 
Med.  Dispensary  Univ.  Hosp.  1881;  Pathologist  Presbyterian  Hosp. 
1884;  Attending  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1885. 

MussEB,  Milton  B.    Oct.  1884.     b.  Oct.  20,  1846. 

M.D.  1868,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1871 ; 
Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1871 ;  West  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  1879,  P.  1881. 
Phys.  Old  Men's  Home,  1872  ;  Obstetrician  Philad.  Hosp.  1877  ;  Con- 
sult. Phys.  Educat.  Home  for  Boys,  1878. 

*MuTTER,  Thomas  Dent.  May,  1836.  b.  April,  1811.  d.  March  16, 1859. 
A.B.  Hampden  Sidney  Coll.  Va. ;  M.D.  1831,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1829 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  July,  1853,  Rec 
Sec.  1835-36;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Oct. 
1850;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1851.  Prof.  Surgery  Jefferson  Med. 
Coll.  1841-56. 

*Nebingeii,  Andrew.  April,  1865.  b.  Dec.  12,  1819.  d.  April  12,  1886. 
M.D.  1850,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  July,  1855, 
Treasr.  V.  P.  and  P.  1870 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1858 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc. 
Philad.  July,  1866  ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  V.  P.,  P.  1879;  Northern  Med. 
Assoc;  Historical  Soc.  Pa.;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  Manager  Wills  Eye 
Hosp.  Memb.  Board  of  Education  Philad.  1868-86.  Med.  Director 
St.  Mary's  Hosp. ;  Surg.  Cooper  Shop  Volunteer  Hosp.  Philad. ;  Cor- 
porator Cooper  Shop  Soldiers'  Home. 

Neff,  Joseph  Seal.    Jan.  1886.    b.  Feb.  27,  1854. 

A.B.  1873,  A.M.  1876,  Univ.  Pa.;  M.D.  1875,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  June,  1880;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. 
1879;  Med.  Jurisprudence  Soc.  Philad.  1885.     Phys.  Out-patients  Dept. 

Pa.  Hosp.  1879-87 ;  Attend.  Phys.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Hosp.  1882 . ; 

Philad.  Hosp.  1884 .;    Coroner's  Phys.  1881-83;    Assist.  Phys.  Or- 

thopoedic  Hosp.  1879-81. 

INeill,  Benjamin  D.    Feb.  1839.    res.  Oct.  1840. 

M.D.  1833,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1831. 


APPKNIJIX. 

2oJ 

"Nkjli.,  Ill 

ONIIY. 

J 11  lie 

,  l.sil.    1..  I7x:!.    ( 

1.  Oct. 

7,  \H4r>. 

M.D. 

I.S07,  I 

liiiv. 

I'n.      I'h.vH.  I'liihul. 

Ilo.j.. 

■  riiihifi. 

I'i.HJKTlH.  ; 

Will 

nut  St. 

I'riHdii. 

*Mjciu.,  John.     All-,^  LSIO.     h.  July  ',),  ISI'.J.     d.  Vv,\>.  II,  l.s.so. 

A.B.  1837,  A.M.,  M.D.  ]840,  Univ.  Pa.  Kosid.  1840^1,  Hurg.  1847, 
Wills  Hosp.  Surg.  Ph.  Ilosp.  1852-59;  Surg.  Philiul.  IIoHp.  Phya. 
SouthfiiMt  Cliolcni  HoH]).  184!).  (Jontract.  .Surg.  U.  8.  Army  18Gl-«2; 
Med.  Director  Home  fiiiiinl,  Surg.  Vol.  I8(;2,  .Mod.  Director  180.'{;  Pf>st 
Surg.  Philiid.  18G.^>-7G;  Surg.  J'a.  Iiislil.  for  the  Deaf  and  Dundj,  1865; 
Surg.  Presbyterian  llosj).  Assist.  Denionst.  Anat.  1842,  Demonstrator 
Anat.  1845;  Prof.  Clinical  Surgery  1874,  '75,  emeritus,  Univ.  Pa.  Lec- 
turer on  Anat.  Philad.  Med.  Inst.  1846-50.  Prof.  Surgery  Pa.  Med. 
Coll.  1854-59.  Memb.  Anier.  Med.  Assoc.  1847  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 
Jan.  1849;  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1838,  V.  P.  1859;  Amcr.  Philos. 
Soc.  May,  1852. 

*Newbolp,  George  L.    Nov.  1843. 

M.D.  1840,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1839;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc. 

fNoBLE,  Charles.    March,  1836. 
M.D.  1827,  Univ.  Pa. 

*N0RRIS,  George  W.     June,  1839.     b.  Nov.  (5,  1808.     d.  March  4,  1875. 

A.B.  1827,  M.D.  1830,  Univ.  Pa.  Eesid.  Phys.  1830-33 ;  Surg.  1836 
-63  Pa.  IIosp. ;  Consult.  Surg.  Orthopcedic  Hosp.  ;  of  Children's 
Hosp.,  P.  Board  of  Managers;  Prof.  Clinical  Surg.  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
Societe  Medicale  d'Observatiou,  Paris,  1834;  Hiilad.  Med.  Soc. 
V.  P.  1859 ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1847,  V.  P.  1850-51 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  May,  1858 ;  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  April,  1844 ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa.  P.  Director  Philad.  Lib. 
Co. ;  Director  Mutual  Fire  Ins.  Co. ;  Philad.  Savings  Fund  Soc. ;  TrWee 
Univ.  Pa. 

NoRRis,  Herbert.    July,  1S(.)9. 

M.D.  1866,  Univ.  Pa.  Phys.  Catharine  St.  Dispons.  Amer.  :\Ied. 
Assoc.  1872. 

NoRRis,  Jr.,  Isaac.     April,  1865.     b.  June  12,  1834. 

A.B.  1852,  A.M.,  M.D.  1855,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 

Jan.  1861,  Treas.  of  its  Biolog.  and  Microscop.  Sect.  1872 . ;  Amer. 

Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1872 ;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  1866,  Sec.  March,  1S79, 
Jan.  '82,  Manager ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa.  June,  1859.  Act.  Assist.  Surg. 
U.  S.  A.  Oct.  1862-65 :  Prof.  Chemistry,  Central  High  School,  Philad. 
Aug.  1866-Feb.  76.     Phys.  Philad.  Dispensary,  1865-67. 


254  APPENDIX. 

*N0RRis,  John  C.     Jan.  1870.     b.  Oct.  2,  1834.     d.  March  13,  1885. 

M.D.  18G2,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.     Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1862-64. 

NoRRis,  William  F.    Jan.  18G6.    b.  Jan.  0,  1839. 

A.B.  1858,  A.M.,  M.D.  1861,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1861-63; 
Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1863-65.  Merab.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  V.  P. 
1877;  Amer.  Ophthalmological  Soc.  1870,  V.  P.  1879,  P.  1884-86; 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  May,  1868;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Dec.  1886.    Surg. 

Wills    Hosp.    1870 .     Prof.    Ophthalmology   Univ.  P.  1876 . 

Comp.  Milit.  Order  Loyal  Legion  U.  S.  1882. 

Oliver,  Charles  Augustus.    Feb.  1884.    b.  Dec.  14,  1853. 

A.B.  1873,  A.M.  1878,  Central  High  School,  Philad.;  M.D.  1876, 
Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1879 ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa.  1882 ; 
Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1883 ;  Amer.  Assoc.  Advance.  Sc.  1884 ;  Soc.  Amer. 
Naturalists,  1885  ;  Amer.  Ophthalmological  Soc.  1885 ;  Amer.  Philos. 
Soc.  1886.  Resid.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  Jan.  1877-May,  '78 ;  Assist. 
Phys.  Univ.  Hosp.  1878-80;  Attend.  Phys.  Northern  Dispensary,  1878 
-80;  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Surg.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  1883;  Maternity 
Hosp.  1886  ;  Phys.  [temporary  substitute  in  the  summers  of  1885  and 
'86]  Wills  Hosp. ;  Visit.  Phys.  and  Ophthalmologist,  State  Hosp.  for 
the  Insane,  Norristown,  Pa.,  1886. 

O'Neill,  J.  W.    April,  1884. 

M.D.  1877,  Univ.  Pa.     Children's  Hosp.  and  Southern  Home. 

Osler,  William.    Jan.  1885.    b.  1849. 

M.D.  1872,  McGill  Univ. ;  Licent.  Royal  Coll.  Phys.  London,  1873, 
Memb.  1878,  fellow,  1883.  Prof.  Instit.  Med.  McGill  Univ.  1874-84 ; 
Phys.  and  Pathologist,  Montreal  Genl.  Hosp.  1878-84;  P.  Cana- 
dian Med.  Assoc.  1885;  Gulstonian  Prof.  Royal  Coll.  Phys.  London,. 
1885  ;  Cartwright  Lecturer,  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg.  N.  Y.  1886  ;  F.R.S. 
Canada.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Jan.  1887 ;  Amer.  Philos. 
Soc.  July,  1885;  Royal  Microscop.  Soc.  Phys.  Univ.  Hosp.  1884; 
Philad.  Hosp.  1886;  Orthopcedic  Hosp.  1884.  Prof.  Clinical  Med.  Univ. 
Pa.  1884 . 

*Otto,  John  C.     March,  1819.     b.  March  14,  1774.     d.  June  26,- 1844. 

A.B.  1772,  Coll.  N.  J.;  M.D.  1796,  Univ.  Pa.  Phys.  Philad.  Dispens. 
1798-1803;  Pa.  Hosp.  1813-35;  Orphan  Asylum;  Magdalen  Asylum. 
Memb.  Philad.  Acad.  Med.;  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1806;  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1817. 

Packard,  John  H.    July,  1868.    b.  Aug.  15,  1832. 

A.B.  1850,  A.M.,  M.D.  1853,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
Nov.  1856-77 ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1857,  Sec.  1861-62,  P.  1867-68 ; 


APPENDIX.  200 

Ainer.  Med.  Ahhoc.  IWO;  ()l)slclri(;!il  Soi'.  I'liil:ul.  LSOH,  I'.  1877-79 
Philud.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  I.S7(i,  V.  I'.  I87!)-H0;  Med.  Hoc.  SUtc  I'a.  1877 
Acad.  Surgery  J'liilud.  IH79;  Med.  .JiiriH|iriid(;iice  Soc.  Philiid.  1883: 

Ainer.  Surg.  AsHoc.l  881,  TrciiH.  1881-84.  Keaid.  18O.'3-.0G,  Surg.  1884 

Pa.  llosj). ;    Phys.  Foster  Home  1857-73;    St.  Joseph's  llfwp.   1881 
Surg.  Episcoiml  JIosp.  1863-84;  Sec.  Surgical  Section  Internal.  Med 
Congress  187(i;  Act.  Aast.   Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1801-65;   Surg.    Woman's 
Hosp.   1876-77.    Miitter  Lecturer  1864-66.     Director  Acad.  Fine  Arti* 
Philad. 

*Paqe,  Edwaki)  a.     Jan.  1863.     d.  Feb.  19,  1881. 

M.D.  1852,  Univ.  Pa.  Surg.U.S.V.;  St.  Joseph's  lIosj>. ;  Med. 
Director  Penn  Mutual  Ins.  Co. 

*Page,  William  Byrd.    Dec.  1843.    d.  Feb.  18,  1877,  set.  59. 

M.D.  1839,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1849; 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1848  ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  April,  1853  ;  Med.  Soc. 
State  Pa.  Prof.  Surg.  Pa.  Coll.  Visit.  Surg.  1844-54,  Consult.  Surg. 
1854-62  Pa.  Instit.  for  Instruct,  of  the  Blind. 

*Pancoast,  Joseph.     May,  1835.     b.  1805.     d.  March  6,  1882. 

M.D.  1828,  Univ.  Pa.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1834-45 ;  Surg.  Pa.  Hosp. 
1854-64;  Prof.  Surgery  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1838-47;  Prof.  Anat. 
1847-74.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  1826  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  April, 
1849;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Dec.  1847;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1848  ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1851. 

Pancoast,  William  Henry.    Jan.  1864. 

A.B.  1853,  A.M.  Haverford  Coll. ;  M.D.  1856,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Demonstrator,  Adjunct  Pi'of.,  and  Prof.  General,  Descript.  and  Surg. 
Anat.  Jeftcrsou  Med.  Coll.  1874-86 ;   Prof.  General   and  Surg.  Anat. 

and   Clinical    Surgery,    Medico-Chirurgical    Coll.,    Philad.  1886 . ; 

Trustee  and  V.  P.  IMedico-Chirurgical  Hosp.  and  Coll. ;  Surgeon  emeritus 
Philad  Hosp.  Trustee  and  Consult.  Surg.  Charity  Hosp. ;  Pa.  Free 
Dispens.  Skin  Diseases.  Corres.  de  la  Societe  des  Hopitaux  de  Paris* 
Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc,  P. ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.,  V.  P. ;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1868,  V.  P. ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Sept.  1870 ;  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1SS3 ;  Ninth  luteruat.  Med.  Congress,  Memb.  Execu- 
tive Council,  P.  Sect,  on  Anat.  1887. 

Parish,  William  Henky.    Oct.  18S2.    b.  Oct.  23,  1845. 

M.D.  1870,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1S72 ; 
Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1873;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1874,  V.  P. 
1881-82  and  1885-86;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1876;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. 
1879 ;  Amer.  Gynecological  Soc.  1SS5  ;  Med.  Jurisprudence  Soc.  Philad. 


256  APPENDIX. 

18S5;  Philad.  Clinical  Soc.  1885.  Resid.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1871; 
Howard  Hosi>.  1873  ;  Visit.  Phys.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  1874  ;  Obstetrician 
Philad.  Hosp.  1876;  Prof.  Anatomy,  Woman's  Med.  Coll.  Pa.  1882. 
Prof.  Obstetrics  and  Gynecology  Philad.  Polyclinic  1883. 

*Parke,  Thomas.     Jan.  1787.     b.  Aug.  6,  1749.     d.  Jan.  9,  1835. 

M.B.  1770,  Coll.  Philad.  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1777-1823.  Memb.  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1794,  Curator  1795-96.  Director  Philad.  Library  Co. 
1778-1835. 

*Paekish,  Isaac.     May,  1836.     b.  March  19,  1811.     d.  July  31, 1852. 

M.D.  1832,  Univ.  Pa.  Eesid.  Philad.  Hosp.  1830-31 ;  Phys.  Cholera 
Hosp.  1832  ;  Surg.  Wills  Hosp.  1834.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov. 
1831 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Med.  Soc,  State  Pa. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1846-47;  Soc.  for  Abolition  of  Slavery;  Philad.  Soc.  for  Alleviating 
Miseries  of  Public  Prisons,  Nov.  1834. 

*Paee,ish,  Joseph.    Nov.  1810.    b.  Sept.  2,  1779.    d.  March  18,  1840. 

M.D.  1805,  Univ.  Pa.  Attend.  Phys.  1806-35,  Consult.  Phys.  1835 
-46  Philad.  Dispens. ;  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1816-29,  Lecturer  on  Chemistiy 
1807-10.  P.  Board  of  Managers  Wills  Hosp. ;  Pa.  Prison  Soc.  Dec. 
1802;  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec,  V.  P.  1806;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.; 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1815. 

Pareish,  Joseph.     (N.  E.)    Oct.  1854. 
M.D.  1844,  Univ.  Pa. 

Pareish,  William  H.    1882. 

M.D.  1870,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Prof.  Anat.  Woman's  Med.  Coll.; 
Obstetrician  Philad.  Hosp. 

*Paeey,  John  S.     Jan.  1870.    b.  Feb.  4,  1843.     d.  March  11,  1876. 

M.D.  1865,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Philad.  Hosp.  1865-66 ;  Visit.  Ob- 
stetrician Philad.  Hosp.  1867;  Distr.  Phys.  Philad.  Dispens.  1866; 
Phys.  for  Diseases  of  Women,  Presbyterian  Hosp.  1872.  Surg.  State 
Hosp.  for  Women  and  Infants,  1873.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. 
1867,  V.  P. ;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1870,  P. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872. 

Parvin,  Theophilus.     Dec.  1883.    b.  Jan.  9-,  1829. 

A.B.  1847,  A.M.  1850,  State  Univ.  Indiana ;  M.D.  1852,  Univ.  Pa. ; 
LL.D.  Hanover  Coll.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1867,  P.  1879;  Amer. 
Gynecological  Soc.  1876 ;  State  Med.  Soc.  Indiana,  P.  1861 ;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  1885;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad. ;  Honorary  Fellow  Edinb. 
Obstetrical  Soc.  1882.  Prof.  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and 
Children,  Jeiferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Obstetric  Staff,  Philad.  Hosp. 
1884. 


AI'IMONDIX.  257 

*J'ATTioi!,H()N,  IIknhy  S.     Anf^.  LSI.'},     d.  1854. 

M.I).  I8;{(;,  IJiiiv.  I'ii.  Mcmb.  AiiM^r.  Med.  Assor,  1840;  Phila^l.  Co. 
M(m1.  Soc. 

*\'AVh,  John  Maksiiali,.     May,  18;}').     h.  Jan.  2,  1800.     d.  Dec.  18,  187'J. 
M.D.  1824,  Univ.  I'ii.     Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1819.     Phy». 
House  of  Refuge  1 8.''>r). 

XPAUL,  John  Rodman.     Feb.  18,%.     b.  Jan.  24,  1802.     d.  Oct.  1.",,  1877. 

A.B.  1820,  I\r.D.  1823,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Pa.  IIosp.  1825-26  ;  Manager 
Wilis  llo.sp.,  P.  of  the  Board  30  years.  Mcmb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec. 
1820;  City  Council  1844;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847.  Direct^jr  Girard 
Coll. ;  Treasurer  Washington  Manufact.  Co.  1859-69 ;  P.  Gloucester 
Land  Co.;  Director  Philad.  Contributionship;  of  the  Bank  of  Com- 
merce; of  the  Philad.  Savings  Bank;  Trustee  Univ.  Pa.  1869;  In- 
spector Philad.  Co.  Prison. 

*Peace,  Edwakd.     March,  1839.     d.  Sept.  9,  1879,  c-et.  68. 

M.D.  1833,  Univ.  Pa.  Surg.  Pa.  Hosp.  1840-61.  Memb.  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1831;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  April|  1859;  Philad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc. 

*Peace,  Joseph.     Oct.  1840.     b.  Jan.  14,  1807.     d.  July  25,  1845. 

A.B.  1825,  M.D.  1829,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec. 
1831.  Resid.  Philad.  Hosp.  1827-29;  Phys.  Philad.  Dispens.  1832; 
Phys.  Wills.  Hosp.  1835. 

*Pennock,  Caspar  Wistar.    Sept.  1834.    b.  1801.    d.  April  16,  1867. 

M.D.  1828,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Feb.  1834.  Phys. 
Philad.  Dispens. ;  Philad.  Hosp.  1835. 

Penrose,  Richard  A.  F.     April,  1854.     b.  March  24,  1827. 

A.B.  1846,  A.M.  1849,  LL.D.  1872,  Dickinson  Cull. ;  M.D.  1849  Univ. 
Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  April,  1856 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc. 
Julj^  1863.  Resid.  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1851-53;  Phys.  Southern  Home 
for  Children  1853 ;  Philad.  Hosp.  1854;  Preston  Retreat  1864 ;  Univ. 
Hosp.  Prof.  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children,  Univ. 
Pa.  1863 . 

*Pepper,  George.    April,  1867. 

M.D.  1865,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Aug.  18(37. 

*Pepper,  William.     May,  1839.    b.  Jan.  21,  1810.     d.  Oct.  15,  1864. 

A.B.  1828,  Coll.  N.  J. ;    M.D.  1832,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Pliilad.  Med. 
Soc.  Feb.  1831 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Feb.  1837;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 

17 


258  APPENDIX. 

1847;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1851;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Phys. 
Philad.  Pispens.  1834;  Wills  Hosp.  1839-41;  Pa.  lustit.  for  Instruct,  of 
the  Blind,  1841-44 ;  Pa.  Hosp.  1842-1858.  Prof.  Theory  and  Pract. 
Med.  Univ.  Pa.  1860-1806. 

Pepper,  William.    April  1,  1868.    b.  Aug.  21,  1843. 

A.B.  1862,  M.D.  1864,  A.M.  1865,  Univ.  Pa.;  LL.D.  1881,  LaFayette 
Coll.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1865,  P.  1873-76 ;  Amer.  Philos. 
Soc.  Jan.  1870 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1871 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Aug. 
1867-Oct.  1876,  Biological  Sect.  1868-74,  Director;  Obstetrical  Soc. 
Philad.  1870-82 ;  Amer.  Neurological  Assoc.  1874 ;  Corres.  New  York 
Soc.  Neurology  and  Electrology,  1874;  Honorary,  N.  J.  Med.  Soc. 
1875;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872,  Chairman  Section  on  Med.  1886;  Med. 
Soc.  State  Pa. ;  Honorary,  Harrisburg  Pathological  Soc.  1881;  Amer. 
Acad.  Med.  1882  ;  Honorary,  Medico-Chirurgical  Faculty,  of  Maryland, 
1884;  Amer.  Climatological  Soc.  1885,  P.;  Assoc.  Amer.  Phys.  1886. 
Visit.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1867-84;  Phys.  Lincoln  Instit.  1867-70 ;  Phys. 
Children's  Hosp.  1870-72;  Consult.  Phys.  St.  Christopher's  Hosp.  1886  ; 
Curator  Pa.  Hosp.  1866-70;  Curator  Philad.  Hosp.  1867-71;  P.  Foulke 
and  Long  Institute  for  Orphan  Girls,  1886.  Lecturer,  Morbid  Anat.  1868 
-70,  Clinical  Med.  1870-74,  Physical  Diagnosis  1871-73,  Prof.  Clinical 

Med.  1874-84,  Theory  and  Pract.  and  Clinical  Med.  1884 ■„,  Univ. 

Pa. ;  Manager  Univ.  Hosp.  1874 ;  Med.  Director  Centennial  InternW. 
Exhibit.  1875-76 ;    Provost  Univ.  Pa.  1881 . 

Perkins,  Frakcis  Moore.    Feb.  1884.    b.  June  6,  1851. 

A.B.  1872,  A.M.  1880,  Williams  Coll. ;  M.D.  1876,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
Alumni  Soc.  Med.  Dept.  Univ.  Pa.  1876  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1879; 
Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1879 ;  Amer.  Acad.  Med.  1880 ;  Med.  Soc. 
State  Pa.  1883;  Med.  Jurisprudence  Soc.  Philad.  1885;  Union  League 
Philad.  1883  ;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  1884.  Eesid.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp. 
1876-78;  House  Surg.  Wills  Hosp.  1878-79;  Visit.  Phys.  1879-86, 
Consult.  Phys.  1886,  House  of  Eefuge ;  Visit.  Phys.  Charity  Hosp. 
1880-85 ;  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Surg.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  1885 ;  Con- 
sult. Ophthalmic  Surg.  Hosp.  Good  Shepherd,  Eadnor,  Pa.,  1886. 

PiERSOL,  George  A.     May,  1883. 

M.D.  1877,  Univ.  Pa.  Assist.  Demonstrator  Normal  Histology, 
Univ.  Pa. 

Porter,  William  G.    Jan.  1872.    b.  April  25,  1846. 

M.D.  1868,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc,  Sec;  Obstetrical 
Soc.  Philad.;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc  ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1872 ;  Amer.  Surg.  Assoc. ;  Philad.  Acad.  Surg.  Attend.  vSurg. 
Presbyterian  Hosp. ;  Surg.  Philad.  Hosp. ;  Consult.  Surg.  Educational 
Home;  Consult.  Surg.  Philad.  Dispensary. 


APPENDIX.  259 

POTTKR,  TilOMAW  (!.      ])<'(-.  \HHr). 
M.I).  1.S7I,  Univ.  I'ii. 

tRANJ),  ]}.  HOWAKI).     Oct.  ]sr,:',.     r.s.  July  4,  1877.     d.  Feb.  14,  1883. 

M.D.  1H48,  .Tcfreiw.n  Med.  Coll.  Meiiib.  AcjuJ.  Nat.  S*c.  Philafl.  Jan. 
1851,  Rec.  Sec. Dec.  18r)|,  Oct.  .",1,  '05.;  Amer.  PhiloH.  Soc  April,  18.57; 
Fniiiklin  IiiHtit.  I'a. ;  Amer.  Med.  Ahsoc.  1808.  Prof.  CheiniHtry  Pliilad, 
Med.  Coll.  1850;  Central  High  School  Philad.  1850;  Jefrcrsori  Med. 
Coll.  1864-77. 

*Randolph,  Jacob.    Doc.  1838.    b.  Nov.  25,  1790.    d.  Feb.  29,  1848. 

M.D.  1817,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1815 ;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1847.  Amer.  Philo.s.  Soc.  April,  18,3.3.  Surg.  Philad.  IIo.sp. 
1830  ;  Surg.  Pa.  Hosp.  1835-48.     Prof.  Clinical  Surg.  Univ.  Pa.  1848. 

*Randolph,  Nathaniel  Archer.    Jan.  1883.    b.  Nov.  7, 1858.    d.  Aug. 
21,  1887. 

M.D.  18S2,  Univ.  Pa.  Assist.  Demonstrator  of  and  Lecturer  on 
Physiology,  Univ.  Pa.  1882-80.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1883; 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  July,  1884;  Philad.  Neurological  Soc.  1884;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  18S5.     Prof.  Hygiene  Univ.  Pa.  1886. 

*Ray,  Isaac.    July,  1868.    b.  Jan.  16,  1807.    d.  March  31,  1881. 

M.D.  1827,  Univ.  Harvard;  LL.D.  1879,  Brown  Univ.  Med.  Super- 
int.  State  Hosp.,  Augusta,  Me.  1841 ;  Superint.  Butler  Hosp.,  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  1845,  Jan.  '67.  Constit.  Memb.  Assoc.  Med.  Superinten- 
dants  of  Amer.  lustit.  for  the  Insane,  1844,  P.  1855-59 ;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1872  ;  Rhode  Island  State  Med.  Soc.,  P. ;  Constit.  Social  Science 
Assoc.  Philad. ;  Board  of  Guardians  of  the  Poor,  Philad. 

*Redman,  John.     Jan.  1787.     b.  Feb.  27,  1722.     d.  March  19,  1808. 

M.D.  1748,  Leyden.  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1751-80.  Common  Council, 
Philad.  1751 ;  Trustee  Coll.  Philad.  1765.  Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc. 
Jan.  1768. 

*Redman,  Thomas.    July,  1791.    d.  Feb.  8,  1830,  i£t.  70. 

Reed,  Thomas  B.    April,  1866. 

M.D.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1877. 
Attend.  Surg.  Presbyterian  Hosp. 

fREED,  Thomas  S.    Nov.  1849.    res.  May,  1879. 

M.D.  1846,  Jeflorsou  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc ;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1872. 


260  APPENDIX. 

Eeese,  John  James.    Dec.  1842.    b.  June  16,  1818. 

A.B.  1S3G,  A.M.,  M.D.  1839,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc. 
March,  1841,  Treas.  1859  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1852  ;  Med.  Jurisprudence 
Soc.  Philad.  1835,  P.  1886-87 ;  Corres.  New  York  Medico-Legal  Soc. 
Act.  Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1861-63 ;  Phys.  St.  Joseph's  Hosp.  1864-84 ; 

Phys.  Philad.  Orphan  Asylum  1858 . ;  Prof.  Med.  Chemistry  Pa. 

Coll.  1854-59;  Prof.  Med.  Jurisprudence  and  Toxicology  Univ.  Pa. 
1865 . 

Eeichert,  Edward  T.     Oct.  1855.    b.  Feb.  5,  1855. 

M.D.  1879,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Neurological  Soc.  1885  ;  Amer. 
Soc.  Physical  Research,  1885 ;  Amer.  Soc.  Naturalists,  1885 ;  Honorary, 
Newark  Med.  Assoc.  1886.  Demonstrator  Experiment.  Therapeutics 
1879-84,  Demon.  Experimental  Physiology  1884-86,  Prof.  Physiology 
1886,  Univ.  Pa. 

*EEMiNGTOif,  Isaac.    March,  1850.    b.  Jan.  5,  1794.    d.  Nov.  10,  1862. 

M.D.  1824,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Northern  Med.  Assoc.  Philad. ;  Med. 
Soc.  State  Pa. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc,  P.  1860. 

Eex,  Oliver  P.    Oct.  1883.    b.  Jan.  18,  1840. 

M.D.  1867,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Resid.  Philad.  Hosp.  1867-69. 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad. 

*Rhoads,  Edward.    Jan.  1867.    b.  Sept.  29,  1841.    d.  Jan.  15,  1871. 

A.B.  1859,  Haverford  Coll. ;  M.D.  1863,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Philad. 
Hosp.  1863-64;  Pa.  Hosp.  1864-65.  Lecturer  Physical  Diagnosis  Univ. 
Pa.  1870.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.,  Treasurer  1864 ;  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  April,  1868 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  May,  1868. 

fRHOADS,  James  E.     Jan.  1853.     res.  Jan.  4,  1882. 
M.D.  1851,  Univ.  Pa. 

*EiCHARDSOX,  Elliot.     Oct.  1871.     b.  Dec.  3,  1842.     d.  May  9,  1887. 

M.D.  1867,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1869-81 ; 
Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1872;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872;  Philad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc.  1881  ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1882  ;  Surg.  Out-patients  Pa. 
Hosp.  1872-82;  Gynecologist  Pa.  Hosp.  1882;  Accoucheur  Philad. 
Hosp.  1886.  Lecturer,  Pract.  Obstetrics  1877,  Demonstrator  Obstetrics 
1883,  Univ.  Pa. 

*RiCHARDSON,  Joseph  G.    Jan.  1869.    b.  Jan.  10, 1836.    d.  Nov.  13, 1886. 

M.D.  1862,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Nov.  1868,  Ee- 

corder  Biolog.  and  Microscopic  Section  Dec.  1871-March,  '77 ;  Amer. 

Med.  Assoc.  1870  ;  Board  of  Health  Philad. ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. ; 


Al'I'KNDIX,  201 

riiiliKl.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;    liicorponitor  Aincr.  Soc.  for  F'rcvcrit.  yV<liiltcrat. 
oC  Food,  Miircli,  issr*.      I'roC.  ilygionc  IJiiiv.  \'ii. 

*RlTCHlE,  'J'lioMAs  II.     y\i.ril,  ! .S2K.    b.  March  20, 1801.    d.  Sept.  16,  1836. 
M.D.  1822,  Univ.  \':i. 

IIRouKRTH,  Jacoh.     ApriJ,  1867.     ft.  Oct.  1870.     b.  March  21,  1836. 

M.D.  1862,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Obstetrical  Koc.  I'hilad.;  Con.sult. 
Phys.  Northern  Home  for  Friendless  Children  and  Holdiers'  Orphans; 
Consult.  Phys.  House  of  Refuge ;  >Surg.  Traction  R.R.  Co. 

ROHERTS,  John  B.    Oct.  1878.    b.  1852. 

A.B.  1871,  A.M.  1874,  Univ.  Pa.;  M.D.  1874,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  187G,  V.  P.  1882;  Mutual  Aid  Assoc. 
Philad.  Co.  IMcd.  Soc.  1881,  V.  P.  1882-83  ;  Philad.  Acad.  Surgery,  1870, 
Recorder  1880-82;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1876,  V.  P.  1882;  Amer. 
Surg.  Assoc.  1882;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1880;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.; 
Philad.  Clinical  Soc.  1884,  P.  1886 ;  Amer.  Acad.  Med. ;  Amer.  Pub. 
Health  Assoc.  1886.  Lect.  Philad.  School  Anat.  1878-82;  Prof.  Anat. 
and  Surg.  Piiilad.  Polyclinic  1882,  and  Sec.  Phys.  Jeff.  Coll.  Hosp. 
1877-78 ;  Surg.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  1883  ;  Surg.  Out-wards  Pa.  Hosp.  1884; 
Surg.  Jewish  Hosp.  1887. 

Roberts,  A.  Sydney.    April,  1882.    b.  Dec.  19, 1855. 

M.D.  1877,  Uuiv.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Pathological  Soc. 
Philad. ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  Resid.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1877-78,  Surg. 
1881-87;  Surg.  Out-patients  Episcopal  Hosp.  1878-80;  House  Surg. 
Orthopo?dic  Hosp.  1881;  Orthopoed.  Surg.  Univ.  Hosp.  Instructor, 
Orthopred.  Surg.  Uuiv.  Pa. 

*R0BINETT,  G.  Herman.     April,  1854.     d.  April  9,  1872. 

M.D.  1851,  Uuiv.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  April,  1852. 

*R0DGERS,  John  R.  B.     April,  1787.  (Elected  Assoc.)  d.  Jan.  29,  1833. 

A.B.  1775,  Coll.  N.  J. ;  B.M.  1784,  Univ.  State  Pa. ;  M.D.  Edinb. 
Atteud.  Phys.  Philad.  Dispens.  Jan.  1787.  Prof.  Midwifery  and  Clini- 
cal Med.  Columbia  Coll.  N.  Y.,  also  in  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg.N.  Y.  1811 ; 
Health  Officer  Port  N.  Y.  1809  Memb.  Pa.  Prison  Soc.  Aug.  1787 ; 
Med.  Soc.  City  and  Co.  N.  Y.,  1807,  V.  P.-P.  1818 ;  Med.  Soc.  State 
N.  Y.,  Censor  1811,  P.  1813 ;  New  York  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1819,  P. ;  on  the 
Pension  Roll  for  services  as  Surgeon  in  the  Revolutionary  "War.  Memb. 
State  Soc.  Cincinnati  Pa. 

Rodman,  Lewis.    Nov.  1843.    b.  June  12,  1S06. 

M.D.  1827,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847;  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  April,  1849;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1850  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 


262  APPENDIX. 

Censor,  1,859;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.     Consult.  Phys.  Preston  Eetreat; 
Phys.  House  of  Refuge,  1838. 

*E0GERS,  Robert  E.  April,  1857.  b.  March  29,  1813.  d.  Sept.  6,  1884. 
M.D.  1S36,  Univ.  Pa.;  LL.D.  1883,  Dickinson  Coll.  Chemist  1st 
Geolog.  Survey  Pa.  1836-42 ;  Prof.  Chemistry,  Univ.  Va.  1842-52 ;  Univ. 
Pa.  1852-77 ;  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  May,  1877^July,  '84.  Memb.  Acad. 
Nat.  So.  Philad.  Feb.  1837;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  1838-45;  again,  1852, 
Manager,  1857,  V.  P.  1858-75,  P.  1875-79 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1853 ; 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  July,  1855,  Council,  1877, 

*Ross,  Andrew.     Jan.  1787.    d.  1823. 

Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  July,  1791. 

*RUAN,  John.     April  1,  1823.    b.  June  19,  1771.     d.  July  2,  1845. 

A.B.  1790,  A.M.  Coll.  N.  J.;  M.D.  Edinb.  Hon.  Memb.  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  1805. 

RUSCHENBERGER,  W.  S.  W.     April,  1838.     b.  Sept.  4,  1807. 

M.D.  1830,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1825;  Colum- 
bian Instit.,  Washington,  D.  C,  1830-31 ;  Corres.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
May,  1832,  V.  P.  1869,  P.  1870-81,  Chairman  Trustees  Build.  Fund 

1867 .    Director  Botanical  Sect.  1876 .,  of  Biolog.  and  Microsc. 

Sect.  1871-77,  Conchological  Sect.  1869 .     Fellow  Coll.  Phys.  and 

Surgs.  Univ.  State  N.  Y.,  Feb.  1845 ;    Corres.  Amer.  Instit.  City  N.  Y., 
June,  1845 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1849,  Council.  1872-84,  V.  P.  1885 

. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1850;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1854;  Philad.  Co. 

Med.  Soc.  April,  1853-60;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  1859 .;    Historical 

Soc.  Pa.  1865 . ;    Centennial  Med.  Commission,  V.  P.  1875-76  ;  In- 

ternat.  Med.  Congress,  1876 ;  Nat.  Convent.  Eevis.  Pharmacopoeia  1870, 

and  1880 ;  Philad.  Social  Sc.  Assoc.  1871 .     Soc.  Alumni  Med.  Dept. 

Univ.  Pa.  V.  P. . ;  Corres.  Academia  Reale  Palermitana  di  Scienzi, 

Lettere  et  Belle  Arte,  Oct.  1881 ;  Pa.  Prison  Soc.  June,  1882 ;  Numismatic 

and  Antiquat.  Soc.  Philad.  Nov.  1885,  V.  P.  1886 . ;    Hortic.  Soc- 

Philad.  March,  1886 . ;  Comp.  Milit.  Order  Loyal  Legion  U.  S.  1886 

.     Surgeon's  Mate,  Aug.  1826,  Surg.  April,  1831,  Fleet  Surg.  1885, 

Medical  Director,  March,  1871,  U.  S.  Navy. 

fRusH,  Ben.jamin.     Jan.  1787.     b.  Dec.  24,  1745.     res.  Nov.  5,  1793.     d. 
April  19,  1813. 

A.B.  1760,  Coll.  N.  J.;  M.D.  1768,  Edinb.  Prof.  Chemistry  1769, 
Prof.  Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  1879,  Coll.  Philad.;  Prof.  Institutes  Med. 
and  Clinical  Pract.  1791,  and  in  addition  of  Physick  1796-1813.  Phys. 
Pa.  Hosp.  1783-1813;  Philad.  Dispens.  1786-1813;  Resid.  Port  Phys. 
1790-95;  Surgeon  Pennsylvania  Navy,  Sept.  27,  1775-July  1,  '76  [The 


AIM'KNIHX.  'If')o 

pay  wa8$H)  ;i  iiiontli.  >S';e  I'a.  ArcliivcHJ;  I'liyH.  (icnoral  of  the  Military 
IIoBi),  of  tin;  Midcllu  Dep.  American  Army,  ]777-.Jan,  30,  1778.  M<;mb. 
CoutiiioTital  CongrcHH,  July  20,  177G-Fcl).  '77;  I'a.  Convention  for  the 
adoption  of  tiie  Fiuloral  (Jonstitution,  17H7;  Amer.  PhiloH.  Hoc.  Feb. 
1708,  Curator,  1770,  ,Scc.  177.'5-70,  V.  1'.  1797-lHOO.  Treasurer  U.  S. 
Mint,  17i)9-iSl.']. 

IIRuTTKR,  David.    .Jan.  \x',i7. 
M.D.  1823,  Univ.  Pa. 

Sargent,  Fitzwilliam.    (N.  R.)    April,  1852. 

M.D.  1843,  Univ.  Pa.  Rcsid.  I'a.  Hosp.  1843-45.  Meinb.  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1841. 

Sargent,  Wintiirop.     (N.  R.)     April,  1864.    July  8,  1822. 

A.B.  1842,  Dartmouth  Coll.;  M.D.  1847,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Mont- 
gomery Co.  Med.  Soc.  ex-P.,  ex-Sec.  1848;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1849; 
Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1856,  Sec;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Surg,  in 
charge  U.  S.  Army  Hosp.  1SG2;  Consult.  Phys.  Jewish  Hosp.  1874. 

*Say,  Benjamin.    Jan.  17S7.    b.  1756.    d.  April  23,  1813. 

M.D.  1780,  Univ.  State  Pa.  Memb.  Pa.  Prison  Soc.  July,  1790  ;  P. 
Humane  Soc.  April,  1798.     M.  C.  1808. 

ScHAFFER,  Charles.    Oct.  1  %Cy.    b.  Feb.  4, 1838. 

M.D.  1859,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  March,  1861 ; 
Historical  Soc.  Pa.  1863;  Pa.  Horticultural  Soc.  1864;  Philad.  Co.  IMed. 
Soc.  1877;  Amer.  Assoc.  Advanc.  Sc.  1880;  Franklin  Instit.  Pa.  1880. 
Attend.  Phys.  Bedford  St.  Mission  Hosp.  1874;  Attend.  Phys.  Mission 
Hosp.  and  Dispensary,  1875-80. 

SCHELL,  Henry  Sayler.     Jan.  1870.     b.  June  1,  1835. 

A.B.  1853,  A.M.  1858,  Central  High  School,  Philad. ;    M.D.  1857, 

Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Union  League,  1862 . ;    Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc, 

1869;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1869;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1858-70; 

Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1878  ;    Amer.  Ophthalmological  Soc.  1877 . ; 

Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1878.  Assist.  Surg.  1861-69  (Brevt.  Capt.  1863, 
brevt.  Major,  1864,  brevt.  Lt.-Col.  1865),  Med.  Inspector  Centre  Div. 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  1862,  Med.  Insp.  Dept.  of  the  South,  1863,  U.  S. 
Army ;  Surg.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  1869-78 ;  Dispens.  Surg.  Episcopal  Hosp. 

1872-75;    Surg.  Children's  Hosp.  1877-1884;    Wills  Hosp.  1876 .; 

Comp.  Milit.  Order  Loyal  Legion  V.  S.  1879 . 

*SOHOLFIELD,  Epwin.     Julv,  1865.     d.  1871. 

M.D.  1855,  LTniv.  Pa.     Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1864. 


264  APPENDIX. 

ScHWEiNiTz,  G.  E.  De.    Jan.  1887.    b.  Oct.  26,  1858. 

A.B.  1B76,  M.A.  1886,  Moravian  Coll.  Pa.;  M.D.  1881,  Univ.  Pa. 
Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1883;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1884;; 
Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1886;  Philad.  Neurological  Soc.  1886.  Assist. 
Surg.  Dispens.  Diseases  of  Eye,  Univ.  Hosp.  1882 ;  Prosect.  Anat. 
Univ.  Pa.  1883;  Surg.  Eegistrar  Univ.  Hosp.  1883-85;  Ophthalmic 
Surg.  Children's  Hosp.  1885 ;  Ophthalmologist,  Orthopo3dic  Hosp.  1887. 

fSEYBEET,  Adam.    Nov.  1797.    res.  Aug.  11,  1818.    d.  May  2,  1825. 

M.D.  1793,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1797,  Sec 
1798-1809,  Council,  1811;  Philad.  Chemical  Soc. ;  Philad.  Med.  Soc. 

Seyfert,  Theodore  F.    April,  1875. 

M.D.  1867,  Univ.  Pa.  Phys.  Gynecological  Hosp.  and  Infirmary  for 
Diseases  of  Children. 

Shaffner,  Charles.    June,  1884.    b.  March  14,  1846. 

A.B.  1867,  A.M.,  M.D.  1870,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc. 
Philad.  1870.     Assist.  Surg.  Eye  and  Ear  Dept.  Philad.  Dispensary 

1871-87. 

Shakespeare,  Edward  0.    April,  1877.    b.  May  19, 1846. 

A.B.  1867,  Dickenson  Coll. ;  M.D.  1869,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Del.  Med. 
Soc. ;  Northern  Med.  Assoc. ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Pathological  Soc. 
Philad. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1880.  Ophthalmologist,  Philad.  Hosp. ; 
Lecturer  on  Refraction  and  Accommodation  of  the  Eye,  and  Oph- 
thalmic Surgery,  Univ.  Pa. 

*Shallcross,  Morris  C.    June,  1846.    d.  Nov.  28,  1871,  £et.  80. 

M.D.  1813,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  April,  1849. 

Shapleigh,  Elisha  B.     April,  1868.     b.  Nov.  6,  1824. 

A.B.  1846,  Yale;  M.D.  1849,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med. 
Soc.  July,  1853 ;  Northern  Med.  Assoc. ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. 
Surg,  to  Coroner,  Philad.  1862-74. 

Sharpless,  John  T.     March,  1837.     dropped  Jan.  1846.      d.  April  22, 
1883,  iet.  82. 
M.D.  1822,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Board  of  Health  Philad.  1832. 

The  following  note,  dated  Jan  1st, — "John  T.  Sharpless' particular  respects 
to  the  Fellows  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  wishes  to  have  his  name  re- 
moved from  the  list  of  members  " — was  read  at  a  stated  meeting,  Jan.  6,  1846. 
After  some  discussion  it  was  "  unanimously  resolved,"  [14  Fellows  present] 
that  the  name  of  Dr.  John  T.  Sharpless  be  "  removed  from  the  list  of  Fellows." 
Trans.  Coll.  Phys.,  Philad.,  Vol.  I.,  p.  375,  1846.  His  lecommendalion  of  a 
method  of  treating  a  certain  nervous  affection  of  spinsters,  which  is  now  prac- 
tised, offended  the  ethical  sense  of  the  college  at  that  time. 


AI'I'KNIHX.  2f>5 

*yiiKi'i'Aiii»,  Kkkdkkick  C.     April,  ISX2.     I..  IKf.y.     fl.  Aj.ril  1  >,  1884. 

M.I).  1879,  Univ.  Pa.  Kcsid.  Children's  HoHp.  1871);  Univ.  IIoHp. 
1880.  Assist.  OynecoIoRist,  1882,  Univ.  Uo.sp.  Mcmb.  Philad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc. ;  Olwtetricul  Hoc.  IMiilud. 

Shippen,  Edward.    Oct.  LSTd.     !..  Aww  IH,  1820. 

A.B.  1845,  A.M.  i84.S,  (Joil.  N.  .].;  M.D.  184H,  Univ.  I'ji.  .Mcmb. 
Amor.  Med.  Assoc.  18(i4;  Historical  Soc.  Pa.;  InternalionHl  Med.  Con- 
gress, 1876.  Assist.  Surg.  Aug.  1849,  Surg.  April,  1861,  Med.  Inspect^jr, 
March,  1871,  Medical  Director,  March,  1876,  U.  S.  Navy. 

*Shippen,  William.    Jan.  1787.    b.  Oct.  21,  1736.    d.  July  11,  1808. 

A.B.  1754,  Coll.  N.  J.;  M.D.  1761,  Edinb.  Prof.  Anat.  and  Surgery 
Coll.  Philad.  1765;  Prof.  Anat.  Surg,  and  Midwifery  Univ.  State  Pa. 
1780;  Prof.  Anat.  Univ.  Pa.  1791-1806.  Surg.  Pa.  Hosp.  1778-79, 1791 
-1802;  Chief  Phys.  of  the  flying  camp,  July,  1776  ;  Director  General 
of  all  the  Military  Hospitals  of  the  Armies  of  the  U.  S.  April,  1777, 
Jan.  '81.  Consult.  Phys.  Philad.  Dispens.  Feb.  1786.  Memb.  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  Nov.  1767,  Curator  1771,  Sec.  1772;  Pa.  Prison  Soc.  May, 
1787. 

*SiLLiMAN,  Henry  R.    Jan.  1870.    d.  Jan.  1,  1883. 

M.D.  1855,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Jan.  1867-70. 

SiMES,  J.  Henry  C.     Oct.  1880.     b.  March  7,  1844. 

Ph.G.  1864,  Philad.  Coll.  Pharmacy ;  M.D.  1870,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
Pathological  Soc,  Philad.,  V.  P.;  Philad.  Acad.  Surgery,  Sec;  Philad, 

Co.  Med.  Soc. .  Prof.  Genito-Urinary  and  Venereal  Diseases,  Philad- 

Polyclinic.  Surg.  Episcopal  Hosp. ;  St.  Christopher's  Hosp.  for  Chil- 
dren. Lecturer,  Histology,  1877-82,  Demonstrator  Pathological  His- 
tology, 1878-82,  Univ.  Pa. 

Simpson,  James.    April,  1873. 

M.D.  1865,  Jefterson  Med.  Coll.     Phys.  St.  Marj-'s  Hosp. 

SiNKLER,  Wharton.     April,  1872.     b.  Aug.  7,  1845. 

M.D.  Univ.  Pa.  1868.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc  Philad.  1868 ;  Ob- 
stetrical Soc  Philad.  1870 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med. 
Soc.  1881 ;  Amer.  Neurological  Soc.  1881 ;  Philad.  Neurological  Soc. 
1885  ;  Assoc  Amer.  Phys.  1886.  Attend.  Phys.  Orthopoedic  Hosp.  and 
Infirmary  for  Nervous  Diseases,  1873.  A  Manager  of  Hosp.  Prot.  Episc- 
Church,  1887. 

*Skerrett,  Datip  C.     Dec.  1840.     d.  Jan.  27.  1873. 

M.D.  1820.  Uuiv.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 


266  APPENDIX. 

*Si^CK,  J.  Hamilton.    July,  1863.    d.  Aug.  27, 1874. 

M.D.  1860,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Tliilad.  July,  1857. 
Fish  Commissioner  for  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 

*Slocum,  Alfred  M.    Jan.  1857.    b.  Dec.  2,  1822.    d.  June  21,  1882. 

M.D.  1847,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1858.  Eesid.  Wills  Hosp.  1848;  Northern  Dispens.  1848-54; 
Visit.  Phys.  Episcopal  Hosp. ;  House  of  Refuge  1864-80. 

*Smith,  Albert  H.    April,  1863.    b.  July  19,  1835.    d.  Dec.  14,  1885. 

A.B.  1853,  M.D.  1856,  Univ.  Pa.  Phys.  Nurses'  Home  and  Lying-in 
Charity  ;  Woman's  Hosp.  Philad. ;  Phys.  House  of  Refuge,  1864-70. 
Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1878 ;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.,  P. ;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc,  P. ;  Amer.  Gynecological  Assoc,  P. ;  Hon.  Memb. 
Gynecological  Assoc.  Great  Britain. 

Smith,  Andrew  Kingsbury.  U.  S.  A.  (N.  R.)  Oct.  1863.  b.  Feb.  9, 1826. 
A.B.  1847,  A.M.  1868,  Williams  Coll. ;  M.D.  1849,  Jefferson  Med. 
Coll.,  1853,  N.  Y.  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc  Philad.  Nov.  1862; 
Minnesota  Historical  Soc.  1868;  luternat.  Med.  Congr.  1887.  Resid. 
Surg.  Emigrant  Hosp.  N.  Y.,  April,  1851-Dec.  '52 ;  Assist.  Surg.  July, 
1853,  Surg.  1852,  U.  S.  A. ;  Surg.  St.  Joseph's  Hosp.  Santa  Fe,  N.  M., 
1873-74. 

Smith,  Edward  A.    (N.  R  )    July,  1864. 
M.D.  1832,  Univ.  Pa. 

^Smith,  Francis  G.    Jan.  1842.    b.  March  8,  1818.    d.  April  6,  1878. 

A.B  1837,  A.M.,  M.D.  1840,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec. 
1838  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc. 
Philad.  Feb.  1849 ;  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg.,  Reading ;  Med.  Soc.  State 
Pa. ;  Cal.  State  Med.  Soc. ;  Rocky  Mount.  Med.  Soc. ;  Burlington  Co. 
Med.  Soc.  N.  J. ;  Obstetrical  Soc  Philad.,  P.  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1849, 
V.  P.  1870 ;  Amer  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1852-Dec  '76.  Prof  Physiology 
Pa.  Med.  Coll.  1852-62  ? ;  Prof.  Institutes  Med.  Univ.  Pa.  1863-77.  Phys. 
Pa.  Hosp.  1859-64;  Episcopal  Hosp;  Med.  Director  Nat.  Life  Ins.  Co.; 
Act.  Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1862-65. 

fSMiTH,  Henry  H.     Jan.  1842.     res.  Jan.  1861.     b.  Dec.  10,  1815. 

A.B.  1834,  A.M.;  M.D.  1837,  Univ.  Pa.;  LL.D.  1885,  Lafayette 
Coll.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  (Sec.)  1834;  Med.  Soc  State  Pa.  1848, 
P.  1883;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc  April,  1852,  P.  1877-79;  Chairman 
Surg.  Sect.  1878 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc  Philad.  1859-77 ;  P.  Sect,  on  Military 
and  Naval  Surg.,  and  Chairman  Execut.  Com.  9th  Internat.  Med.  Con- 
gress 1887.     Resid.  Surg.  Pa.  Hosp.  1837-38 ;  Surg.  St.  Joseph's  Hosp. 


APPENDIX.  267 

181!);  JOpiacopul  JIoHp.  ]«",();   |'liiia<l.  JIohj).  ]8.>J-.07;  iJJHp.  Univ.  Pa. 
1843-55.     Prof.  Surgery  Univ.  I'u.  1805-70,  EmeritUH;  Hurg,  Cienl.  Pa. 

18Gl-()2. 

*Smitii,  R.  K.     (N.  R.)     April,  185(5.     d.  Nov.  20,  1877,  set.  01. 
Phihid.  Co.  Med.  8oc;  Amor.  Med.  A.s«oc.  1852. 

Smith,  Roiucrt  xMkadk.    .Jun.  1884. 

M.D.  1876,  Univ.  Pa.    Prof.  Coraparat.  Physiol.  Univ.  Pa. 

*Smith,  William  W.    Jun.  1787.    d.  Feb.  171)3. 

M.D.  1780,  Univ.  State  Pa.     :\Ieralj.  Amcr.  Philos.  Soc.  July,  1787. 

*Smyth,  Francis  Garden.  April,  1870.  b.  Dec.  20,  1843.  d.  July  24, 1879. 
A.B.  18(J3,  A.M.,  M.D.  18()(),  Univ.  Pa.    Phys.  2d  District  of  Guardi- 
ans of  tbe  Poor.     Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Se.  Philad.  Nov.  1872;  Amer, 
Med.  Assoc.  1872 ;    Internat.  Med.  Congress,  1876  ;    Philada.  Co.  Med. 
Soc.  1877  ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1877  ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1878. 

Spooner,  Edward  A.     Jan.  1864.     b.  Jan.  7,  1830. 

M.D.  1854,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.,  1866,  Univ.  Pa.  Obstetrician  Philad. 
Dispens.  1861-70.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1849  ;  Amer.  Sc.  Assoc. 
1850 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1860. 

Starr,  Louis.    April,  1875.    b.  April  25,  1849. 

A.B.1868,  Haverford  Coll. ;  M.D.  1871,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Patholo- 
gical Soc.  Philad.  1871-80,  Sec.  1876-79.  Resid.  Phys.  Episcopal  Hosp. 
1871-73,  Assist.  Phys.  1874-76,  Visit.  Phys.  1876-85;  Assist.  Phys. 
Children's  Hosp.  1875-86,  Visit.  Phys.  1881 ;  Phys.  Southern  Home, 
1875-80.  Lecturer  on  Pharmacy,  1876,  on  Symptomatology,  1878-80, 
on  Diseases  of  Children,  1882-85,  Univ.  Pa.  Clinical  Prof.  Diseases  of 
Children  Univ.  Hosp.  1885. 

Stelwagon,  Henry  Weightman.    Jan.  1884.    b.  Dec.  3,  1853. 

B.Ph.  1872,  Andalusia  Coll.;  M.D.,  Ph.D.  1875,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1880;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1880;  Philad. 
Clinical  Soc.  1881 ;  Amer.  Dermatological  Soc.  1882 ;  Northern 
Med.  Soc.  1884.  Resid.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  July,  1875-Sept.  1,  "76; 
Attend.  Phys.  Northern  Dispensary  1880-83 ;  Phys.  in  charge  Philad. 
Disp.  for  Skin  Diseases,  Jan.  1881,  also,  in  Northern  Disp.  1881 ;  Attend. 
Phys.  Skin  Diseases,  Howard  Hosp.  1883 ;  Asst.  Dermatologist  Hosp. 
Univ.  Pa.  1S84;  Instruct.  Dermatol.  "Woman's  Med.  Coll.  1885. 

^Stewart,  Samuel.    July,  1814.    d.  Aug.  1824. 

M.D.  ISOS,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 


268  APPENDIX. 

Stille,  Alfred.     Dec.  1842.    b.  Oct.  13,  1813. 

A.M.  (Honorary)  Yale;  M.D.  1836,  Univ.  Pa.;  LL.D.  1859,. 
Pennsj^lvania  Coll.  Lecturer,  Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  Philad.  Assoc, 
for  Med.  Instruction  1844-50 ;  Prof.  Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  Pa.  Med. 
Coll.  1854^59;  in  Univ.  Pa.  1864-84.  Phys.  St.  Joseph's  Hosp.  1849- 
71 ;  Philad.  Hosp.  1865-71 ;  Satterlee  U.  S.  A.  Hosp.  1862-63.  Memb. 
Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1834;  Societe  Medicale  d'Observation,  Paris, 
1837 ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa. ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1859-63,  P.  ; 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1849;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847,  Sec.  1847 
-51,  P.  1871 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1852  (resigned) ;  Hon.  Memb.  Med. 
Soc.  E.  I.  1858;  Med.  Soc.  of  N.  Y.  1860;  Med.  Soc.  of  Cal.  1871. 
Corres.  Memb.  New  York  Acad.  Med.;  Centennial  Med.  Commission,, 
V.  P.  1875-76;  Internat.  Med.  Congress  1876,  P.  Section  on  Medicine;, 
Alumni  Soc.  Med.  Dept.  Univ.  Pa.  V.  P.  and  P. 

*Stille,  Moeetox.     Dec.  1847.     b.  Oct.  22,  1822.     d.  Aug.  20,  1855. 

A.B.  1841,  M.D.  1844,  Univ.  Pa.     Eesid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1848;  Volunteer 
Phys.  [Cholera]  Philad.  Hosp.  1849.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. 
.    April,  1853;    Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1853.     Lecturer  Theory  and  Pract. 
Med.  Philad.  Assoc,  for  Med.  Instruction  1855. 

*Stille,  Albert  Owen.    July,  1859.    b.  June  29,  1827.    d.  June  23,  1862. 
A.B.  1848,  M  D.  1851,  Univ.  Pa.    Eesid.  Philad.  Hosp.  1851 ;  Phys. 
Philad.  Dispensary  1854;    Vaccine  Phys.  1855.     Memb.  Philad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc.  Oct.  1855.     Surg.  23d  Eeg.  Pa.  Volunt.  1862. 

Stockee,  A^'THO^'Y  E.    Dec.  1846. 

M.D.  1840,  Univ.  Pa.  Eesid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1840-42.  Memb.  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1840 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1849 ;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1852.  Visit.  Phys.  Pa.  Instit.  for  Istruct.  of  the  Blind  1844-59;, 
Brigade  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  Aug.  1861-Nov.  '65. 

Strawbridge,  George.    July,  1871.    b.  Oct.  20,  1844. 

A.B.  1862,  A.M.,  M.D.  1866,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  ; 
Med.  Soc.  State  Pa. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872 ;  Internat.  Med.  Con- 
gress, 1876 ;  German  and  American  Ophthalmological  Soc. ;  Otological 
Soc. ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Feb.  1877.  Otological  Phys.  Univ.  Hosp. ; 
Ophthalmologist,  Presbyterian  Hosp. ;  Chief,  Eye  and  Ear  Dept. ;  Surg. 
Wills  Hosp.  ;  Philad.  Dispens ;  Clinical  Prof.  Diseases  of  the  Ear^ 
Univ.  Pa. 

*Strot7d,  William  D.    Jan.  1855.    b.  1826.    d.  Sept.  25,  1883. 

A.B.  Haverford  Coll. ;  M.D.  1846,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co. 
Med.  Soc.  April,  1851 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 


APPENDIX.  269 

.Stryk  101!,  Samuel  S.     April,  ixsi.     1).  Muy  4,  1^42. 

A. 15.  imii,  A.M.  lH(i(;,  (Joll.  iN.  J.;  iVI.D.  IHCf),  Univ.  Mcrrili.  I'atho- 
logical  Soc.  Philiid.;  OhHtotrical  Hoc.  I'hilud. ;  West  I'liiliid.  Med.  Hoc. 
Olwlclriciiiii  riiiliuJ.   IFosp.  1876;  Manager  Tniv.  Ifoap.  1885. 

tTAGOAiiT,  WiiJ-iAM  IliCMiiKL.     July,  1859.     reH.  Jan.  (>,  18G9. 

M.l).  1S52,  Univ.  I'a.     Mcnih.  Arad.  Nat.  He.  Philad.  April,  185;i. 

*Tayi.or,  Lkwis.     U.S.A.     Jan.  1  HO.",,     d.  .Ian.  0,  1808. 

M.1).  l.sr>;{,  Univ.  I'a.  Assist.  Surg.  Marcli,  1857,  Surg.  Aug.  1863, 
U.  S.  Army,  Lt.  Col.  by  brevet. 

Taylok,  John  Madison.     June,  1880.     b.  July  4,  1855. 

A.B.  1876,  A.M.  1879,  Coll.  N.  J. ;  M.D.  1878,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
Pathological  Hoc.  Philad.  1880 ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Hoc.  1881 ;  Philad. 
Neurological  Hoc.  1885.  Assist.  Phys.  Children's  Ho.sp.  1880;  Phyg. 
Howard  Hosp.  1882. 

Taylor,  Robert  R.    Jan.  1867.    b.  Feb.  14,  1826. 

M.D.  1849,  Univ.  Pa.  Surg.  U.  S.  Volunteers  Oct.  1862-March,  '66; 
Phys.  Christ  Church  Hosp.  1878-82. 

Taylor,  William  L.    Dec.  1886.    b.  July  8,  1853. 

M.D.  1876,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1883;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Sec.  1886.    Demonstrator  Clinical  Gynecology,  Univ.  Pa.  1885. 

Thomas,  Charles  H.    Jan.  1867.    b.  Dec.  4,  1839. 

M.D.  1865,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. ;  Obstetrical 
Soc.  Philad.  Assist.  Phys.  Lying-iu  Charity  1867-72,  Prof.  Mat.  Med. 
and  Therapeutics,  AVoman'sMed.  Coll.  Philad.  1867-76;  Surg,  and  Oph- 
thalmologist, Woman's  Hosp.  1867-76. 

*Thomas,  Robert  Pennell.  Jan.  1851.  b.  May  29, 1821.  d.  Feb.  3, 1864. 
M.D.  1847,  Univ.  Pa.  Demonstrat.  Anat.  Franklin  3Ied.  Coll.  1849; 
Prof.  Mat.  Med.  Philad.  Coll.  Pharmacy,  1850.  Consult.  Surg.  Philad. 
Hosp.  1855;  Consult.  Surg.  Northern  Dispeus.  1857;  Att.  Surg.  Epis- 
copal Hosp.  1857  ;  Coutr.  Surg,  in  charge  U.  S.  A.  Hosp.  1862.  Memb. 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc,  V.  P. ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.,  Treas. ;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1855. 

IIThomas,  Richarp.     April,  1873.     ft.  July  3,  1878. 

Thoaeson,  William.    April,  1869.    b.  1833. 

M.D.  1S55,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1865  ;  Acad. 
Nat.Sc.  Philad.  June,  1868  ;  Amer.  Ophthalmological  Soc.  1870  :  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  1875 ;  International  Med.  Congress  1872-76-81 :  Amer. 
Philos.   Soc.  June,  1880 ;  Military  Order  Loyal  Lesion  U.  S.  1880 ; 


270  APPENDIX. 

Amer.  Surgical  Assoc.  1882;  Franklin  Instit.  Ta.  1882;  Pathological 
Soc.  Philad. ;  Amer.  Odontological  Soc. ;  Med.  Jurisprudence  Soc. 
Pliilad. ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa. ;  Fellow  Amer.  Assoc.  Advance.  Sc.  1855 ; 
New  York  Neurological  Soc. ;  New  York  Ophtlialmological  Soc.  Assist. 
Surg.  U.  S.  Army  1861-68 ;  Phys.  Episcopal  Hosp.  1868-70 ;  Church 
Home  for  Children  1868-70;  Wills  Hosp.  1872-77;  Surg.  Jeflerson 
Med.  Coll.  Hosp.  1877.  Lecturer  on  Eye  and  Ear,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
1873 ;  Honorary  Prof.  Ophthalmology  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1880.  Surgi- 
cal Expert  Pa.  R.  R.  Co.  1880. 

IITiEDEMANX,  Hei^-rich.    July,  1852.    ft.  April,  1880.    b.  Jan.  31,  1813. 
M.D.  1837,  Univ.  Wurtzburg,  Germany. 

TiLDEX,  W.  P.     (N.  E.)     Jan.  1854. 

IITOGNO,  Joseph.     Dec.  1830.     Removed  1837. 
M.D.  1829,  Univ.  Pa. 

fTowNSEND,  Richard  H.     Feb.  1850.     res.  Oct.  3, 1877.     b.  Feb.  10, 1817. 

M.D.  1841,  Univ.  Pa.     Phys.  Charity  Hosp.,  Trustee .     Memb. 

Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1849 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1848. 

*TowKSEND,  Ralph  Milbourne.    July,  1870.    d.  Dec.  12,  1877. 

A.B.  Central  High'  School  Philad. ;  M.D.  1866,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872. 

*TucKER,  David  H.     Dec.  1844.     b.  June  18, 1815.     d.  March  17, 1871. 

M.D.  1837,  Univ.  P.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Feb.  1842;  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  1851 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847.  Prof.  Obstetrics  Franklin 
Med.  Coll.  1846-48;  Prof.  Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  Richmond  Med. 
Coll.  Va. 

*TUFT,  John  B.     March,  1850. 

M.D.  1828,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc,  Dec.  1839 ;  Acad. 
Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  March,  1831-33 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1862. 

TuEKER,  Alexis  Paul.    (N.  R.)    July,  1870. 

M.D.  1862,  Univ.  Pa.     [Banker,  London,  England.] 

*TuRNPENNY,  Frederick.  March,  1839.  b.  Aug.  31, 1809.  d.  June  2, 1840. 
M.D.  1832,  Univ.  Pa. 

*TUTT,  Charles  Pendletox.  April,  1862.  b.  Nov.  2, 1832.  d.  May  11,1866. 

M.D.  1856,  Univ.  Pa.     Resid.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1856-57 ;  Phys. 

Philad.  Dispens.  1858-64 ;  Contract.  Surg.  U.  S.  Army  General  Hosp. 

Philad.  1862-65.     Demonstrator  Philad.  School  Anat..;  Assist  to  Prof. 

Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  Univ.  Pa. 


.  AI'I'KNDFX.  271 

Tyhon,  .Iamks.     April,  ISCd.     1..  ( )(•!..  'IC,  IHH. 

A. 15.  IHOO,  A.M.  IHfil,  ll;iv(;rr<.i<l  (joll.  ;  M.I).  IHC,?,,  Univ.  I'a.  Mcmb. 
Pathological  Hoc.  IMiihul.  18(;.",,  Recorder,  1809-77,  V.  P.,  187J-82,  P. 
1882-84;  Acad.  Nut.  Sc.  I'hilad.  Aug.  18(i7-()<;t.  '77,  Recorder  P,io- 
logical  and  MicroHcop.  8(!ct.  lSfJ8-72,  Vice  Director  1872-77;  ObHtetri- 
cal  Soc.  Philad.  July,  ]8(;');  Aiiicr.  Med.  Ahhoc.  1872;  I'liilad.  Co.  Med. 
Soc.  1874;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1870;  Inatit.  Assoc.  Ainer.  Phys.  June, 
1886;  Amer.  Piiilos.  Soc.  May,  1887.  Act.  AsHJHt.  Surg,  U.  S.  A. 
1863-64.  Resid.  180-'3-64,  Micro-scopist  1860-70, 1'atliologist  and  Curator 
1870-72,  Pa.  liosp. ;  Visit.  Phys.  1872,  P.  Med.. Board  1886,  Philad. 
Hosp. ;  Phya.  in  charge  Dispen.s.  Univ.  Pa.  1860-71;  Phys.  in  St. 
Joseph's  Hosp.  1871-72;  a  Manager  of  the  Fouike  and  Long  In.stit. 
for  Orphan  Girls.  Lecturer  on  Microscopy  1868,  on  Urinary  Chem- 
istry 1870,  on  Patholog.  Anat.  and  Histology  1874,  Prof.  187o,  Prof. 
General  Pathology  and  Morbid  Anat.  April,  1876,  Secretary,  Faculty 

of  Med.  1877,  Univ.  Pa. .     Prof.  Physiology  Pa.  Coll.  Dental  Surg. 

1870-78. 

fTYsoN,  James  Lawrence.    (N.R.)    Oct.  1852.    res.  Dec.  1,  1886.    b. 
Nov.  19,  1813. 
M.D.  1838,  Univ.  Pa.     Prof.  Mat.  Med.  :ind  Therapeut.  Philad.  Coll. 
Med.  1854;  Surg.  Califor.  Hosp.  1849;  Surg.  Wills  Hosp.;  Phys.  Chest 
and  Throat  Diseases,  Howard  Hosp. 

Vandyke,  E.  B.    April,  1864. 
M.D.  1856,  Uuiv.  Pa. 

IIVandyke,  Frederick  A.  March,  1837.  ft.  1845.  d.  Nov.  18, 1867.  aet.  70, 
M.D.  1810,  Univ.  Pa. 

IIVandyke,  Rush.    Feb.  1839.    ft.  April,  1844. 

M.D.  1835,  Univ.  Pa.     Meinb.  Phihid.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1831. 

Van  Harlingen,  Arthur.    Oct.  1873.    b.  Oct.  25,  1835. 

Ph. B.  1864,  Yale;  M.D.  1867,  Univ.  Pa.  Constit.  Dermatological 
Assoc.  1876.  Prof.  Dermatology  Philad.  Polyclinic  1883.  Dermatolo- 
gist, Howard  Hosp.  1884. 

Vinton,  Charles  Harrod.     (N.  R.)    May,  1883.    b.  Aug.  17.  1845. 

A.M.  1870,  Central  High  School  Philad. ;  M.D.  1868,  Uuiv.  Pa.  Memb. 
Historical  Soc.  Pa.  1874 ;  Amer.  Acad.  Med.  1883. 

Walker,  James  B.    Feb.  1885.    b.  Dec.  15,  1846. 

M.D.  1872,  Ph.D.  1874,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1881 ; 
Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  18S3 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1884;  Philad.  Clinical 
Soc,  P. ;  Amer.  Climatological  Soc.  Sec.     Prof.  Pract.  Med.  Woman's 


272  APPENDIX. 

Med.  Coll.  Pa. ;  Consult.  Phys.  Woman's  Hosp.     Eesid.  Phys.  Philad. 
Hosp.  1872-73,  and  Visit.  Phys.  1876. 

^Wallace,  Ellerslie.    Jan.  1852.     d.  March  9,  1885.      ajt.  65. 

M.D.  1843,  Jeflferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ; 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1858.  Eesid.  1843-44,  Pa.  Hosp.  ;  Phys.  House  of 
Refuge  1847-52.  Demonstrator  Anat.  1846-62,  Prof.  Obstetrics  and 
Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  1862-83,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 

II  Wallace,  William  H.    April,  1873.    ft.  Oct.  1883.    b.  May  28,  1844. 
M.D.  1864,  Univ.  Pa.   Memb.  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad. ;  West  Philad. 
Med.  Soc. ;  Philad.  Neurological  Soc.  1886.     Visit.  Phys.  Jewish  Hosp. 
1868-72 ;  Phys.  West.  Philad.  Infants'  Home ;  Phys.  in  Chief,  Insane 
Dept.  Philad.  Hosp.  1887. 

*Wallace,  Joshua  Maddox.   June,  1846.  b.  Jan.  1815.  d.  Nov.  10, 1852. 
A.B.  1833,  Coll.  N.  J. ;  M.D.  1836,  Univ.  Pa.    Eesid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1836- 
38.    Assist.  Demonstrator  Anat.  Univ.  Pa.  1840;  Assist,  to  Prof.  Surg. 
Jefferson  Med.  Coll.    Lecturer  on  Surgery,  Philad.  Assoc,  for  Med.  In- 
struct. 1843-49. 

^Warrington,  Joseph.    Jan.  1839. 

M.D.  1828,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Feb.  1828;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1846 ;  Pa.  Prison  Soc.  Feb.  1849. 

*Waters,  Nicholas  B.    April,  1789. 

M.D.  1786,  Univ.  State  Pa.     Phys.  Philad.  Dispens.  1791. 

Watson,  Edward  W.    March,  1886. 
M.D.  1865,  Univ.  Pa. 

Webb,  William  H.    Jan.  1875. 

M.D.  1866,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 

Welch,  William  M.    May,  1883.    b.  Sept.  12,  1837. 

M.D.  1859,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1865,  Treasurer 
1869-83,  P.  1883-84;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1870;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1872.  Phys.  Municipal  Hosp.  Contagious  and  Infectious  Diseases,  1870 ; 
Consult.  Phys.  Northern  Dispensary. 

*Wells,  W.  Lehman.     April,  1863.    d.  April  27, 1883. 

M.D.  1856,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1866 ;  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc.  Philad.  June,  1863. 

*West,  Francis.    Feb.  1839.    b.  March  6,  1810.    d.  Sept.  24,  1868. 

A.B.  1825,  Dickinson  Coll.;  M.D.  1832,  Univ.  Pa.  Phys.  Philad. 
Dispens.;  Phys.  Christ.  Church.  Hosp.  1836;  City  Orphan  Asylum. 


APPENDIX.  273 

Menil..  I'liihi-I.  Med.  Soc.  Juii.  I«:5)  ;  I'liilinl.  (>,.  Med.  Soc.  Jun.  1849; 
Mod.  Soo.  Sijitc  I'ji.  ;  Aincr.  Alod.  Ahhoi;.  Sec.  1840-47;  Nutionai  ('nn- 
v(uit.  for  RcvIh.  lMi;irinji('.()|).  I8r»(>;  Amor.  I'liilo.s.  Hoc.  Jan.  18.';4.  I'hyH. 
Ei>i.s((t|)iil  JloHj).  l/ccturcr  on  Mat.  Med.  i'liiliul.  y\HHoc.  for  Med.  In- 
striu'l. 

fWEHT,  HiLUOHN.     July,  18G4.     res.  June  1,  1881. 

M.J).  1858,  JoHerHon  Med.  Coll.  Mcmb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Sept. 
1855.     AticiHl.  I'livH.  Childrcii'.s  lIos[).  1871. 

WiiAiiTON,  li.  R.     Oct.  1884.     1).  May  2'.i,  18.5.3. 

A.  M.,  M.D.  1876,  Univ.  Tu.  Meinb.  I'hilad.  Co.  Soc.  1881 ;  Patho- 
logical Soc.  Philad.  1882;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1885.  Surg.  Children's 
Hosp. ;  Assist.  Surg.  Univ.  Pa.  ITosp. ;  Attend.  Phys.  Pa.  Institution 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb.    Instructor  Clinical  Surg.  Univ.  Pa. 

Whelen,  Alfred.    Dec.  1883.    b.  June  1),  1854. 

M.D.  1874,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Jan.  1876; 
Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1878;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1875,  Treasr. ; 
Pathologiciil  Soc.  Philad.  1875.  Asst.  Phys.  Philad.  Lying-in  Charity 
1875-85 ;  Phys.  Philad.  Dispens.  1875-80.  Assist.  Demonstrator  Anat. 
Univ.  Pa.  1879-81. 

White,  J.  William.    April,  1878.    b.  Nov.  2, 1850. 

M.D.,  Ph.D.  1871,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Philad. 
Acad.  Surgery;  Amer.  Surg,  Assoc;  Assoc.  Genito-Urinary  Surgeons 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc. ;  Patholog.  Soc.  Philad.    Surg.  Philad.  Hosp.  1874 
Assist.  Surg.  Univ.  Hosp.  1879;  Surg.  Maternity  Hosp.  Philad.  1882 
Demonstrator  Surg.   1881,   Prof.   Physical    Education   1884,   Clinical 
Prof.  Genito-Urinary  Surg.  1886,  Univ.  Pa.     Inspector  Eastern    Peni- 
tentiary Pa.  1885. 

*WlCKES,  Simon  A.     Nov.  1833     d.  May  14,  1835. 

M.D.  1831,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1828. 

fWiLCOCKS,  Alexander.    April,  1846.    res.  June  6,  1855.    b.  1817.    d. 
Nov.  10,  1880. 
M.D.  1844,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.     Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1851 ; 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  April,  1857 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1851 ;  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  April,  1864 ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa. 

WiLLARD,  De  Forest.    Jan.  ISSO.    b.  March  23,  1846. 

M.D.  1867,  Ph.D.  1870,  Univ.  Pa.  Act.  Assist.  Surg.  U.  S.  S.  C. 
1865.     Memb.  Acad.  Surgery ;  Amer.  Surg.  Assoc.  Philad. ;  Med.  Soc. 

18 


274  APPENDIX. 

State  Pa. ;  Thilad.  Co.  Med.  Soc,  V.  P.  1885  ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. ; 
Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad. ;  Alumni  Soc.  Med.  De])t.  Uuiv.  Pa. ;  Alumni 
Soc.  Auxil.  Dept.  Univ.  Pa.  P.  1877 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Sept. 
lS73-Feb.  '77 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1880.  Lecturer  on  Orthopoedic 
Surg.  Univ.  Pa.  1877.  Surg.  Presbyterian  Hosp.  1881 ;  Howard  Hosp. 
1874^81 ;  Consult.  Surg.  Home  for  Crippled  Children. 

tWiLLiAMS,  Horace.    Jan.  1868.    res.  Jan.  4,  1882.    b.  Aug.  13,  1842. 

A.B.  1862,  Haverford  Coll. ;  M.D.  1865,  Univ.  Pa.  Menib.  Obstetrical 
Soc.  Philad. ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Consult.  Accoucheur  Maternity 
Hosp.  Philad.  1885. 

Williamson,  Jesse.    (N.  R.)    April,  1878. 
M.D.  1873,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 

Wilson,  Ellwood.    July,  1851. 

M.D.  1845,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Consult.  Phys.  Philad.  Lying-in 
Charity ;  Visit.  Phys.  Preston  Retreat.  Trustee  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1855. 

Wilson,  James  Cornelius.    Jan.  1874.    b.  March  25,  1847. 

A.B.  1867,  A.M.  1870,  Coll.  N.  J. ;  M.D.  1869,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll. 
Memb.  Pathological  Soc.  Philad.  1869,  P.  1885,  '86;  Obstetrical  Soc. 
Philad. ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1876  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872  ;  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1885 ;  Assoc.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Pathologists  1886 ; 
Philad.  Neurological  Soc.  1886.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1876;  Jefferson 
Coll.  Hosp.  ab  origine. 

Wilson,  H.  Augustus.    Oct.  1881.    b.  Sept.  4, 1853. 

M.D.  1879,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1880, 
Sec.  1882-83  ;  Amer.  Med,  Assoc.  1881.  Lecturer,  Philad.  School  Anat.; 
Prof.  Mechanical  Surg.  Philad.  Polyclinic,  1885.  Pathologist  Presby- 
terian Hosp.  1881 ;  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Surg.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  1879. 

*WiLSON,  William  B.    Oct.  1849.    b.  1820.    d.  May  7,  1851. 

A  M.  1839,  Emmetsburg,  Md. ;  M.D.  1843,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Philad. 
Hosp.  1843 ;  Phys.  City  Hosp.  1849;  Wills  Hosp.  1849.  Memb.  Philad. 
Co.  Med.  Soc.  1849. 

tWiLTBANK,  John.     June,  1843.     res.  June  4,  1856.     d.  Sept.  11,1860. 

A.B.  1822,  M.D.  1825,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Feb.  1825 ; 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847 ;  Philad.  Co.  Mod.  Soc.  1849.  Prof.  Obstetrics 
and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children,  Pa.  Coll.  1843-54.  Consult.  Ob- 
stetrician, Philad.  Hosp. ;  Phys.  House  of  Refuge  1829-31. 


APPENDIX.  275 

WiROMAN,  CirAIM,KH.      .IlMK!,   IMHI. 

M.I).  1K77,  .lofriTHoii  Med.  (Joll. 

*Wl8TAR,  (Jasi'Ah,  Jk.  Ajiril,  17X7.  b.  Sr-pt.  1.",,  ]7(n.  d.  Jan.  22,  1H]«. 
M.B.,  I7«2,  Univ.  SUitc  I'a;  M.D.  l7Si\,  Edinh.  Attend.  I'liyH.  I'hilad. 
Dispens.  Feb.  1786;  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1793-1810.  Prof.  ChcmiHtiy 
Coll.  Philad.  1789;  Prof,  Anat.  Univ.  Pa.  1808-18.  Memb.  Philad. 
Med.  8oc. ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  July,  1787,  Curator  1792-94,  V.  P.  1795 
-1SI4,  P.  Jan.  ISl.l-Jan.  '18;  Pa.  Prison  Soc.  Auf,'.  1787.;  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  the  Abolition  of  iSlavery,  P. 

fWlSTAR,  Caspar.  April,  1SI2.   ros.  Jan.  5,  lSo;{.    1,.  1801.   d.  April  4,1867. 
M.D.  1S24,  Univ.  Va.     Eesid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1824-26. 

fWiSTAR,  Thomas.     Jan.  1871.     res.  Dec.  1,  1886.     b.  1840. 

A.M.  1861,  M.D.  IHGH,  Univ.  Pa.  Contract.  Surg.  U.S.A.  1865; 
Manager  and  Bcc.  Philad.  Dispens.  1865-67;  Phys.  Indigent  Wid.  and 

Single  Women's  Asylum  1867 .     Chief  Med.  Examiner,  Provident 

Life  and  Trust  Co.  1865 .     Memb.  Union  League,  Philad. 

WiSTER,  Caspar.    Jan.  1848.    b.  Sept.  18,  1818. 

M.D.  1846,  Univ.  Pa..     Phys.  Widows'  Asylum,  1848;  Shelter  for 

Colored  Orphans  1849 ;    Manager  House  of  Eefuge  1848 . ;    Act. 

Asst.  Surg.  U.  S.  A.  1862.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  June,  1851 ; 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1852,  Treas.  1854-June,  '77;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan. 
1859;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc  April,  1853;  Treas.  International  Med. 

Congress,  1876.     P.  Inspectors  Philad.  Co.  Prison  1880 . ;  Trustee 

and  Director  Philad.  Library  Company  1868 . ;  Director  Mutual 

Insurance  Co.  1873 . ;  Director  Philad.  Saving  Fund  1880 . 

WiSTER,  Owen  Jones.    April,  1852.    b.  Oct.  5,  1825. 

M.D.  1847,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.-  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1853; 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  June,  1859 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1866 ; 
Historical  Soc.  Pa.  1880 ;  Soc.  to  Eestrict.  Vivisection  1884,  V.  P. 
Asst.  Surg.  U.  8.  Navy  March,  1848-July,  1852 ;  Consult.  Phys.  Jewish 
Hosp.  1880. 

*W0LLENS,  Joseph.    July,  1814.    d.  April  7,  1817,  tet.  34. 

M.D.  1808,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1806,  Corres. 
Sec.  1813,  Orator  1814 ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  June,  1815.  Phys.  Philad. 
Dispens.  1814. 

*W00D,  George  B.     April,  1827.    b.  March  3,  1797.     d.  March  30,  1879. 

A.B.  1815,  M.D.  1818,  Univ.  Pa.    Attend.  Phys.  Pa.  Instit.  for  Deaf 

and  Dumb  1822-44.     Prof.  Chemistry  1822-31;   Mat.  Med.  1831-35 

Philad.  Coll.  Pharmacy  ;  Prof.  Mat. Med. and  Pharmacyl835-50.  Theory 

and  Pract.  Med.  1850-60  Univ.  Pa.   Trustee  Girard  Coll.  1833-41.  Phys. 


276  APPENDIX. 

Pa.  Hosp.  1835-59.  Meinb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1817 ;  Acad.  Nat. 
Sc.  Philad.  1819 ;  Amer.  Pbilos.  Soc.  July,  1829,  P.  Jan.  1859-79;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1847,  P.  1855-56.  National  Convent,  for  Revis.  Pharma- 
copoeia, P.  1850  and  1860.     Trustee  Univ.  Pa. 

Wood,  Hoeatio  C,  Je.     April,  1865.     b.  Jan.  13,  1841. 

M.D.  1862,  Univ.  Pa.  ;  LL.D.  1884,  Lafayette  Coll.  Memb.  Philad. 
Co.  IMed.  Soc. ;  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  June,  1864,  Record.  Sec.  Oct. 
1866-Feb.  '67;  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1872; 
Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Jan.  1866 ;  National  Acad,  of  Science ;  Acad.  Arts 
and  Sc. ;  Nat.  Convent.  Revis.  Pharmacopoeia  1880 ;  Socit^te  d'Hygiene, 
Paris;  Amer.  I  Sei  Kwai  (Tokio).     Prof.  Botany  1866-76;  Mat.  Med. 

and  Therapeutics  1876 .,  Univ.  Pa. ;  Prof.  Nervous  Diseases,  Univ. 

Hosp.  1875 .  ;  Visit.  Phys.  and  Neurologist  1870 .  Philad.  Hosp. 

Incorporator  Amer.  Soc.  for  Prevent.  Adulterat.  of  Foods,  1835. 

WOODBUEY,  Feank.     April,  1880.    b.  Dec.  23,  1848. 

M.D.  1873,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1875 ; 
Med.  Soc.  State  Pa  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1877 ;  Pathological  Soc.  Philad. 
Mutual  Aid  Assoc. ;  Ninth  International  Med.  Congr.  Section  Mat.  Med. 
and  Therapeutics,  Sec.  Resid.  Phys.  Pa.  Hosp.  1873-74;  Attend.  Phys. 
German  Hosp.  Philad.  1879-86  ;  Medico-Chirurgical  Hosp.  1885.  Prof. 
Therapeutics,  Mat.  Med.,  and  Clinical  Med.,  Medico-Chirurgical  Coll. 
Philad.  1885. 

Woods,  D.  F.    Oct.  1866. 

A.B.  Dickinson  Coll. ;  M.D.  1864,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Pathological 
Soc.  Philad.  ;  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc.  Resid.  Philad.  Hosp.;  Dispens. 
Staff  Episcopal  Hosp. ;  Phys.  Presbyterian  Hosp. 

WORMLEY,  Theodoee  G.     Jan.  1878.     b.  April  1,  1826. 

M.D.  1849,  Philad.  Med.  Coll.;  Ph.D.  1870,  Dickinson  Coll. ;  LL.D. 
Prof.  Chemistry  and  Toxicology,  Sterling  Med.  Coll. ;  Prof.  Chemistry 
and  Toxicology  Univ.  Pa.  1877 .  Incorporator  Amer.  Soc.  for  Pre- 
vent. Adulteration  of  Foods,  1885. 

WURTS,  Chaeles  Stewaet.    Oct.  1860. 
M.D.  1854,  Jefferson  Med.  Coll 

*Yardley,  Thomas  H.    Jan.  1852.    d.  Jan.  4,  1860. 

M.D.  1825,  Univ.  Pa.     Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847. 

Yarrow,  Thomas  J.    Oct.  1868.    b.  Feb.  13,  1840. 

M.D.  1861,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Co.  Med.  Soc;  Med.  Soc. 
State  Pa.;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad. ;  Phys.  St.  Mary's  Hosp.  1878. 


AIM'KNDIX.  277 

Zant/in(Jioii,  Wii.MAM  S.     (N.  II.)  Nov.  1840. 

M.D.  J828,  Univ.  I'li.  Mcmb.  Philad.  Med.  Hoc.  March,  \H:'.r, ;  Acad. 
Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  Oct.  1810,  Record.  Sec.  Dec.  1841-Dcc.  '40,  Librar. 
Dec.  l846-.July,  '56. 

Jan.  31,  1887,  Resident  Fellow.s,  204;  N.  R.,  29. 


ASSOCIATH   FELLOWS. — AMKRICAN. 

Arnold,  UioiiAiU)  l)ENi\L'^,  .Savannah,  C.la.    184(i.    b.  Aug.  8, 1808.    d.  July 
10,  187(3. 

A.B.  Coll.  N.  J. ;  M.D.  1830,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Philad.  JIosp.  1830-32  ; 
Phys.  Savannah  Poor  House  and  Hosp.  1835-65.  Memb.  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1846-47,  V.  P.  1851-52 ;  Constit.  Ga.  State  Med.  Assoc.  1849,  P. 
1851 ;  Savannah  Med.  Soc.  Prof.  Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  Savannah 
Med.  Coll.  1850.     Mayor  of  Savannah  1843,  1851,  1859,  1863-65. 

*Atlee,  John  Light.  Lancaster,  Pa.  1847.  b.  Nov.  2, 1709.  d.  Oct.  1, 1885. 
M.D.  1820,  Univ.  Pa.;  LL.D.  Franklin  and  Marshall  Coll.  Prof. 
Anat.  and  Surg.  Franklin  and  Marshall  Coll.,  Trustee  of.  !Menib. 
Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1817;  Constit.  Lancaster  Co.  Med.  Soc.  P. 
1844;  Constit.  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1848,  P.  1857;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1847,  V.  P.  1868,  P.  1882-83;  Honorary,  Gynecological  Soc.  Boston, 
Mass.,  1877.  Director  of  School  Board  of  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  40  years; 
V.  P.  and  P.  Alumni  Soc.  Med.  Dept.  Univ.  Pa. 

*Baldwin,  William  Owen.    Montgomery,  Ala.    April,  1876.    b.  Aug.  9, 
1818.     d.  May  30,  1886. 

M.D.  1837,  Transylvania  Univ.  Memb.  Med.  Assoc.  State  Alabama, 
P. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1868,  P.  1869. 

*Bard,  Samuel.     New  York.     1811.     b.  April  1,  1742.     d.  May  25,  1821. 
M.D.  1765,  Edinb. ;  LL.D.  1816,  Coll.  N.  J.     Prof.  Theory  and  Pract. 
Med.  King's  Coll.  N.  Y.  1768;    Columbia  Coll.  1792;    Coll.  Phys.  and 
Surgs.  N.  Y.  P.  1811.     Memb.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  :March,  1767. 

Barker,  Fordyce.     New  York.     April,  1876.    b.  3Iay  2,  1819. 

A.B.  1837,  A.M.  1840,  Bowdoin  Coll.;  M.D.  1841,  Columbia  Coll. 
LL.D.  1876,  Univ.  N.  Y.,  1884,  Univ.  Edinb.  Prof.  Midwifery  and 
Diseases  of  Women,  Bowdoin  Coll.  1846;  in  New  York  Med.  Coll. 
1850;  in  Bellevue  Hosp.  Med.  Coll.  N.  Y.  1861.  Memb.  Med.  Soc. 
State  of  New  York,  P.  1858;  Amer.  Gynecological  Soc,  P.  1876-77; 
New  York  Acad.  Med.,  P.  1878-84;  Hon.  Fell.  Obstetrical  Soc.  Edin- 
burgh 1869 ;  Hon.  Fell.  Obstetrical  Soc.  Loudon  1872;  Hon.  Fell.  British 


278  APPENDIX. 

Obstetrical  Soc.  1884 ;  Hou.  Fell.  Massachusetts  Med.  Soc,  and  of 
Connecticut  Med.  Soc.  Obstet.  Phys.  185-j^75,  then  Consult.  Phys. 
Bellevue  Hosp.  Surg.  Woman's  Hosp.  State  of  New  York,  now  Con- 
sult. Phys.  and  Pres.  of  its  Med.  Board;  Consult.  Phys.  Maternity 
Hosp.,  and  Children's  Hosp. 

*Beck,  Theodore  R.    Albany,  Nv  Y.    1839. 
*Benedict,  N.  D.    Florida.    1845. 

BiGELOW,  Henry  J.    Boston,  Mass.    April,  1876. 

A.B.  1837,  M.D.  1841.  Memb.  Boston  Med.  Assoc. ;  Boston  Soc.  Med. 
Improvement;  Suffolk  Dist.  Med.  Soc.  Councillor;  Mass.  Med.  Soc. 
1844 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1849.  Prof  Surgery  Harvard  Univ.  Visit. 
Surg.  Mass.  General  Hosp. ;  Boylston  Med.  Committee. 

*BiGELOW,  Jacob.     Boston,  Mass.    May,  1821.     b.  Feb.  27,  1787.     d.  Jan. 
10,  1879. 

A.B.  1806,  Univ.  Harvard;  M.D.  1810,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad. 
Med.  Soc.  Nov.  1809 ;  Boston  Soc.  for  Med.  Improvement ;  Amer.  Acad. 
Arts  and  Sc.  1812,  P.  May,  1846  and  May,  '63 ;  Boston  Med.  Assoc ;  Mass. 
Med.  Soc.  1813 ;  Mass.  Med.  Benevolent  Soc.  P. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1849.  Phys.  Mass.  General  Hosp.  Lecturer,  Botany  and  Mat.  Med. 
1815,  Prof  1817-35  Univ.  Harvard;  Rumford  Prof  1816. 

Billings,  John  Shaw.    U.  S.  Army.    April,  1876.    b.  April  12,  1837. 

A.B.  1857,  A.M.  1860,  Miami  Univ.;  M.D.  1860,  Med.  Coll.  Ohio;  LL.D. 
1884,  Univ.  Edinb.,  1886,  Harvard  Univ.  Memb.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
Nov.- 1862;  Philos.  Soc.  Washington,  D.  C,  P.;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1880;  Amer.  Pub.  Health  Assoc,  P.  1880;  Amer.  Social  Sc.  Assoc.  1882 ; 
Amer.  Acad.  Med.  1883 ;  Amer.  Assoc.  Advance.  Sc.  1883 ;  National 
Acad.  Sc.  1883 ;  Amer.  Statistical  Assoc.  1884;  Amer.  Surg.  Assoc.  1886; 
Assoc.  Amer.  Phys.  1886  ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  1887  ;  Honorary,  Med. 
Soc.  Co.  N.  Y.  1879;  Med.  Soc.  State  N.  Y.  1880;  Med.  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty,  Md. ;  Med.  Soc.  London,  1881 ;  Clinical  Soc.  London,  1881 ; 
Soc.  Med.  Officers  of  Health,  London,  1881 ;  Societe  Frangaise  Hygiene, 
Paris,  1882;  Med.  Soc.  Sweden,  1882;  Medico-Chirurgical  Soc.  St. 
Louis,  Mo. ;  New  Hampshire  Med.  Soc.  1883  ;  Statistical  Soc.  London 
1883;  Connecticut  Med.  Soc.  1883;  Physicalisch  Medicinische  Gesell- 
schaft,  Wiirzburg  1885;  Gynecological  Soc.  Boston,  1885;  Sociedad 
Union  Fernandina,  Lima,  Peru  1886  ;  British  Med.  Assoc.  1886.  Surg. 
and  Bvt.  Lt.  Col.  U.  S.  Army ;  Curator  Army  Med.  Museum  and  Li- 
brary. Lecturer  on  Hygiene,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  and  Columbia  Coll. 
N.  Y. 

BowDiTCH,  Henry  I.    Boston,  Mass.    April,  1876. 


APPENDIX.  'iT.i 

BowDri'oit,    IIknuy    I'iokl;imnu.      .Jjuiiiiicu   I'laiii,   W.  Iloxbiiry,   iJoHton, 
MiiHH.     Jiin.  1887.     b.  April  4,  1840. 

A.B.  1861,  M.D.  1808,  Univ.  Harvard.  AsHiHt.  Prof,  rhy.siology  1871, 
Prof.  1876,  Univ.  Harvard.  Mcmb.  Araer.  Acad.  Arte,  and  8c.  May, 
1872.     Boston  Scliool  (^oni.  .T:ni.  1877  to  Sept.  '81. 

Byfoui),  WiiJ.TAM  llKATH.  Chicago,  111.  Jan.  1877.  b.  March  20,  1817. 
M.I).  18-^14,  Ohio  Med.  Coll.;  A.M.  1860,  Honorary,  Anbury  Univ. 
Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1856;  Amer.  Gynecological  Hoc.  1876,  P. 
1880-81 ;  Illinois  State  Med.  Soc. ;  Chicago  Med.  Soc. ;  Chicago  Gyne- 
cological Soc.  Member  of  Med.  Staff,  Mercy  Hosp.  1857-80 ;  Woman's 
Hosp.  1880 . 

€haille,  Stanford  Emerson.    New  Orleans,  La.    Jan.  1877.    b.  July 
9,  1830. 

A.]}.  1851,  A.M.  1853,  Univ.  Harvard ;  M.D.  185.3,  Univ.  La.,  and  1884, 
Tuhme  Univ.  La.  Demonstrator  Anat.  1858-67,  Lecturer  on  Obstetrics 
1865-6(5,  Prof.  Obstetrics  1875,  Prof.  Physiology  and  Pathological  Anat. 

1867 .  Univ.  La.;  Prof.  Physiol,  and  Hygiene  1885,  Dean  Med.  Dept. 

1885  Tulane  Univ.  La.  Mcmb.  Orleans  Par.  Med.  Soc.  1877;  La.  State 
Med  Soc.  1877;  Honorary,  New  Orleans  Med.  and  Surg.  A.ssoc. ;  Amer. 

Med.  Assoc.  1869 ;  Amer.  Pub.  Health  Assoc.  1874 . ;  Honorarj^  Royal 

Acad.  Med.  Havana,  Cuba ;  New  Orleans  Auxil.  Sanitary  Assoc. ;  La. 
Educational  Assoc;  Deleg.  luternat.  Med.  Congress  Philad.  1876; 
Havana  Yel.  Fev.  Comniis.  of  National  Board  of  Health  1879  P. ; 
Supervis.  Inspector  for  National  Board  of  Health  1881-82.  Memb. 
National  Board  of  Health,  1885.  Resid.  New  Orleans  Charity  Hosp.  1851- 
53;  Resid.  Phys.  U.  S.  Marine  Hosp.  New  Orleans,  1853-54;  Resid. 
Phys.  Circus  St.  Infirmary,  1854-60;  Act.  Surg.  Genl.  La.  1861-62; 
Surg.  Confed.  Army  1862-65,  Med.  Insp.Army  of  Tenn.  1862-63,  Surg, 
in  charge  Hosjiitals  186-1^65. 

Cheever,  David  Williams.  Boston,  Mass.  Jan.  1SS7.  b.  Nov.  30, 1831. 
A.B.  1852,  M.D.  1858,  Univ.  Harvard.  Demonstrator  Anat.  1860, 
Assist.  Prof.  Anat.  1866,  Adjunct.  Prof.  Clinical  Surg.  1868,  Prof. 
Clinical  Surg.  1877,  Prof.  Surg.  1882,  Univ.  Harvard.  Memb.  Massa- 
chusetts Med.  Soc.  1858;  Boston  Soc.  Med.  Observation,  1859;  Amer. 
Surg.  Assoc.  1882 ;  Surg.  Boston  Dispens.  1863-68 ;  Boston  City  Hosp. 
1864 . 

■Clark,  Alonzo.     New  York.     April,  1876. 

A.B.  1828,  Williams  Coll. ;  M.D.  1835,  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg.  N.  Y. 
Prof.  Physiology  and  Pathol.  1848-55,  Path,  and  Practical  Med.  1855 

.,  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg.  N.  Y.     Phys.  Bellevue  Hosp.  P.  Med. 

Board  and   Consult.   Phys.    St.   Luke's   Hosp.   1861;   Consult.  Phys. 


280  APPENDIX. 

Northern  Dispens.  and  Northeastern  Dispens.  Memb.  N.  Y.  State 
Med.  Soc:  P.  1853 ;  N.  Y.  Med.  and  Surg.  Soc. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1847  ;  N.  Y.  Pathological  Soc;  N.  Y.  Acad.  Medicine;  N.  Y.  Soc.  for 
Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans  of  Med.  Men. 

COMEGYS,  CoENELius  Geoege.  Cincinnati,  0.  April,  1876.  b.  July  23, 1816. 
M.D.  1848,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Cincinnati  Med.  Chirurgical  Soc.  1848 ; 
Acad.  Med.  1872,  P. ;  Cincinnati  Med.  Soc.  1875,  P. ;  Hamilton  Co. 
Med.  Soc.  1887,  P. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1859 ;  Cincinnati  Literary  Soc. 
1868,  P.;  Honorary,  Cleveland  Historical  Soc.  1869;  Trinity  His- 
torical Soc,  Texas,  1887;  Board  Directors,  McMicken  and  Univ.  of 
Cincinnati,  1859-87.  Prof.  Institutes  Med.,  Miami  Med.  Coll.  1852-87 ; 
Prof  Institutes  and  Clinical  Med.  Med.  Coll.  Ohio,  1857-60  and  1863- 
67.     Clinical  Lecturer,  Cincinnati  Hosp.  1857,  P.  Med.  Staff -. 

COBSON,  Hiram.    Conshohocken,  Pa.     April,  1876.     b.  Oct.  8,  1804. 

M.D.  1828,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Feb.  1828 ;  Mont- 
gomery Co.  Med.  Soc.  1847,  P.  1849 ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1847,  P.  1852- 
53 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847 ;  Corres.  Meigs  and  Mason  Acad.  Med. 
Middleport,  0. 1873 ;  Associate,  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1874;  Honorary, 
Pathological  Soc.  Harrisburg,  1881 ;  Alumni  Soc.  Med.  Dept.  Univ.  Pa. 
1879 ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa.  1884.  Trustee  State  Lunatic  Hosp.  Harris- 
burg, 1877-84. 

Davis,  Nathan  Smith.    Chicago,  Ills.     April,  1876.     b.  Jan.  9,  1817. 

M.D.  1837,  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg.  Western  District  N.  Y. ;  A.M.  1871, 
North  Western  Univ. ;  LL.D.  1878,  Illinois  Wesleyan  Univ.  Memb. 
New  York  State  Med.  Soc.  1842  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1846-47,  P.  1864r- 
66  ;  Illinois  State  Med.  Soc.  1850,  P.  1855  ;  Chicago  Med.  Soc.  1850, 
Sec.  P. ;  Chicago  Acad.  Sc.  1857  ;  Illinois  State  Microscop.  Soc.  1869, 
Corres.  Sec. ;  New  York  Acad.  Med.  1868 ;  Amer.  Pub.  Health  Assoc. 
1877  ;   Honorary,  British  Med.  Assoc.  1886  ;    Ninth  International  Med. 

Congr.  P.  1887.     Phys.  Mercy  Hosp.  1850 .     Prof  Principles  and 

Pract.  and  Clinical  Med.  Chicago  Med.  Coll.  1859 .     Lecturer  Med. 

Jurisprudence,  Union  Coll.  of  Law   1873 .     Memb.   Washington 

Home  Assoc,  for  Treat.  Inebriates  1864 .     Trustee  of  Northwestern 

Univ.  1883 . 

Donaldson,  Frank.    Baltimore,  Md.     April,  1876.     b.  July  23,  1823. 

M.D.  1846,  Univ.  Md.  Phys.  Quarantine  Hosp.  Baltimore,  1847^9 ; 
Baltimore  Almshouse  Hosp.  1852-55  ;  Church  Home  and  Infirmary 
1860-73 ;  Univ.  of  Maryland  Hosp.  1866-87.  Memb.  Constit.  Amer. 
Laryngological  Assoc. ;  Climatological  Assoc,  P. ;  Constit.  Assoc.  Amer. 
Physicians;  Med.  and  Chirurg.  Faculty  of  Maiyland,  P.;  Baltimore 
Acad.  Med. ;  Baltimore  Clinical  Soc     Prof  Physiol,  and  Hygiene  1866 


APPENDIX.  281 

-HO,  (Jliriiciil    I'rof.   Dis.  of  Tliroiit  ;iri(l  (JhoHt,  |K(iG-H7,  Univ.  M«l. . 

Med.  ExiuiiiiKT  :ui<l  \Ul\:rw,  Mutmil  Life  friH.  Co.  N.  Y. 

*DBAKE,DANrKi..  (Jinciiinati, O.  Dcc.lHW.  b. Oct. 20, 1 785.  d.Nov.r,,18.')2. 
M.D.  ISIG,  Univ.  Pa.  Prof.  Mat.  Mod.  Tran.sylvania  Univ.  1H17-18, 
1823-27;  Prof.  Instits.  and  Pract.  Med.  and  of  OljHtetricrt  Med.  Coll.  of 
Ohio  1820-22;  Prof.  InstitH.  and  Pnict.  .Tofferson  Med.  C.'oll.  1830-.'il  ; 
in  Med.  Dept.  Cincinnati  Coll.  18.%-.'W;  Prof.  Pathol.  Anat.  and  Clini- 
cal Med.  and  Med.  [iiHtifc.  Lonisvillc-,  Ky.  1839-19.  Menib.  Corres. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Pliilad.  1812;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  April,  1818;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1850. 

Draper,  William  H.    New  York,  N.  Y.    .Tan.  1887.    b.  Oct.  14,  1830. 

A.B.  1851,  A.M.  1854,  Columbia  College;  M.D.  1855,  Coll.  Phys.  and 
Surgeons,  N.  Y.  Mcmb.  New  York  Co,  Med.  Soc. ;  Pathological  8oc. ; 
Acad.  Med.;  Med.  and  Surg.  Soc. ;  Practitioners' Soc.  Attend.  Phys. 
New  York  Hosp. ;  Roosevelt  Hosp. ;  Consult.  Phys.  St.  Luke's  Hosp. ; 
Presbyterian  Hosp.  and  Trinity  Hosp. 

*DuDLEY,  BEN.TAMIN  WiNSLOW.    Lexington,  Ky.    1842.    b.  April  12, 1785. 
d.  Jan.  20,  1870. 
M.D.  1806,  Univ.  Pa.     Prof.  Anat.  and  Surgery  Transylvania  Univ. 
1817. 

*ECKARD,  Frederick  S.    Montgomery  Co.,  Pa.    Jan.  1849.    Fellow  1840, 
res.  Dee.  1848. 
M.D.  1835,  Univ.  Pa. 

*FHNT,  AiTSTiN.  New  York,  N.Y.  1868.  b.  Oct.  20, 1812.  d.  March  13, 1886 
M.D.  1833,  Univ.  Harvard.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847,  V.  P 
1849-50;  New  York  Acad.  Med.,  P. ;  Internat.  Med.  Congress  1876 
Honorary,  Med.  Soc.  and  of  the  Clinical  Soc.  London  ;  Corres.  Med 
Soc.  Palermo.  Prof.  Instit.  and  Pract.  :\led.  Rush  Med.  Coll.  1844-45 
Prof.  Principles  and  Pract.  Med.  Buffalo  Med.  Coll.  1847-52;  Prof. 
Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  Univ.  Louisville  1852-56 ;  Prof.  Clinical  Med 
New  Orleans  Med.  Coll.  1858-61 ;  Prof.  Principles  and  Pract.  Med.  Bel- 
levue  Hosp.  Med.  Coll.  N.  Y.  1861. 

GREE^-,  Traill.     Easton,  Pa.     April,  1876.     b.  May  25,  1813. 

M.D.  1835,  Univ.  Pa. ;  A.M.  1841,  Rutger's Coll.;  LL.D.1866,  Wash- 
ington and  Jefferson  Coll.  Memb.  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  1836 ;  Amer. 
Assoc.  Advance.  Sc.  1848,  Fellow,  1874 ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  1850,  P. 
1868;  Northampton  Co.  Med.  Soc.  1849,  P.  1869  and  1S77  ;  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.  1853 ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  Oct.  1868 ;  Corres.  Buffalo  Soc.  Nat. 
Sc.  1864;  Honorary,  Troy  Scientific  Assoc.  1871;  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  Rut- 


282  APPENDIX. 

ger's  Coll.  1871;  Assoc.  Obstetrical  Soc.  Philad.  1874;  Amer.  Acad, 
Med.  1876,  P.  also  1882 ;  Historical  Soc.  Pa.  1886.  Phys.  Philad.  Dis- 
pens.  1835-36 ;  Board  Ex.  Surg.  Pa.  1863 ;  Trustee  Pa.  Hosp.  for  the 
Insane  1868,  P.  1884;  U.  S.  Pension  Board  1881-85.  Prof.  Chemistry 
LaFayette  Coll.  1837-41 ;  Prof.  Nat.  Sc.  Marshall  Coll.  1841-48 ;  Prof. 
Chemistry,  LaFayette  Coll.  1853;  Dean,  Pardee  Scientific  Dep.  La- 
Fayette Coll.  1869.  Consult.  Surg.  St.  Luke's  Hosp.  South  Bethle- 
hem, Pa.  1863 . 

*Hallowell,  John  Hubbard.    Maine.     1842. 

*Hamilton,  Frank  H.    New  York,  N.  Y.    1868.    b.  Sept.  10,  1818.    d. 

Aug.  11,  1886. 

M.D.  1833,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  New  York  State  Med.  Soc,  P.  1855; 
N.  Y.  Pathological  Soc.  P.  1866 ;  N.  Y.  Acad.  Med. ;  Medico-Legal 
Soc,  P.  1875-76 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc  1848.  Med.  Inspector  U.  S.  A. 
1868.  Prof.  Surg.  Bellevue  Hosp.  Med.  Coll.  Visit.  Phys.  Bellevue 
Hosp. ;  Consult.  Surg.  St.  Elizabeth's  Hosp. 

*HoDGEN,  John  Thompson.  St.  Louis,  Mo.  April,  1876.  b.  Jan.  17. 1826. 
d.  April  28,  1882. 
M.D.  1848,  Univ.  Missouri;  LL.D.  Bethany  Coll.  Va.  Prof.  Physiol. 
1862-68,  Anat.  68-75,  Surg.  Anat.  and  of  Fractures  and  Dislocations 
(also  Dean),  St.  Louis  Med.  Coll.  Prof.  Clinical  Surg.  City  Hosp. 
Memb.  St.  Louis  Med.  Soc,  P.  1872 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1867,  P.  1881 ; 
Internat.  Med.  Congress,  1876  and  1881 ;  Mo.  State  Med.  Assoc,  P.1875; 
Med.  Jour,  and  Libr.  Assoc.  Miss.  Valley,  P.  1879.  Asst.  Surg.  U.  S. 
v.,  and  Surg.  Genl.  Mo. ;  St.  Louis  Board  of  Health  1867-71 ;  Surg. 
St.  Luke's  Hosp.  St.  Louis. 

*HosACK,  David.  New  York,  N.Y.  1800.  b.  Aug.  31, 1769.  d.  Dec  22, 1835. 

A.B.  1789,  LL.D.  Coll.  N.  J. ;  M.D.  1791,  Univ.  Pa.  Fellow  Linnean 

Soc.  London;    F.E.S.L.  1816,  F.R.S.E.  1817  ;  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  July, 

1810.     Corres.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1815.     Prof.  Botany,  1795,  Mat. 

Med.  1813-31,  Columbia  Coll. 

*Jackson,  John  B.  S.    Boston,  Mass.     April,  1876.     b.  1806. 

M.D.  1825,  Harvard  Univ.     Memb.  Boston  Soc  Med.  Improvement. 

Johnston,  Christopher.  Baltimore,  Md.  April,  1876.  b.  Sept.  27,  1822. 
M.D.  1843,  Univ.  Bait.  Memb.  Amer,  Med.  Assoc  1855 ;  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Faculty  Md.,  P.  1876 ;  Baltimore  Med.  Soc,  ex.  P. ;  Bait. 
Clinical  Soc  ex-P. ;  British  Med.  Assoc. ;  Maryland  Acad.  Sc,  P.  1885, 
and  1887;  Amer.  Microscopical  Assoc.  1883;  International,  Period. 
Congr.  of  the  Med.  Sc  1881,  Delegate  and  Memb.  1884.  Consult.  Surg. 
Children's  Home  and  Infirmary  ;    Hebrew  Hosp.     Prof.  Anat.  and 


AI'lMwN'DIX,  288 

IMiysii)!.  iSOl,  (icncrul   l>(W(:ript.  iitid  Hurp;.  Atiiit.  ISOO,  I'rinciplcH  and 
Pract.  Surgery  IHOS,  Surgery  1870  Univ.  Md. . 

JoNiCM,  .JosKi'if.     New  Orleans,  Lii.     April,  1870.     b.  Hopt.  G,  ]H.'«. 

A.B.,  (JoU.  N.  J. ;  M.D.  1850,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Board  of  Health  Btate 
La.;  New  Orleans  Med.  and  Surg.  Assoc;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1859; 
Konorury,  Vu.  State  Med.  Soc.  Snrg.  Confederate  States  Army  1862- 
65.  Prof.  Clu'n)iHtry  Med.  Coll.  Savannah  1850-57  ;  J'rof.  Nat.  Sc.  Univ. 
Ca.  1857-58  ;  Prof.  Chemistry,  Ga.  Med.  Coll.  1859-61 ;  Prof.  Chemistry 
Univ.  La.  1809 . 

*KlNa,  James.  Pittsburg,  Pa.  April,  1870.  b.  Jan.  18,  1810.  d.  March 
10,  1880. 
M.D.  1838,  Transylvania  Univ.  Memb.  Allegheny  Co.  Med.  Soc.  P. ; 
Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.,  P.  1806 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1806.  Surg.  U.  S.  V. ; 
Med.  Director  Pa.  Reserves,  Surg.-Genl.  Pa.  until  1804.  Hon.  Memb. 
Cal.  State  Med.  Soc.  1871 ;  Rocky  Mountain  Med.  Soc.  1871.  Trustee 
Western  Univ.  Prof.  Anat.,  Physiology,  and  Hygiene,  Wa-shington 
Coll.  Pa.  1844-50. 

KiNLOCH,  R.  A.     Charleston,  S.  C.     April,  1876.     b.  Feb.  20,  1820. 

A.B.  1845,  Coll.  Charleston,  S.  C. ;  M.D.  1848,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb. 
South  Carolina  Med.  Assoc.  P.  1884;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1883,  V.  P. 
Surg.  Roper  Hosp.;  City  Hosp.;  Xavier  Infirmary,  Charleston,  S.  C. 
Prof.  Surgery  Med.  Coll.  S.  C. 

*Knight,  JoNATHA^^     New  Haven,  Ct.     1847.     b.  Sept.  4,  1789.     d.  Aug. 
25,  1864. 

A.B.  1808,  M.D.  Yale. .  Prof.  Anat.  and  Physiology,  1813-38,  Sur- 
gery, 1838-64,  Yale.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  P.  1846,  V.  P.  1848, 
P.  1853. 

*MiLLEB,  Henry.    Louisville,  Ky.    1801.    b.  Nov.  1, 1800.    d.  Feb.  8, 1874. 
M.D.  1822,  Transylvania  Univ.     Prof.  Midwifery  Univ.  Louisville ; 
Louisville   Med.  Coll.  1835-58;     Prof.   Med.  and   Surg.  Diseases  of 
Women,  1867,  '68.    Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1850,  P.  1859. 

Moore,  E.  M.    Rochester,  N.  Y.    April,  1876. 

MowRY,  Robert  B.     Allegheny  City,  Pa.     April,  1876.     b.  Dec.  23,  1813. 
A.B.  1S34,  AVesteru  Univ.  Pa.;    M.D.  1S36,  Jefterson  Med.  Coll. 
Memb.  Allegheny  Med.  Soc;    Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1850;    Med.  Soc. 
State  Pa.,  P.  1877.     Surg.  Western  Pa.  Hosp.  1850-50.     Manager  Alle- 
gheny General  Hosp.  and  on  Consult.  Stall' . 


284  APPENDIX. 

*MussEH,  Reuben  Dimoxd.    Cincinnati,  0.    Feb.  1835.    b.  June  23,  1780. 
d.  June  21,  18G6. 

A.B.,  M.D.  1805,  LL.D.  1854,  Dartmouth  Coll.  Prof.  Theory  and 
Pract.  Med.  1814-19,  Anat.  and  Surg.  1819-38,  Dartmouth  Coll. ;  Prof. 
Surg.  Ohio  Med.  Coll.  1838-52;  Prof.  Surg.  Miami  Med.  Coll.  1852-57; 
Chief  Surg.  Commercial  Hosp.  Cincinnati.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1849,  P.  1850;  Honorary,  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Jan.  1809. 

McGuiRE,  Hunter  Holmes.  Eichmond,  Va.  Jan.  1887.  b.  Oct.  11, 1835. 
M.D.  1855,Winchester  Med.  Coll.,  and  1859,  Virginia  Med.  Coll.;  LL.D. 
1887,  Univ.  N.C.  Prof.  Anat.  Winchester  (Va.)  Med.  Coll.  1855-58. 
Prof.  Surg.  Virginia  Med.  Coll.  1865-78,  emeritus  1880.  Memb.  Vir- 
ginia Med.  Soc.  P.  1880;  Eichmond  Acad.  Med.  P.  1869;  Assoc.  Med. 
Officers  Army  and  Navy,  Confed.  States,  P.  1875;  Amer.  Surg.  Assoc. 
P.  1886  ;  International  Med.  Congress,  V.  P.  1876  ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
V.  P.  1881 ;  Hon.  Fell.  North  Carolina  Med.  Soc.  1886.  Senior  Surg. 
St.  Luke's  Hosp.  Eichmond,  Va.  Med.  Director  Army  of  the  Valley, 
C.  S.  A.  1861-62 ;  Med.  Director  2nd  Corps  A.  N.  V.,  C.  S.  A.  1862-65. 

*McNaughton,  James.     Albany,  N.  Y.     July,  1847.     b.  Dec.  10,  1796. 
d.  June  11,  1874. 

M.D.  1816,  Univ.  Edinb.  Prof.  Anat.  and  Physiology,  Fairfield 
Med.  Coll.  1820-40;  Prof.  Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  Albany  Med.  Coll. 
N.  Y.  1840-74.  Surg.  Albany  Hosp.  Memb.  Med.  Soc.  Co.  of  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  1828,  P.  2  years ;  New  York  State  Med.  Soc.  1831,  P.  (twice) ; 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1846-47  ;  Board  of  Governors,  Union  Univ.  Sur- 
geon-General State  of  N.  Y.     P.  Board  of  Health,  Albany  N.  Y.  1832. 

Parker,  Peter.     Washington,  D.  C.     1842.    b.  June  18,  1804. 

A.B.  1831,  A.M.  1858,  M.D.  1834,  Yale.  Yale  Theological  Semin. 
1831-33.  Missionary  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  to  China,  1834.  Founder  and 
Phys.  Ophthalmic  Hosp.  Canton,  1835.  Memb.  Med.  Missionary  Soc. 
v.  P.  1838,  P.  1882;  Eoyal  Asiatic  Soc.  London,  1842;  Historical  Soc. 
New  York,  and  Brooklyn,  1842 ;  Constit.  Soc.  Northern  Antiquaries, 
Copenhagen,  1846  ;  Mass.  Med.  Soc.  Oct.  1859 ;  Deputation  Evangel- 
ical Alliance  to  Memorialize  Emp.  Eussia  in  behalf  of  religious  liberty 
in  the  Baltic  Provinces,  1871 ;  Corporate  Memb.  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  1871. 
Eegent  Smithsonian  Institution,  1868-84.  Chinese  Interpreter  and 
Secretary  U.  S.  Legation  in  China,  1844.  U.  S.  Commissioner,  with 
plenary  powers,  to  China,  1855-57. 

*Parker,  Willard.     New  York,  N.  Y.    1876.    b.  Sept.  2,  1800.    d.  April 
25,  1884. 

A.B.  1826,  M.D.  1830,  Univ.  Harvard ;  LL.D.  1870,  Coll.  N.  J.  Ee- 
sid.  U.  S.  Marine  Hosp.  Chelsea,  1827-29,  Mass.  Gen'l.  Hosp.  1829-30. 


AI'I'KNDIX.  286 

I'n.r.  Atwit.  l.S.'U),  iind  Hurg.  1832,  BcrlcHliirc  Med.  C'.ll.;  I'rof.  Hurg. 
Coll.  I'hyH.  aiul.  Hiiig.  N.  Y.  IS.'Ut-TO.  Surg.  IMU-.vm-  IIoHp.  1H4.'}; 
Viait.  Hurg.  New  York  IIohj).  lH5(i;  1».  New  York  State  Iriehriate 
Aayiuin,  IfSOf);  Consult.  Surg.  N.  Y.  I loHp.;  Ikllevue  HoHp.;  St.  Luke's 
Hosp. ;  Roosevelt  Hosp.  and  Mt.  Sinai  llosp.  Memb.  New  York  Med. 
Soc. ;  N.  Y.  Co.  Med.  Soc. ;  Acad.  Med. ;  Pathological  Soc.  N.  Y, ;  New 
York  Mod.  :uid  Surg.  Soe.;  Anicr.  Med.  Ahhoc.  JH4(J. 

Pollock,  A.  M.     Pittsburg,  I'a.     April,  ].S7(i.     b.  .Ian.  7,  1820. 

M.D.  1H41,  Med.  Coll.  Ohio.  Memb.  Allegheny  Co.  Med.  Soc.  P. 
1868;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.,  P.  1872;  Amcr.  Med.  Assoc.  V.  P.  1873; 
Honorary,  Med.  Soc.  State  Cal.  Surg.  Mercy  IIo.sp. ;  Parsavanta  Hosp. 
Pittsburg.     V.  P.  Dollar  Savings  Bank,  1859 . 

PoRCHER,  Francis  Peyre.  Charleston,  S.  C.  April,  1876.  b.  Dec.  14, 1825. 
A.B.  1844,  South  Carolina  Coll. ;  M.D.  1847,  Med.  Coll.  of  the  State 
of  S.  C.  Memb.  Assoc.  Amer.  Phys. ;  Corres.  of  the  Med.,  the  Surg., 
and  the  Obstetrical  Societies,  and  Lyceum  Nat.  Hist,  of  New  Y''ork, 
1847;  Corres  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1849;  Corres.  Med.  and  Surg.  Soc. 
Eichmond,  Va. ;  Historical  Soc.  Wisconsin.  Phys.  Marine  Hosp. 
Charleston,  S.  C.  1855-60 ;  Confederate  Hosp.  at  Norfolk,  and  Peters- 
berg,  Va.  1862-64 ;  City  Hosp.  Charleston,  S.  C.  1866-87.  Prof.  Mat. 
Med.  and  Therapeutics,  Med.  Coll.  State  S.  C. 

Reeve,  John  Charles.     Dayton,  O.    b.  June  5.  1826. 

M.D.  1851,  Western  Reserve  Coll.  j\Iemb.  Montgomery  Co.  Med. 
Soc.  1854,  P. ;  Ohio  State  Med.  Soc.  1861,  P.  1885 ;  Constit.  Memb. 
Amer.  Gynecological  Soc.  1876.     Prof.  Mat.  Med.  and  Therap,  Med. 

Coll.  of  Ohio,  1861 ;  Chief  of  Staff  St.  Elizabeth's  Hosp.  1878 . 

Phys.  Montgomery  Co.  Children's  Home  1876 . 

*Revere,  John.     New  York,  N.  Y.     May,  1841.     b.  March  17,  1787.     d. 
May  1,  1847. 
A.B.  1807,  Harvard  Univ.;   M.D.   1811,  Edinb.     Prof.  Mat.  Med. 
Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1831-40 ;    Prof.  Theory  and  Pract.  Med.,  Univ.  of 
City  N.  Y.  1840-47. 

Richardson,  Tobias  Gibson.  New  Orleans,  La.  Jan.  1887.  b.  Jan.  3, 1827. 
M.D.  1848,  Univ.  Louisville.  Memb.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1855,  P. 
1878 ;  Kentucky  State  Med.  Soc.  1860 ;  Corres.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
1857;  Hon.,  Philad.  Acad.  Surg.;  Fellow  Abingdon  Acad.  Med.  1880; 
Constit.  Amer.  Surg.  Assoc.  1880  ;  Louisiana  State  Med.  Soc. ;  Internat. 
Med.  Congresses,  1866,  1876,  V.  P.,  1887,  V.  P.  Resid.  U.  S.  Marine 
Hosp.  Louisville  1846-48 ;  Demonstrator  Anat.  Med.  Coll.  Louisville 
1848-56.     Prof.  Anat.  Pa.  Med.  Coll.  1856-58 ;  Prof.  Anat.  1858-72,  Sur- 


286  APPENDIX. 

gery,  1S72 .  Univ.  La.     Attend.  Surg.  Charity  Hosp.  New  Orleans 

1858 .    Med.  Inspector  and  Director  Genl.  C.  S.  A.  1862-65. 

*Senter,  Isaac.    Newport,  R.  I.    1790.    b.  1735.    d.  Dec.  20,  1799. 

Surg.  American  Army ;  Surg,  and  Phys.  Genl.  State  R.  I.  1780. 
Honorary,  Mass.  Med.  Soc. ;  Med.  Soc.  London ;  Rhode  Island  State 
Med.  Soc.  P. 

*Sewell,  Thomas.    Washington,  D.  C.     1842.    d.  April  10,  1845. 

Shattuck,  George  Cheyne.     Boston,  Mass.     1839.    b.  July  22,  1813. 

A.B.  1831,  A.M.  1834,  M.D.  1835,  Univ.  Harvard.  Memb.  Massachu- 
setts Med.  Soc.  1836;  Boston  Soc.  Med.  Observation  1837;  Boston  Soc. 
Med.  Jurisprudence  1835;  Amer.  Acad.  Arts,  and  Sc.  Visit.  Phys. 
Massachusetts  General  Hosp.  1850-86.  Prof.  Clinical  Med.  1855-59, 
Prof.  Theory  and  Practice  Med.  1859-74,  Prof.  Physiology  and  Instit. 
Med.,  Harvard  Univ. 

*Smith,  Nathan  Ryno.  Baltimore,  Md.  1842.  b.  May  21,  1797.  d.  July 
3,  1877. 
A.B.  1817,  M.D.  1823,  Yale  Coll.  Memb.  Honorary  Philad.  Med.  Soc. 
Feb.  1825 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847.  Prof.  Surg,  and  Anat.  Univ. 
Vermont;  Prof.  Anat.  and  Physiol.  Jefferson  Med.  Coll.  1824-26;  in 
Univ.  Md.  1827;  Prof.  Surgery  Univ.  Md.  1829-70.  [Prof.  Pract. 
Med.  Transylvania  Univ.  1838-40.] 

*Stevens,  Alexander  H.  New  York,  N.  Y.  1847.  b.  1789.  d.  March 
30,  1869. 
A.B.  Yale;  M.D.  1811,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  (Fellow)  Coll.  Phys.  and 
Surg.  N.  Y.  1813 ;  New  York  State  Med  Soc,  P. ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc. 
1846-47.  V.  P.,  1848,  P.  1849.  Prof  Surg.  Med.  Dept.  Queen's  Coll. 
1814-16,  Trustee  1820-26;  Prof.  Surg.  1837-39,  40-44;  Coll.  Phys.  and 
Surgeons  N.  Y. ;  Visit.  Phys.  New  York  Hosp.  1817. 

*Stewardson,  Thomas.  (Fellow.)  Jan.  1835.  Assoc,  Savannah,  Ga., 
Jan.  1847.  b.  July  10,  1807.  d.  June  30,  1878. 
M.D.  1830,  Univ.  Pa.  Resid.  Pa.  Hosp.  1830-32.  Memb.  Societe 
Medicale  d' Observation,  Paris  1833;  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  Dec.  1826; 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1836,  Record.  Sec.  1837-40,  Corres.  Sec.  1859- 
66 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1860 ;  Corresp.  Memb.  Societe  Imperiale  Aca- 
demique  de  Cherbourg,  1868.  Phys.  Philad.  Hosp.  1837-38 ;  Pa.  Hosp. 
1838-47.  Memb.  Board  of  Health  1838-40, 1861-63, 1867-72;  Lazaretto 
Phys.  May,  186't-May,  '65;  Prof.  Natural  Science  Georgia  Military  In- 
stit. 1851-53. 


AI'IMONDIX.  287 

*TiLTON,  Jamkh.     Delaware.     1700.     b.  174.'').    d.  May  14,  1822. 

M.D.  1771,  Coll.  Philiid.  jMeinh.  Amc-r.  I'hiloH.  Soc.  Jan,  1773. 
rhyH.  CJcnl.  HoHp.  Amer.  Army  at  Princeton  1777-82;  8urg.  Gcnl.  U. 
S.  A.  Miireh,  I-Sl.X 

*TwiTC!iKi.T;,  Amos.     Kccne,  N.  If.     1843. 

*Ware,  Thomas.    IJoston,  Mas.s.    1842. 

*Warren,  .TOHN  C.     Boston,  Mass.    1840. 

*Way,  Nicholas.     Deliuvare.     1790.     d.  .Sept.  2,  ]7'»7,  let.  50. 
M.D.  1771,  Coll.  Philad.    Director  U.  S.  Mint  1796. 

^Wellford,  Beverly  Randolph.    Fredericksburg,  Va.    IS/iO.    b.  .July 
29,  1797.     d.  Dec.  27, 1870. 
M.D.  1816,  Univ.  Md.  Prof.  Mat.  Med.  Med.  Coll.  Va.  1854.  Memb. 
Med.  Soc.  Va.,  P.  1852;    Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1847,  V.  P.  1851-52,  P. 
1852-53. 

Whittaker,  James  T.     Cincinnati,  O.     1886.     b.  March  3,  1843. 

A.B.  1863,  A.M.  1868,  IMiiimi  Univ. ;  M.D.  1866,  Univ.  Pa.  and  1867, 
Med.  Coll.  Ohio.  Memb.  Cincinnati  Acad.  Med.  1869,  P.  1887  ;  Ohio 
State  Med.  Soc.  1871 ;  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  1884;  International  Med. 
Congr.  1884;  Assoc.  Amer.  Phys.,  Recorder,  1886;  Climatological  Assoc. 
1886.  Surgeon's  Steward,  1863,  Act.  Asst.  Surgeon  till  Oct.  10,  1865, 
U.  S.  Navy.  Resid.  City  Hosp.  1867.  Lecturer  on  Pathology,  1870, 
Clinical  Med.  1875,  Good  Samaritan  Hosp.  Prof.  Physiol.  1870-80, 
Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  1880 .     Med.  Coll.  Ohio. 

*WoBTHiNGTON,  WiLMER.     West  Chester,  Pa.      1868.     d.  Sept.  11,  1873, 
let.  69. 

M.D.  1825,  Univ.  Pa.  Memb.  Chester  Co.  Med.  Assoc.  P. ;  Amer. 
Med.  Assoc.  1848 ;  Med.  Soc.  State  Pa.  P.  1850 ;  House  Rep.  Legisla- 
ture Pa.  Speaker  of  the  Senate.  Surveyor  of  the  Port  of  Philad.  Secre- 
tary of  the  Board  of  State  Charities. 

Yandell,  David  Wendel.  Louisville,  Ky.  Jan.  1887.  b.  Sept.  4,  1826. 
M.D.  1846,  Univ.  Louisville.  Memb.  Med.  Soc.  State  Ky.  1852; 
Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1850,  P.  1873 ;  Med.  Soc.  London,  1881 ;  Med.  Soc. 
Edinb.  1881 ;  Amer.  Surg.  Assoc.  Phys.  1848,  Consult.  Phys.  1860-^5, 
Surg.  1865-70,  Consult.  Surg.  1870-87,  Louisville  City  Hosp.  Prof. 
Clinical  Med.  and  Pathol.  Anat.  1858-61,  Theory  and  Pract.  Med.  1867 
-69,  Clinical  Surgery,  1870-74,  Surgery  and  Clinical  Surg.  1874^-87, 
Univ.  Louisville.  Prof.  Surgery  Coll.  Phys.  and  Surg.  Indianapolis, 
1871-72.    Surg,  and  Med.  Director  C.  S.  A.  1861-65. 

American  Associates,  living  30  ;  deceased  35. 


"288  APPENDIX. 


FOREIGN  ASSOCIATES. 

ACKLAXD,  Sir  Henry  W.     Oxford,  England.     July,  1873.     b.  1815. 

M.D.  1848,  Oxford,  K.C.B.,  1884,  F.R.S.  Regius  Prof.  Med.  Oxford 
Univ.  1858.  Memb.  Royal  Sanitary  Commission,  1 869-72 ;  Amer.  Philos. 
Soc.  Jan.  1873 ;  British  Med.  Assoc.  P.  Honorary  Phys.  Prince  of 
Wales. 

*Alvarenza,  p.  F.  Da  Costa.    Lisbon,  Portugal.   Oct.  1869.    d.  1883  (?). 

Barnes,  Robert.     London,  England.     Jan.  1877. 

*B0ECK,  W.     Christiania,  Norway.     1872.     d.  Jan.  1876. 

Butcher,  R.  G.  H.     Dublin,  Ireland.     1865. 

*Christison,  Sir  Robert.     Edinburgh,  Scotland.     Dec.  1848.     b.  July 
18,  1797.     d.  Jan.  27,  1882. 

M.D.  1819,  Univ.  Edinb.;  D.C.L.  1866,  Univ.  Oxford;  Baronet, 
1871;  LL.D.  1872,  Univ.  Edinb.  Prof.  Med.  Jurisprudence,  1822; 
Prof.  Mat.  Med.  Univ.  Edinb.  1882-77.  Royal  Coll.  Phys.  Edinb.  P. 
Ordinary  Phys.  to  the  Queen  in  Scotland. 

^Churchill,  Fleetwood.    Dublin,  Ireland.    1853. 

*CouRTY,  Amedee.     Montpellier,  France.     1881. 

Fayrer,  Sir  Joseph.     London,  England.     1883.     b.  Dec.  6,  1824. 

M.D.  1848,  Univ.  Rome ;  M.D.  1858,  Edinb.  K.C.S.1. 1876,  LL.D.  1878, 
F.R.S.  Fellow  Royal  Coll.  Phys.  1872;  R.C.S.  London  and  Edinb. 
1878,  R.N.  1847-59,  R.A.  Bengal,  1850-74.  Prof.  Surgery  Royal  Coll. 
Bengal,  1859-74.  Fellow  Roy.  Geol.  Soc.  1848  ;  F.R.S.  1877  ;  Fellow 
Roy.  Medico-Chirurgical  Soc.  Memb.  Council  Patholog.  Soc. ;  Ex-P. 
Epidem.  and  Med.  Soc. ;  Corres.  Acad.  Med.  Paris. ;  Roy.  Acad.  Med. 
Rome ;  Ex-P.  Asiatic  Soc.  Bengal.  Late  Surg. -Gen.  Bengal  Med.  Ser- 
vice; P.  Med.  Board  India  Office,  1874;  Phys.  to  Sec.  of  State  for 
India  in  Council,  1874 ;  Memb.  of  Senate  Army  Med.  School,  Netley, 
1874;  Army  Sanitary  Commission,  1874;  Corres.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad. 
1874;  Examiner  in  Anat.  and  Physiol.  Indian  Naval  and  Med.  Ser- 
vices, 1880  ;  Gov.  Guy's  Hosp. ;  Gov.  Charing  Cross  Hosp.  Honorary 
Phys.  to  the  Queen,  and  to  the  Prince  of  Wales ;  Phys.  to  the  Duke  of 
Edinburgh. 


AJ'l'KNlJlX.  289 

FOTJiKR(ai,ii,  J.  MrLNKic.     ly'iiidoM,  lOiii/l.iu'l.     Oct.  1878. 

M,I).  M(Mn}).  Royiil  Coll.  I'liyH.  LoikIom.  AHsiHt.  PIij'h.  for  DiHeases 
of  tlio  ClicHt,  ('ity  of  IjoikIoii  HoHp. 

■"■(JrNTKAf;,  I'].      I'onleniix,  l•"^illl(•(^      l.sr)7. 

*liAi.L,  AiiuiiinAi.iJ.     Canuihi.     Oct.  lsr,2.     d.  1807. 
M.D.,  F.R.S,    Prof.  Anat.  McGill  ( '-,11. 

Heath,  Christopher.    London,  iMi^rhiiid.    1883.    b.  March  13,  1830. 

Fellow  Royul  Coll.  Surg,  of  England,  1800,  Councillor,  1881,  Memb. 
Court  of  Exiunincrs,  1883.  Mcnih.  Pathological  Soc.  London,  ]8/;6; 
Fell.  Royal  Med.  and  Chirnrgical  8oc.  1805;  Constit.  Memb.  Clinical 
Soc.  London,  Trcaa.  Ilolnic  Prof.  Clinical  Surg.  Univ.  Coll.  1875; 
Surg.  Univ.  Coll.  Hoap. ;  Ivxaniiner  in  Surgery  Univ.  London,  1886. 
Fell.  King's  Coll.  Loudon. 

Howard,  Robert  Palmer.   Montreal,  Canada.  Jan.  1887.  b.  Jan.  10, 1823. 
M.D.,  CM.  184S,  LL.D.  ISSO,  .AlcGill  Univ.;    L.R.C.S.  1848,  Edinb. 

Prof.  Clinical  Med.  1850-60,  Theory  and  Pract.  1800 .,  Dean  Med. 

Faculty,  1882 .,  McGill  Univ.  Memb.  Medico-Chirurg.  Soc.  Mon- 
treal, P.  1880 ;  Canada  Med.  Assoc.  P.  1880;  a  foreman  Coll.  Phys. 
and  Surgeons,  Quebec,  1860,  P.  1880.  Attend.  Phys.  Montreal  Gen. 
Hosp.  1852-74,  Sec.  1854;  Protestant  Orphan  Asylum,  1 858 .  Con- 
sult. Phys.  MontrearGen.  Hosp.  1854 . 

Jackson,  J.  Hughlings.     London,  England.     April,  1874. 

Johnson,  George.     London,  England.     April,  1876.     b.  Xov.  1818. 

M.D.  1844.  First  Med.  Tutor  King's  Coll.  1843-.'i0.  Prof.  Mat.  Med. 
1857;  Prof.  Priucip.  and  Pract.  Med.  1863;  Prof  Clinical  Med.  1870- 
86  King's  Coll.;  F.R.S.  1872;  P.  Royal  Med.  and  Chirurgical  Soc.  1884 
-86.     Senior  Phys.  King's  Coll.  Hosp.  1876. 

*Lettsom,  John  Coakley.  Loudon.  England.  1802.   b.  1744.  d.  March  1. 
1815. 
Fellow  Royal  Coll.  Phys.  London,  F.R.S.     :Memb.  Amer.  Pliilos.  Soc. 
Jan.  1787. 

^Leyer,  John  M.     London,  England,  1854. 
Surgeon  Guy's  Hosp. 

Lister,  Sir  Joseph,  Bart.     Edinburgh,  Scotland.     Jan.  1877.     b.  1827. 

M.B.  1852,  Univ.  London;  F.R.C.S.  England  1852;  R.C.S.E.  1855, 
LL.D.  1879,  Univ.  Gla.sgow,  1880  Cambridge :  D.C.L.  1880,  Oxford. 
Bart.  1880.     Regius  Prof.  Surgery  Univ.  Glasgow. 

19 


290  APPENDIX. 

*Louis,  p.  Ch.  A.     Paris,  France.     1835. 

MACLEOD,  George  H.  B.    Glasgow,  Scotland.    1865.    b.  1828. 

M.D.  1853,  Univ.  Glasgow;  F.R.S.  Edin.;  F.R.C.S.  1857,  Edin. ; 
Fell.  Faculty  Phys.  and  Surg.  Glasgow  1858.  Regius  Prof.  Surgery  Univ. 
Glasgow.  Surgeon  in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen  in  Scotland.  P.  Medico- 
Cliirurgical  Soc.  Glasgow  (two  terms).  Corres.  -de  la  Soc.  de  Cli6r.  de 
Paris.  Corres.  Etrang.  de  I'Acad.  de  Mfid.  Paris.  Memb.  Deut.  Gesell. 
fiir  Chirurg.  Senior  Surg,  and  Lecturer  Clinical  Surgery  Western  In- 
firmary, Glasgow.  Formerly,  Surg.  Royal  Infirmary,  and  Senior  Surg. 
General  Hosp.  in  camp  before  Sebastopol. 

Ogle,  John^  W.     London,  England.     July,  1873. 

Paget,  Sik  Jajnces,  Bart.  London,  England.  April,  1874.  b.  Jan.  11,  1814. 
Memb.  1836,  Fellow  1843,  Royal  Coll.  Surg,  of  England.  Honorary, 
D.C.L.  Oxford.  LL.D.  Cambridge,  also,  Edinb.  F.R.C.S.  Ireland. 
M.D.  Bonn,  also  Wiirzburg.  F.R.S.  1851;  Corres.  Acad.  Sc.  Instit. 
France  18S6.  Assist.  Surg.  1847,  Surg.  1861-71  St.  Bartholomew's  Hosp. 
London. 

*Peacock,  Thomas  B.     London,  England.     July,  1873. 

*Pereiea,  Jonathan.     Loudon,  England.     1848.     b.  May  22,  1804.     d. 
Jan.  20,  1853. 

M.D.  1840,  Erlangen;  F.R.S.  and  L.S.  Licentiate  Coll.  Phys.  Lon- 
don, Fellow,  1845.  Memb.  Royal  Coll.  Surgeons  June,  1825.  Fellow 
and  Phys.  London  Hosp.  Lecturer,  and  Examiner  on  Mat.  Med.  Univ. 
London. 

*Renaudet,  Peter.    Bristol,  England.     1795. 

Valcourt,  Thophile  de.  Cannes,  France.  Oct.  1869.  h.  May  3,  1836. 
M.D.  1864,  Paris  ;  M.R.C.P.  London,  1878.  Memb.  Med.  Societies 
of  Paris,  Stockholm,  Chambery,  Reims,  Odessa;  British  Med.  Assoc; 
Assoc.  Frau^aise  des  Sciences ;  International  Med.  Congr. ;  Meteorolo- 
gical Soc.  of  France.  Surgeon  Cannes  City  Hosp. ;  Marine  Hosp.  for 
Scrofulous  Children;  Asile  Evangelique;  Consult.  Phys.  at  Cannes 
(Alpes  Maritimes). 

Valery,  Gaetano.     Rome,  Italy.     Oct.  1857. 

M.D.  Physician  and  Lecturer  on  Pathological  Anat.  Hosp.  Santo 
Spirito,  Rome. 

*Velasco,  Pedro  Gonzales.    Spain.    1861.    d.  1881. 
Director  Anatomical  Museum  Univ.  Madrid. 

*Walther,  Hermann.    Dresden,  Saxony.    1860.    d.  1883. 

Foreign  Associates  living,  15 ;  deceased,  15. 


APPENDIX.  2Ui 


COUKEHPONOINO    MKAJBEUH. 

Caukovv,  Flemmino.     Ciintoii,  C'liiri;i.     1880. 
Chiaua,  Domenico.    Miliiii,  lUily.     1880. 

Dey,  Kanny  Lai.T..     Calcutta,  India.     Fob.  1880.     b.  Sept.  24,  1831. 

G.M.C.B.  1854,  Med.  Coll.  of  Bengal;  Hai  Bahadoor,  1872;  CLE. 
(Companion  Indian  Empire)  1884.  Memb.  Sydenham  Soc.  London 
1859;  IJritisli  Med.  Assoc.  1803;  Pharmaceutical  Soc.  Great  Britain, 
1863;  F.U.C.  [Fellow  Univ.  Calcutta]  1870;  Faculty  of  Med.  Univ. 
Calcutta,  1871 ;  Chemical  Soc.  London  (F.C.S.),  1880 ;  Soc.  Science, 
Letters  and  Art,  London  (F.S.  Se.  Lond.),  1880;  Calcutta  Med.  Soc.  V. 
P.  1S81 ;  Syndicate  Calcutta  Univ.  1886 ;  Distr.  Charit.  Soc.  Calcutta, 
1886;  Assist.  Govt.  Chemical  Examiner,  1854;  Prof.  Chemistry  Calcutta 
Med.  Coll.  1854;  Presidency  Coll.  Calcutta,  1862;  Additional  Chemical 
Examiner  to  Govt,  and  Assist,  to  Prof.  1867-72  ;  Teacher  of  Chemistry 
and  Med.  Jurisprudence  to  the  Vernacular  Classes,  Calcutta  Med.  Coll. 
1869-84;  Prof.  Chemistry,  and  Govt.  Chemical  Examiner,  Calcutta 
Med.  Coll.  1877-78.  Justice  of  the  Peace  (J.  P.)  Calcutta,  1872-87; 
Committee  of  the  Economic  Museum,  1874—87 ;  Municipal  Commis- 
sioner, Calcutta,  1877-85;  Central  Committee  for  the  Selection  of  the 
Vernacular  Text-books,  1877-87 ;  Presidency  Magistrate  for  the  town  of 
Calcutta,  1881-87 ;  Committee  and  Juror  of  the  Calcutta  Exhib.  of 
Indian  Art  Manufactures,  1881-82  ;  Juror  at  the  Jeypore  Exhib.  1883  ; 
also,  Calcutta  Internat.  Exhib.  1883-84. 

N.B.  Retired  from  the  service  of  the  Government  at  the  end  of  30 
years  employment,  1884. 

Eendu,  Jean.     Lyons,  France.     1855. 

Wasseige,  Adolphe.     Liege,  Belgium.     1880.     b.  Sept.  10,  1827. 

M.D.  1854,  Univ.  Liege.  Corres.  Acad.  Royal  Med.  de  Belgique 
March,  1861 ;  Constit.  Medico-Chirurg.  Soc.  Liege,  P.  1862  and  "79 ; 
Memb.  Medico-Chirug.  Soc.  Bologne,  Jan.  1876  ;  Royal  Soc.  Med.  and 
Nat.  Sc.  Brussels,  Aug.  1876  ;  Med.  Soc.  Gand,  May,  1877  ;  Med.  Soc. 
Antwerp,  Sept.  1877 ;  Soc.  of  Public  Med.  Kingdom  of  Belgium,  Aug. 
■  1877;  Soc.  Med.  and  Nat.  Sc.  Dresden,  1859;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Leipzic, 
July,  1880;  Societe  Imperiale  de  Vilna,  June,  ISSO;  Med.  Soc.  Lyons, 
July,  1882;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Edinb.  Oct.  1882;  Med.  Soc.  Charleroi 
July,  1883;  Obstetrical  Soc.  San  Francisco,  Cal.  Jan.  1884;  Med.  Soc. 
Strasbourg  July,  1884 ;  Obstetrical  Soc.  Paris,  June,  1885  ;  Royal  Acad. 
Palermo  Jan.  1886 ;  Med.  Acad.  France,  June,  1886 :  Titular}-,  Royal 
Acad.  Med.  Belgium,  1881 ;  Med.  Soc.  Ghent,  Aug.  1884;  Belgian  Geo- 
graphical Soc.  April,  1884. 

Correspondents,  5. 


292  APPENDIX. 


LIST   OF   BIOGRAPHICAL   NOTICES   OF   FELLOWS   AND   ASSOCIATES   OF   THE 
COLLEGE   OF   PHYSICIANS   OF   PHILADELPHIA.      NOVEMBER,    1887. 

Arnold,  Richard  Dennis,  M.D.  By  T.  S.  Hopkins,  M.D.  Trans.  Amer. 
Med.  A-^soc,  vol.  29,  1878. 

Atlee,  John  Light,  M.D.,  LL.D.      By  D.  Hayes  Agnew,  M.D.      Trans. 
Coll.  Phys.  Phllnd.,  vol.  viii.,  3d  Series,  1886. 
Anon.     Trans.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  Pa.,  vol.  xviii. 

Atlee,  Washington  Lemuel,  M.D.     By  Thomas  M.  Drysdale,  M.D. 
Gynecological  Tramactions,  vol.  iii.,  1879. 
By  T.  M.  Drysdale,  M.D.     Trans.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  Pa.,  vol.  xii.,  1879. 
By  J.  M.  Toner,  M.D.     Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  vol.  30,  1879. 

Bache,  Franklin,  M.D.  By  George  B.  Wood,  M.D.  Read  June  16, 
1865.     Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  vol.  x.,  1865. 

By  George  B.  Wood,  M.D.  Read  May  3,  and  June  7,  1865,  before  the 
Coll.  Phys.  Philad.  Pamphlet,  with  portrait,  8vo.  pp.  66.  Philadel- 
phia: J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.,  1865. 

By  Aug.  H.  Fish,  M.D.  Trans.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  Pa.,  4th  Series,  Part 
^I.,  1865. 

By  William  Maybury,  M.D.     Trans.  Amer.  Med.  A>^soc,  vol.  16,  1865. 

Bard,  Samuel,  M.D.,  LL.D.     By  Henry  W.  Ducachet,  M.D.     The  Amer. 

Med.  Recorder,  vol.  4,  1821.    Thacher's  Amer.  Med.  Biogr. — Abridged 

from  his  life,  by  Rev.  John  McVickar. 
By  James  P.  White,  M.D.     Amer.  Med.  Biogr.      By  S.  D.  Gross,  M.D. 

1861. 
Anon.  Biographia  Americana,  New  York,  1825.     The  Lives  of  Eminent 

Philadelphians    now  Deceased.     By   Henry  Simpson.     Philad.,  1859. 

Appleton's  New  Amer.  Encyclopedia. 

Barton,  Benjamin  Smith,  M.D.  Thacher's  Amer.  Med.  Biogr.  Miller's 
Retrospects.    Simpson's  Lives  of  Eminent  Philadelphians.    Philad.,  1859. 

Anon.  Biographia  Americana,  New  York,  1825. 

By  W.  P.  C.  Barton,  M.D.  Read  before  the  Philad.  Med.  Soc.  The 
Portfolio,  April,  1816. 

Beck,  T.  Romeyn,  M.D.,  LL.D.    Anon.  Appleton's iVewJ.TOer.  Encyclopedia. 

Beesley,  Theophilus   E.     By  Squire  Littell,  M.D.     Trans.  Coll.  Phys. 

Philad.,  vol.  iv..  New  Series,  1863-1874. 
By  H.  Y.  Evans,  M.D.     Trans.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  Pa.,  5th  Series,  Part 

I.,  1868. 
By  C.  C.  Cox,  M.D.,  LL.D.     Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  vol.  21,  1870. 


APPRNDIX.  298 

JJkI;!,,  .loifN,  M.I).  I'.y  Iv.'uvniicc  'I'miiiI»mII,  M.I).  Tinn«.  Med.  Sic.  Sinie  of 
I'a.,  vol.  X.,  I'.Mi-l  II.,  i.S7r>. 

BiDDLE,  .loiiN   lUucLAY,  M.D.      By  E.   !'>.  (Jiirclctto,  M.D.       Tram.   0>U. 
Phyx.  Philad.,  vol.  iv.,  .'{d  Series,  JH7!». 
By  EUernlie  Walliicc,  M.D.     Trans.  Med.  Soc.  Sink  of  I'a.,  vol.  xii.,  I'art 

II.,  1879. 
By  Frank  Woodbury,  M.D.      Tranx.  Amcr.  Med.  Amic,  vol.  '.'A,  1880. 

BiGELOW,  Jacom,  M.D.  I'.y  L.  I"\  Wiirncr,  M.D.  [Extracts  from  a  Memoir, 
by  Rev.  George  Ellis,  D.D.  |      Tram.  Avier.  Med.  Assoc.,  vol.  33,  1882. 

BoLLES,  Lucius  S.,  M.I).  P.y  A.  1).  Hall,  M.D.  Trans.  Med.  Sdc.  Stale  of 
Pa.,  vol.  x.,*Part  II.,  1875. 

Bond,  Henry,  M.D.  By  D.  Francis  Condie,  M.D.  Tram.  Coll.  Phys. 
Philad.,  vol.  ill.,  New  Series,  1856-1862.  Also  in  Trans.  Med.  Sue 
State  of  Pa.,  2d  Series,  Part  Y.,  LS60.  Simpson's  Lives  of  Eminent 
Pldladclphiaus  now  Decea-ned.  Philad.,  1859. 
By  Horatio  Gates  Jones.  Genealogies  of  the  Eearly  Settlers  of  Waterioton. 
By  Henry  Bond,  IM.D.    2d  edition.     Boston,  I860. 

BOURNONVILLE,  Antoine,  M.D.  By  Andrew  Nebinger,  M.D.  Trans.  Med. 
Soc.  State  of  Pa.,  3d  Series,  Part  III.,  1864.  Trans.  Anu'r.  Med.  Assoc., 
vol.  16,  1855. 

Bridges,  Robert,  M.D.  By  W.  S.  W.  Rnscbenberger,  M.D.  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sc.  Philad.,  1882.  Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  1884.  Amer.  Journ. 
Pharmacy,  1884. 

Brinckle,  Thomas  R.  By  Samuel  Emleu,  M.D.  Trans.  OjU.  Phys.  Philad., 
vol.  ii.,  New  Series,  1856. 

Brinckle,  William  Draper,  M.D.  By  E.  B.  Gardette,  M.D.  Read  before 
the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Soc,  March  24,  1863.     Pamphlet. 

Burns,  Robert,  M.D.  Anon.  Trans.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  Pa.,  vol.  xvii.,  1885. 

Caldavell,  Charles,  M.D.,  Autobiography  of,  with  a  preface,  notes,  and 
appendix,  by  Harriot  W.  Warner.  8vo.  pp.  474.  Philadelphia :  Lip- 
pincott,  Grambo  &  Co.,  1855.  Simpson's  Lives  of  EmineJit  Philadel- 
phians  now  Deceased.  Philad.,  1859. 
By  H.  H.  Coates,  M.D.  Read  before  the  Amer.  Philos.  Soc— Biog- 
raph.  Pamphlets.     Xo.  1732,  Libr.  Coll.  Phys.  Philad. 

Carson,  Joseph,  M.D.   By  James  Darrach,  M.D.    Trans.  Coll.  Phys.  Philad., 

3d  Series,  vol.  iv.,  1879. 
By  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger.      The  Amer.  Journ.  Med.  Sc.,  April,  1877. 
By  R.  Seaman.  :\I.D.     Tran.<.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  Pa.,  vol.  xi..  Part  II., 

1887. 


294  APPENDIX. 

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By  J.  Aitkin  Meigs,  M.D.     Arner.  Med.  Biogr.     By  S.  D.  Gross,  M.D. 

1861. 
Anon.  With  portrait— Simpson's  Lives  of  Eminent  Philadelphians, 

Ray,  Isaac,  M.D.,  LL.D.     By  Thomas  S.  Kirkbride,  M.D.     T-ans.  Coll. 
Phys.  Philad.,  vol,  v.,  3d  Series,  1881. 
By  Charles  K.  Mills,  M.D.    The  Medico-Legal  Journal,  vol.  v.     New 
'York,  1887, 


AIMMONDIX.  y>()l 

Redman,  .Iomn,  M.\>.  'riniclicr'H  Amnr.  Med.  Biogr. 
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Anon.  Mcdicid  Mimruni.,  vol.  v.,  1808. 

REMINirroN,  IhaA(;,  M.I).     F{y  Sijiiiix;  LilU'll,  M.I).    Trans.  (!nV.  I'lnj^i.  I'hilad., 

vol.  iii.,  18r)(;-(;2. 
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Series,  18G3. 
By  Christopher  (!.  Cox,  M.D.     Tram.  Amor.  Med.  Ashoc,  vol.  14,  1863. 

Revekk,  John,  M.I).     By  Valciitinc  Mott,  :\I.I).     rinuphlct,  8vo.  j..  40. 
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Anon.     MedicAil  Exnmi)ier,\9>^l .     Tram.  Ai/ier.  Mnl.  A-isoc,  vol.  'i,  iXoO. 

Rhoads,  Edward,  M.D.     By  William  Pepper,  M.D.     Tram.  Coll.  Phys. 
Philad.,  vol.  iv.,  New  Scries,  18()3-74. 
By  Henry  Hartshorne,  M.D.     J*roc.  Avicr.  /'kilos.  Soc,  vol.  xii.,  1871. 

Ritchie,  Thomas  H.,  M.D.    By  John  Marshall  Paul,  M.D.    Read  Sept. 
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Rogers,  Robert  E.,  M.D.     By  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger,  M.D.   Proc.  Amer. 
Philos.  Soc,  vol.  xxiii.,  1880. 
By  J.  W.  Holland,  SI.D.     Eulogy  delivered  at  Jefferson  Med.  Coll., 

Sept.  30,  1885.     Pamphlet. 

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[Written  by  Dr.  Charles  Caldwell,  see  his  Autobiography.] 
Anon.    Thacher's   Amer.  Med.  Biogr.      Chalmer's  Biography.      Ree's 

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Eclectic  Repertory,  vol.  3,  July,  1813. 
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June,  1814.      ' 


302  APPENDIX, 

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The  biogra]ihical  notices  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  wear  the  form  of  eulogy. 
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the  present  generation  to  estimate  fairly  the  qualities  or  limits  of  his  merit, 
or  determine  to  what  features  of  his  character  his  renown  is  to  be  ascribed. 
A  life  of  Dr.  Rush,  with  his  correspondence  and  extracts  from  his  diary, 
written  in  a  purely  judicial  spirit  would  be  very  instructive.  Materials  for 
it  may  be  found  in  the  Ridgway  branch  of  the  Philadelphia  Library. 

Sheppaed,  Frederick  C,  M.D.  Anon.  Trans.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  Pa.,  vol. 
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Shippen,  William,  M.D.  By  Caspar  Wistar,  M.D.,  1809.  Philad.  Journ. 
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Thacher's  Amer.  Med.  Biogr.  Extracts  from  eulogy  on,  by  Dr.  Cald- 
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Anon.   Biogr aphia  Americana.    New  York,  1825. 

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By  George  W.  Norris,  M.D.  The  Early  History  of  Medicine  in  Phila- 
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Smith,  Francis  Gurney,  M.D.    By  J.  M.  Toner,  M.D.    Trans.  Amer.  Med.. 
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By  Charles  B.  Nancrede,  M.D.    Trans.  Med.  Soc  State  of  Pa.,  vol.  xii.,. 
1878. 

Smith,  Nathan  Ryno,  M.D.  By  N.  S.  Lincoln,  M.D.  Trans.  Med.  Assoc, 
vol.  29,  1878. 

Smyth,  Francis  Garden,  M.D.  By  Edward  J.  Nolan,  M.D.  Trans.  Med. 
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Stephens,  Alexander  H.,  M.D.  By  Christopher  C.  Cox,  M.D.,  LL.D. 
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STEWARDf^ON,  TiiOMAS,  M.D.  By  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger,  M.D.  Trans. 
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APPKNDIX.  803 

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Thomas,  Robert  P.,  M.D.    By  Henry  Hartshorne,  M.D.   Tram.  Odl.  J'hyn. 

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304  APPENDIX. 

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CENTENNIAL  ANNIVERSARY  OF  TIFE  INSTITUTION 
OF  THE  COLLEGE  OF  J'llVSlCIANS 
OF  PIIILADELFIIIA. 

COMMEMORATIVI']    ADDRESS. 

By 

S.  WEIK  MITCHELL,  M.D.,  LL.D., 

PRESIDENT  OF  TIIIC  COLLEGE. 

[Delivered  Juimary  3,  1887.] 


We  arc  met  this  evening  to  commemorate  the  hundredth  birthday 
of  the  ohiest  medical  society  in  America  -which  is  not  a  State  organi- 
zation. New  Jersey  and  Massachusetts  have  State  societies  of  older 
date,  which  of  necessity  met  rarely,  and  were  chiefly  meant  to  give 
unity,  force,  and  discipline  to  a  profession,  the  members  of  which 
were  widely  scattered  over  a  thinly  peopled  countr3^ 

One  hundred  years  ago  the  grave  and  kindly  man  whose  portrait 
hangs  above  me  at  our  meetings,  met  the  Fellows  of  this  ancient 
College  as  their  first  President. 

In  words  which  quaintly  represent  to-day  my  own  feelings,  John 

Redman  expressed  his  sense  of  the  honor  then  conferred  upon  him 

and  of  the  responsibility  created  by  such  an  audience;   '"for,""  said 

he,   ''when  I  look  around  me  I  see  so  many  gentlemen  of  character 

for  learning,  ingenuity,  and  integrity  in  the  profession  and  practice 

of  physick,""  and  some  whose  talents  have  early  called  them  forth 

into  publick   notice,  and  offices  of  dignity  in   the  medical  line,  and 

who  have  conducted  therein  for  many  years  so  much  to  their  own 

reputation,  and  to  the  advancement  and  satisfaction  of  their  pupils 

and  of  their  fellow-citizens." 

20 


306  MITCHELL, 

At  the  close  of  his  address  he  confesses  that  his  mind  has  taken  a 
more  serious  turn,  and  says,  "  I  think  it  is  very  becoming  in  us  at 
the  commencement  of  this  our  Institution,  to  acknowledge  the  Su- 
preme Being  to  be  our  sovereign  lord  and  ruler,"  and  thus  goes  on 
into  a  simple  and  straightforward  prayer,  "that  through  all  the  days 
of  this  College,  they  who  sat  about  and  all  who  are  to  come  publickly 
and  privately  serve  their  generation  faithfully,  according  to  God's 
will,  that  they  may  find  rewards  beyond  the  grave." 

"When  John  Redman  thus  seriously  addressed  the  founders  of 
what  he  called  "'a  collegiate  society."  he  was  sixty-five  years  of  age. 
He  was  born  forty-one  yeai's  after  William  Penn  laid  out  this  city. 
The  men  he  so  feelingly  counselled  were  all  his  juniors.  He  looked 
back  over  the  larger  part  of  a  century,  during  which  his  new-born 
country  had  leaped  to  sturdy  life,  and  set  an  example  that  had  helped 
to  bring  unthought-of  changes  to  its  great  European  ally — a  century 
of  disturbing  political  and  social  thought — fertile  in  revolutionary 
activities. 

To  understand  the  men  over  whom  he  presided,  to  comprehend 
tlie  inheritance  of  examples  they  left  us,  to  realize  above  all  how 
peculiar  have  been  the  relations  of  the  physician  to  the  social  and 
political  existence  of  Philadelphia,  it  is  necessary  to  look  back  through 
the  century  which  preceded  the  foundation  of  this  College. 

The  history  of  any  profession  in  connection  with  the  progress  and 
wrowth  of  a  new  country  is  of  the  utmost  interest,  and  of  no  profes- 
sion is  this  more  true  than  of  ours.  The  bar,  the  army,  the  navy, 
and,  in  other  lands,  the  church,  have  distinct  natural  relations  to 
the  government,  but  the  physician  has  none,  and  in  monarchial  coun- 
tries this  fact  has  served  to  create  for  him  annoying  social  limitations 
which  are  but  too  slowly  fading  as  communities  grow  into  intelligent 
disregard  of  feudal  traditions.  His  position  in  any  community  is  a 
fair  test  of  its  good  sense.  But  in  new  lands,  peopled  by  the  self- 
selection  of  the  fittest,  by  those  who  have  the  courage  of  enterprise, 
and  the  mental  and  moral  outfit  to  win  for  it  success,  the  physician 
is  sure  to  take  and  keep  the  highest  place,  and  to  find  open  to  him 
more  easily  than  to  others  wealth,  social  place,  and,  if  he  desire  it, 
the  higher  service  of  the  State.  Nowhere  was  this  more  true  than 
in  this  city.     In  New  England  the  clergy  were  for  a  long  time  dom- 


COMMKMOI'.ATIVK    ADDRKSS^  807 

iiiiinl.  In  New  Yovk  tlicii,  ;is  now,  (•()iiiiiiiTci;i]  huccosh  was  tlic 
surest  roiul  l.o  sociiil  iiosilion.  Sonlli  of  iih  it  was  llif  I;indlioI(lor 
■wlio  ruled  witli  undisputed  sway.  l)Ut  in  tliis  city — I  may  Kay  in 
tliis  Stat(( — from  the  lir.sl  settlement  until  to-day  the  [)liysif;ian  \i;iH 
lield  an  almost  uinjuesiioned  and  somewhat  curious  f»reemineri(X'. 
lie  is  and  always  lias  I)cen  i-elatively  a  more  hroadly  important  per- 
sonage here  than  elsewhere. 

If  this  be  not  as  clear  to  you  as  it  is  to  me,  let  me  remind  you 
that  in  every  Icgishitiire  of  this  ( 'ommonwealth  you  will  find  a  dozen 
members  of  our  })rofcssion  who  have  for  a  time  taken  up  the  duties 
of  lawgivers,  intending  to  return  again  to  their  practice.  I  observe 
on  the  list  of  our  Fellows  to-day  many  men,  and  they  are  of  our  best, 
who  have  been  or  who  are  directors  of  insurance  companies  or  .saving 
funds,  or  even  of  banks,  a  thing  almost  unheard-of  in  cities  where 
the  lower  civilization  of  commerce  is  dominant.  You  will  find  them, 
also,  in  unusual  numbers  on  our  collegiate  boards.  Our  great 
charities  are  never  without  some  of  them  in  their  councils,  and  the 
Philadelphia  Library  is  obliged,  under  the  will  of  James  Rush,  to 
have  in  its  direction  three  physicians.  In  our  hospital  boards,  and 
still  more  largely  in  our  learned  societies,  they  are  equally  well 
represented. 

Says  a  learned  historian,  writing  of  the  Philadelphia  of  1828, 
"•Nothing  struck  me  so  much  as  the  social  force  and  influence  of  the 
physicians.  I  was  familiar  with  other  cities,  and  nowhere  else  did 
they  seem  to  me  to  be  so  distinctly  the  leaders  of  social  life.'" 

The  exceptional  position  whicli  we  occupy  here  is  in  a  large 
measure  due  to  the  good  fortune  which  early  in  our  history  directed 
to  these  shores  a  remarkable  group  of  physicians,  the  friends  and  co- 
religionists of  Penn. 

As  I  am  chiefly  addressing  Pennsylvanians,  I  shall  not  venture 
to  say  much  of  men  whose  names  are  still  familiar.  I  desire,  how- 
ever, to  show  what  breadth  of  liberty  they  had  to  do  things  which 
nowadays  would  scarcely  be  regarded  as  within  the  legitimate 
career  of  the  largest-minded  physician.  Edward  Jones,  chirurgeon, 
came  over  in  1682.  His  fiither-in-law,  Thomas  Wynne,  set  sail  in 
the  "Welcome,"  with  his  friend  William  Penn,  in  that  same  August. 
These  were  both  physicians  of  gentle  breeding,  and  of  the  best  edu- 


308  MITCHELL, 

cation  their  day  could  offer.  Thomas  Wynne  "was  an  active  practi- 
tioner of  "physick,  and  yet  found  time  to  become  President  of  the 
first  Assembly  -which  met  in  the  province,  and  in  -which  sat  also  his 
son-in-la-w,  Jones.  Both  of  these  men  lived  to  hold  many  offices  of 
political  trust  and  honor  in  their  adopted  country. 

Next  in  our  medical  genealogy  comes  Thomas  Lloyd.  There  is, 
•what  was  called  in  Friends'  phraseology,  a  testimony^  concerning 
him  -which,  heard  pleasantly  across  the  turmoil  of  nearly  two  cen- 
turies, tells  how  that  "  he  had  a  great  practice,  ....  and 
generally  good  success,  -whereby  it  was  often  his  lot  to  be  amongst 

many  of  account  in  the  Avorld Yet  being  a  man  of 

tender  spirit,  he  was  conscientiously  careful  over  his  patients  whether 
poor  or  rich. 

In  the  new  land  he  sought  for  conscience'  sake  he  was  still  for 
a  while  a  physician.  How,  think  you,  did  he  find  time  to  act  as 
Deputy-Governor  under  Penn,  President  of  Council,  Keeper  of  the 
Great  Seal  of  the  Commonwealth  ?  Apparently  the  good  and  great 
William  Penn  took  care  of  his  physician,  for  we  hear  that  his  friend 
Dr.  Griffith  Owen  held  the  posts  of  Member  of  Assembly,  Deputy- 
Master  of  the  Rolls,  and  Commissioner  of  Property, 

The  early  part  of  the  next  century  Avas  as  fortunate.  Lloyd 
Zachary,  the  grandson  of  that  accomplished  physician  and  trusted 
ruler  Lloyd,  was  the  first  physician  elected  to  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital,  and  was  what  we  would  call  Port  Physician  in  1725.  He 
shared  this  duty  with  Thomas  Graeme,  a  Scotch  physician,  who 
arrived  with  Governor  Keith  in  1715.  Besides  being  thrown  into 
large  practice  by  the  death  of  Griffith  Owen,  this  gentleman  was  at 
various  times  Naval  Officer,  a  Councillor,  Master-in-Chancery,  and 
at  last  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  for  which  we  may  note 
that  he  received  ,£50  a  year.  He  was  the  first  president  and  the 
founder  of  the  now  ancient  and  still  useful  St.  Andrew's  Society  for 
giving  aid  to  destitute  Scotchmen,  assisted  to  create  the  Philosophical 
Society,  was  with  Zachary,  the  two  Bonds,  Moore,  Cadwalader,  and 
Redman,  of  the  first  staff  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  and  died  in 

1  Levick,  J.  J.     Early  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  etc. 


commi-:mokativk  addkess.  809 

1772,  CoWrciov  <((■  llic  I'oit.      Oti    lii.s   t;otnl>stoiic  in  riiri.st  rjmrch- 
yiird,  it  i.s  waid  of  liiiii,  mikI  it  woiiM  .scoin  with  ju.st ice,  tliat 

"  Tin:  soul  lliut,  lived  williiii  Ihi-  cruiiihlin^  (Ui»t, 
In  ovory  jict  wuh  ciniticntly  jiifl ; 
IVnCofiil  throiii^h  life,  n'<  pcarfful,  too,  in  flf^ath, 
VVilliniil,  line  |miiLC  1](!  rciulcrcd  buck  hi.s  breath." 

The  men  I  Iiave  here  so  briefly  (lescril)O(l  were,  with  the  exception 
of  tlie  last,  of"  the  Society  of  Friends — Gncme  was  of  the  Church  of 
Enghmd.  The  great  struggle  between  the  Presbyterian  settlers  of 
the  interior  of  the  State  and  the  followers  of  Pcnn  was  now  in  full 
tide.  Already  other  sects  than  those  of  Penn  began  to  be  promi- 
nent, and  henceforward  we  find  physicians  of  eminence  who  were  not 
of  the  creed  of  Fox,  but  neither  in  the  seventeenth  nor  the  eighteenth 
century  do  we  observe  in  Pennsylvania  what  was  very  common  in 
early  New  England  and  New  Jersey — men  doubly  occupied  as 
physicians  and  clergymen. 

To  the  new  group  of  men  belong,  also,  the  two  Kearsleys,  to  one 
of  whom,  John,  a  memlter  of  the  Assembly,  we  owe  the  interesting 
spire  of  Christ  Church,  and  the  endowment  of  Christ  Church  Hos- 
pital for  reduced  women.  Kearsley's  pupils — or,  as  was  then  said, 
apprentices — were  all  natives  of  the  country,  and  among  them  were 
Zachary,  Cadw'alader,  William  Shippen,  Sr.,  the  Bonds,  Cadwalader 
Evans,  Redman,  Bard,  and  John  Kearsley,  Jr.  Bard  speaks  with 
energetic  disgust  of  his  master's  exactions. .  The  pupil  was  constantly 
subject  to  his  orders.  He  carried  medicines  to  the  sick,  or  prepared 
drugs  for  use  by  his  master  in  his  daily  rounds ;  he  made  fires,  kept 
the  office  clean,  and  did  other  less  agreeable  duties  commonly  de- 
volving nowadays  on  servants. 

William  Shippen,  a  founder  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  was, 
with  Redman,  the  only  one  of  Kearsley's  pupils  alive  in  Philadelphia 
wdien  this  College  was  instituted.  An  active  Presbyterian,  he  was  a 
trustee  of  Princeton  College  and  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia, 
Vice-President  of  the  Philosophical  Society,  one  of  the  staff  of  the 
Hospital,  and,  later  in  life,  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress. 

Thomas  Cadwalader  was  a  descendant  of  Wynne  and  Edward 
Jones,  and,  like  the  men  of  his  day,  active  in  scientific  societies, 


310  MITCHELL, 

hospital  work,  and  the  stormy  politics  of  his  time.  Unlike  Ke.ars- 
ley,  he  Avas  a,  stauneh  -whig,  and  his  two  sons,  John  and  Lambert, 
were  both  soldiers  of  distinction.  His  sedate  visage  hangs  in  your 
hall  to  justify  the  words  in  Avhich  John  Redman  regretted  that  he 
had  not  lived  long  enough  to  become  the  first  officer  of  this  body. 
"  One,"  he  says,  ''  on  whose  age,  character,  and  reputation  for 
medical  ability  and  respectable  deportment  to  and  among  us,  as 
.well  as  his  generous,  just,  and  benevolent  temper  of  mind  and  great 
acquaintance  with  books  and  men  and  things,  and  proper  attention 
to  times  and  seasons,  would,  I  am  persuaded,  have  pointed  him  out 
as  our  first  object."  He  is  sure  that  his  name  will  readily  occur  to 
the  Fellows.  "Nor  need  I  mention  it,"  he  adds,  "but  that  I 
naturally  recollect  with  pleasure  the  name  of  our  worthy  and 
well-respected  brother,  and  my  much  esteemed  friend,  Thomas  Cad- 
walader. 

He  grieves,  in  like  manner,  that  Thomas  Bond  could  not,  also, 
have  preceded  him  in  office,  "  a  man  of  judgment  and  skill,  of  inde- 
fatigable assiduity  to  the  last  in  the  practice  of  physick  and  surgery." 

I  should  have  found  it  difficult  to  say  less  as  regards  the  notable 
personages  who  came  and  went  on  the  scene  of  our  Colonial  history, 
and  Avho  brought  to  their  medical  work  the  tastes,  manners,  and 
education  of  gentlemen,  and  to  its  completeness,  high-minded  sense 
of  duty.  It  was  needful  that  I  spoke  of  them  in  order  to  show  how 
perfect  has  been  the  good  fortune  which,  from  the  day  when  the 
"  Welcome  "  brought  us  Thomas  Wynne  up  to  the  present  hour,  has 
failed  not  to  give  us  like  men,  gifted  with  like  intellectual  qualities, 
holding  the  same  lofty  traditions  of  honor  and  industry,  ready  to 
take  up  our  unending  task  whenever  an  older  and  wearied  generation 
laid  it  down. 

The  century  was  in  its  last  third.  A  new  group  of  physicians, 
nearly  all  young  or  in  early  middle  age,  and  trained  in  an  eventful 
war,  had  come  upon  the  stage.  The  city  contained  about  45,000 
people.  It  was  the  seat  of  Government  and  of  the  largest  social  life 
the  land  afforded.  Still  predominant  in  commerce,  it  was  also  active 
in  education  and  science.  The  College  of  Philadelphia  had  been  for 
a  time  suppressed,  the  University  had  been  medically  organized,  the 
Federal  constitution  was  in  debate,  and  Washington,  a  man  of  fifty- 


COMMEMOKATIVK    AI>I»IIKS,S.  311 

six  yciirs,  w:is  rcsidi^nt  in  l'liil;i(|rlplii;i.      l''itcli  was  constructing  his 
first  stcaiiiboat. 

Wlio  fii'st  sui^;^<_'stL'(l  till,'  loniiatioii  oltlii.s  College  is  unknown,  hut 
as  many  of  our  Fellows  were  educated  in  Edinburgh,  it  is  likely 
enough  that  the  success  of  its  Society,  which  dated  from  17'3o,  may 
have  led  them  to  imitate  it  here.  1  have  myself  seen  on  its  diploma 
the  name  of  "  Caspar  Wistar  Prajses  annuus." 

We  know  as  little  of  the  earlier  steps  taken  toward  the  foundation 
of  this  College.  John  Redman,  your  first  President,  says  that  "  at 
the  first  meeting  to  organize  ourselves  by  choosing  proper  officers 
and  members  so  as  to  constitute  a  body,"  he  was  elected  President. 
He  adds,  "  I  went  home  under  a  strong  impression  of  the  weight 
both  of  the  office  and  my  obligations  to  you."  Then  he  tells  us  that 
he  was  unable  to  attend  the  next  meeting,  and  apparently  it  is  at  a 
third  meeting  that  he  delivers  the  address  from  which  I  have  already 
quoted.  Its  faded  ink  and  formal,  patient  writing  seem  to  take  one 
back  to  a  less  hurried  era,  and  speak  eloquently  of  the  busy  years 
which  have  come  and  gone  since  my  serious-minded  predecessor 
looked  forward  hopefully  anticipating  your  future  usefulness. 

It  would  seem  that  the  Colleo;e  was  oro-anized  some  time  in  1786, 
but  as  to  this  we  have  no  record  other  than  that  just  mentioned. 
The  first  meeting  of  which  we  have  a  minute  took  place  on  .January 
2,  1787,  and  to  this  date  we  have  always  referred  as  our  natal  day. 

On  that  2d  of  January,  1787,  in  the-  evening,  in  a  little  house 
used  by  the  University  and  known  as  Surgeons'  Hall,  on  Fifth 
Street  south  of  Library,  assembled  a  portion  of  the  notable  group  of 
men  who  then  constituted  this  College.  By  the  dim  light  of  candles, 
for  which  I  have  found  the  modest  bill,  clad  after  the  fashion  of  the 
day,  some  in  Quaker  dress  and  some  in  knee  breeches,  silk  stockings, 
and  low  shoes  with  buckles,  most  of  them  carrying,  I  fancy,  the 
gold-headed  cane  and  the  meditative  snuff-box,  some  with  queues  or 
powdered  w'igs,  a  fading  fashion,  were  John  Jones,  William  Ship- 
pen,  Jr.,  Adam  Kuhn,  Benjamin  Rush.  Thomas  Parke,  Gerardus 
Clarkson,  Samuel  Duffield,  James  Hutchinson.  "William  W.  Smith, 
AndrcAV  Ross.  William  Clarkson,  .James  Hall,  William  Currie. 

The  full  roll  of  Fellows  and  Junior  Fellows  in  January,  1787,  adds 


312  MITCHELL, 

the  names  of  John  Redman,  John  Morgan,  George  GlentAvorth, 
Abraham  Chovet,  Benjamin  Say,  Samuel  Powel  Griffitts,  Benjamin 
Duihekl,  John  Morris,  John  Carson,  John  Foulke,  Robert  Harris. 

Before  our  charter  was  obtained  in  1789,  there  were  added 
Nathan  Dorsey,  John  R.  B.  Rodgers,  Caspar  Wistar,  Jr.,  James 
Cuningham,  Charles  Moore,  Michael  Leib,  John  H.  Gibbons. 

They  Avere  in  all  twenty-four  when  they  met  in  January,  1787, 
and  thirty-one  when  they  were  incorporated  in  1789.  Only  three 
of  their  names  are  to-day  represented  on  our  present  list ;  but  many 
more  are  familiar  to  your  ears,  and  if  we  include  the  men  I  have 
previously  mentioned,  you  will  find  that  a  large  share  of  the  best 
known  families  of  our  cit}^  trace  their  lineage  from  one  or  other  of 
this  memorable  group.  It  would,  in  fact,  be  easy  to  give  you  a  long 
catalogue  of  families  distinguished  in  our  national  and  local  history, 
or  in  our  social  life,  who  inherit  the  blood  of  one  or  more  of  the  phy- 
sicians I  have  named  or  have  yet  to  name ;  but  as  some  of  those  here 
present  may  have  the  misfortune  not  to  be  able  to  claim  the  honor 
of  medical  ancestry  I  generously  refrain. 

The  portraits  of  many  of  these  notable  personages  ornament  our 
halls,  and  tell  in  their  ruddy  complexions  of  men  who  lived  much 
out  of  doors  and  often  in  the  saddle,  and  illustrate  the  changes  which 
time  is  making  in  the  physical  conditions  of  our  race.  Here  are 
descendants  of  the  settlers  who,  armed  only  with  the  courage  of  good 
intention,  came  to  the  wilderness  with  Penn,  or  followed  soon  after. 
Welsh  or  English,  nearly  all  of  them,  but  two  represent  the  German 
element;  only  four  have  middle  names  —  as  to  which  a  curious 
change  is  seen  in  the  later  years. 

The  older  men  generally  sign  first.  The  President  was  sixty- 
five  ;  Jones,  fifty-eight ;  Morgan,  Shippen,  and  Kuhn,  each  fifty- 
one. 

These  were  physicians  who  assisted  at  the  troublous  birth  of  a 
great  nation.  I  fancy  that  I  can  see  in  their  resolute  faces  the  lines 
left  by  the  sorrows  and  trials  of  those  eventful  years  when  they  rode 
with  the  great  Virginian,  and  shared  with  him  the  hardships  of 
doubtful  campaigns  and  the  triumphs  of  Princeton  and  Yorktown. 
Among  them  were  the  friends  and  physicians  of  Washington,  Frank- 
lin, Hamilton,  Jefferson,  and  Adams.     They  held  to  their  medical 


COMMKMORATIVK    AUUHEHH.  313 

opinions,  ;i,m  W(;  sIkiII  sec,  with  tlu;  SiiiiK;  ;il).>olntc  helicf  tliaf.  con- 
I rolled  ilicir  |)oIiiir,;il  iidions,  .'iimI  wore  nearly  nH  really  to  fight  for 
the  one  as  lor  the  other.  As  to  their  nuMheal  ancestry,  tlie  he.st  of 
them  had  been  educated  at  Edinburgh,  whicli  Hchool  is  tlie  parent  of 
our  University.  Genealogically,  we  might  speak  of  our  College  and 
of  the  University  as  ejiildren  of  Edinburgh,  and  grandchildren  of 
Ley  den. 

Linger  with  me  n  little,  and  learn  who  and  what  were  these  our 
medical  forefathers;  the  men  who  had  won  fame  and  matured  char- 
acter on  the  field  and  in  the  hospital  wherewith  to  face  the  yet 
darker  hours  of  the  deadly  plague  so  soon  to  thin  their  ranks. 

The  most  illustrious  of  our  profession  are  not  always  the  most 
lovable.  Your  first  president,  John  liedman,  was  a  man  whom  all 
men  respected  and  all  men  loved.  He  spent  a  year  at  Edinburgh, 
was  graduated  at  Leyden,  in  1748,  under  Albinus,  and  returned 
home  to  practise  finally  only  medicine,  declining  midwifery  and  sur- 
gery. In  his  medical  creed  he  was  a  sturdy  follower  of  Sydenham. 
Like  the  most  of  his  fellows,  he  bled  without  hesitation  and  believed 
that  the  American  needed  more  positive  treatment  than  his  degen- 
erate British  ancestor.  Except  his  thesis  on  abortion,  a  defence  of 
inoculation,  and  his  excellent  account  of  the  yellow  fever  of  1764, 
he  left  little  behind  him.  A  man  gentle  without  lacking  force,  re- 
ligious without  a  trace  of  bigoti-y,  and  finding  in  his  faith  only  larger 
reasons  for  cheerfulness.  Quick  of  temper  and  as  quick  to  regret  it; 
punctual,  charitable,  exact,  a  type  of  what  the  practice  of  our  pro- 
fession makes  out  of  the  best  characters,  he  constantly  declined  polit- 
ical place.  We  are  told  "  that  he  suspended  pain  by  his  soothing 
manner  or  chased  it  away  by  his  conversation.""  (jne  would  like  to 
possess  the  secret  of  this  anesthetic  kindness.  He  died  in  1808  at 
the  age  of  eighty-six,  and,  Ave  are  told,  was  mourned  and  missed 
most  by  the  destitute,  being  like  that  physician  of  whom  Somervile 
says 

"  For  well  thy  soul  can  understand, 

The  poor  man's  call  is  God's  command."' 

John  Jones,  our  first  Vice-President,  was  of  another  type.  His 
two  grandfathers  were  Edward  Jones  and  Thomas  Wynne.  He  went 
abroad  early,  and  again  at  a  later  date,  and  became  the  warm  friend 


314  MITCHELL, 

of  Hunter  and  Pott.  In  1755  he  served  with  Sir  William  Johnson 
in  the  French  war,  settled  in  New  York,  and  left  it  when  it  was 
occupied  by  the  British.  For  a  time  he  sat  in  the  Senate  of  New 
York,  then  entered  the  army,  and  in  1778  settled  here,  where  he 
succeeded  Redman  in  the  hospital,  became  the  first  President  of  the 
Humane  Society,  and  was  physician  to  the  Dispensary  until  his 
death  in  1791.  We  owe  to  him  the  first  American  book  on  surgery 
in  1775.  He  dedicated  it  to  Cadwalader,  and  says,  "  If  I  cannot 
cure  the  fatal  disease  of  my  unfortunate  country,  I  can  at  least  pour 
a  little  balm  into  her  bleeding  wounds." 

John  Jones  was  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  lies,  since  1791, 
after  their  fashion,  in  a  nameless  grave  under  the  maples  in  their 
Arch  Street  burial-ground.  He  was  a  man  tranquil  of  temper,  easy 
and  polite,  fond  of  poetry  and  belles-lettres;  a  surgeon  so  expert  in 
lithotomy  that  he  frequently  operated  for  stone  in  a  minute  and  a 
half.  For  this  malady  he  attended  Franklin,  of  whose  philosophic 
cheerfulness  he  has  left  a  clear  account.  In  1790  he  went  to  New 
York  to  consult  in  the  case  of  Washington,  who  suflFered  at  that  time 
from  some  acute  disease  of  the  lungs. 

I  pause  to  add  that  another  of  our  Fellows,  Plunket  Glentworth, 
son  of  the  founder  George,  also  attended  Washington  in  Philadelphia 
in  1797.^  I  have  seen  a  letter  to  John  Lewis,  in  which  the  illus- 
trious patient  says  of  this  physician,  "No  nobler  man  or  more  skilful 
physician  ever  lived,"  and  calls  him  his  "estimable  friend" — almost 
the  sole  record  of  this  Glentworth — the  friend  of  Washington. 

Of  John  Morgan,  one  can  only  speak  with  admiration.  There  is 
in  this  State  a  portrait  of  him  by  Angelica  Kauffman,  and  the  excel- 
lent copy  in  our  hall  has  all  the  charm  of  distinction  and  manly 
beauty.  The  student  and  friend  of  Hunter  and  the  famous  Hewson; 
he  knew  well  Voltaire  and  the  great  Morgagni,  Avho  gave  him  the 
noble  copy  of  his  works  now  in  our  library,  inscribing  on  the  first 

page 

"  Viro  experienlissimo  et  humanissimo 
D?  D]  .Joanni  Morgan. 

Auctor." 

1  The  Hon.  George  Bancroft  tells  me  that  about  this  date  Washington  under- 
went an  operation  for  some  rectal  disease,  but  as  to  its  nature  we  know  nothing 
further. 


COMMEMOIIATIVI']    ADUKKHS.  315 

Jii  lii.s  tlmsis  on  pus,  Mor;^;in  ;int,ici|);il((l  I  lujitcr's  theory  of  its 
origin  I'loiri  tlic  Mood.  lie  came  home,  aged  twenty-nine  years,  a 
()!r!Mlii;i(,e  in  M('(li(;!iic  of  I'^dinbiirf^li,  Member  of  the  French  Academy 
of  Siii'^ery,  Fellow  of  the;  Koynl  Society,  and  with  the  honors  of  the 
Colleges  of  l"i<linl)iir^h  ;iinl  London,  to  found  tlic  I'niversity  of 
PennsylviMiiii,  and  to  serve  us  Director-(jienenil  and  Physician-in- 
Chief  of  llie  vVrniy  in  ITTf).  lie  lies  now  in  old  St.  J'eter's  church- 
yard. Jlis  dio-nined  vindication  of  liis  army  career  is  almo.st  all  we 
have  left  us  of  a  hrilliant  and  well-loved  gentlemaTi. 

To  speak  of  William  Shippen,  Jr.,  would  be  almost  to  repeat 
what  I  have  said  of  his  friend  Morgan.  His  friends  in  London 
were  the  same,  and  also,  we  may  add,  the  high-minded  Fothergill 
and  Sir  John  Pringle.  The  war  made  him  Director-General,  and  I 
may  pause  to  add  that  Potts,  a  Pennsylvanian,  and  Tilton,  one  of 
our  earliest  Associate  Fellows,  held  a  like  position.  William  Shippen 
was  our  second  President;  a  handsome  man,  gay,  and  yet  dignified; 
so  amiable  that  through  life  he  is  said  to  have  made  no  foes,  a  doubt- 
ful formula  of  praise.  He  left  a  great  name  as  a  happy  lecturer, 
and  was  the  first  of  that  remarkable  series  of  anatomical  demonstrators 
whose  names  are  so  f.imiliar  to  us  all. 

Adam  Kuhn,  son  of  the  physician  and  magistrate  Adam  Simon 
Kuhn,  came  home  in  1768  from  his  European  studies  at  Edinburgh 
and  Upsal.  I  find  in  the  Eclectic  Repertory,  vol.  viii.,  a  number  of 
very  pleasant  and  interesting  letters  from  Linnreus  to  the  father  and 
to  the  son.  He  speaks  of  the  latter  aa  an  amiable,  correct  young 
man,  beloved  of  all,  and  for  whom  he  cherished  a  paternal  affection. 
The  younger  physician  he  directly  addresses  in  after-days  as  his  dear 
friend,  and  in  letters,  simple,  aifectionate,  and  delightfully  full  of 
chatty  remarks  about  plants  and  animal  life,  and  gossip  of  domestic 
affiiirs,  calls  him  his  cherished  son ;  speaks  of  his  engaging  deport- 
ment, his  unwearied  ardor  in  cultivating  science.  In  1772  he  refers 
apparently  to  having  named  a  plant  after  his  young  friend,  and  says, 
"I  am  vours  while  I  live."  There  must  be  more  of  these  genial 
letters.  In  their  pages  flowers  seem  to  bloom,  and  humming-birds 
to  flutter,  as  the  great  naturalist,  with  gentle  envy,  pictures  the 
wealth  of  plant  and  animal  life  aAvaiting  his  pupil's  study  in  distant 
Pennsylvania.     The  daily  needs  of  life  may  have  rendered  the  pur- 


316  MITCHELL, 

suit  of  science  difficult  to  Kuhn.  He  lectured  in  1768,  one  year,  on 
botany,  theti  on  materia  medica  twenty-one  years,  and  in  1789 
became  professor  of  theory  and  practice  in  the  University,  was  our 
third  President  in  1808,  and  died  in  1817.  He  left  scarce  a  trace 
behind  him;  but  no  one  can  read  his  manuscript  lectures,  now  in 
our  library,  without  a  full  sense  that  the  world  lost  something  by 
the  indifference,  or  want  of  ambition  of  this  learned  physician. 

With  reverent  doubt  of  my  powers  to  do  justice  to  the  greatest 
physician  this  country  has  produced,  I  approach  the  task  of  briefly 
recalling  to  your  memories  the  vivid  and  emphatic  personality  of 
Benjamin  Rush.  His  life  invites  a  less  hasty  biographer,  and  is  full 
of  such  seeming  contradictions  as  can  only  be  explained  by  the  belief 
that  the  earnest,  decisive,  and  mutinous  nature  of  a  man,  proud, 
rather  than  conceited,  got  the  better  of  the  principles  by  which  he 
honestly  strove  to  guide  his  conduct.  That  he  won  at  last  in  this 
contest,  was  shown  by  the  grief  with  which  a  nation  mourned  his 
death,  when  the  poor,  in  crowds,  besought  a  sight  of  his  face,  or,  at 
least,  to  touch  his  coffin.  Look  at  his  portrait  by  Sully,  in  our  hall. 
It  has  the  scholar's  hands,  the  largely  modelled  head,  the  contem- 
plative blue  eyes  of  the  observer,  the  nose  and  chin  strong,  firmness 
in  the  mouth,  and  a  trace  of  too  critical  tendencies  in  the  droop  of 
the  lines  of  the  lips,  withal  a  general  expression  of  tranquil  benevo- 
lence, a  face  like  the  man's  life  and  character,  full  of  dissimilars, 
with  a  grand  total  of  good. 

How  shall  I  briefly  bring  before  you  the  career  of  this  restless 
being  ?  Relentless  energy  drove  him  through  a  life  in  which  ardent 
sense  of  duty,  large-minded  philanthropy,  love  of  country,  devotion 
to  his  art  and  its  science,  immense  belief  in  himself,  were  the  motives 
to  industry,  which  made  note-books  the  companions  of  his  student 
3^outh,  and  which  failed  not  until  the  pen  fell  from  a  hand  enfeebled 
by  the  close  approach  of  death. 

He  was  a  statesman,  a  scholar,  an  army  surgeon,  a  punctual  and 
careful  physician,  an  actively  religious  man,  a  far-seeing  and  cour- 
ageous philanthropist,  and  a  sanitarian  far  in  advance  of  his  day. 
These  are  what  I  might  call  four  careers,  in  all  of  which  he  excelled 
unaided  by  secretaries  or  modern  means  of  condensing  and  relegating 
labor  :  one  such  suffices  most  men.     He  was  a  member  of  every  im- 


COMMEMORATJVK    ADDRESS.  317 

port.'Uit  |)olili(':il  mssciiiIiI y  wliicli  iiict-  in  (lii.s  State  while  lie  livf<l. 
Wlu'ii  timid  men  fell  ontoftlK^  ( "ontinerital  Corif^rcHH,  ho  wjw  electod 
to  that  body,  that  he  might  sign  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
and  was  the  only  phy.sician  whose  name  is  on  that  energetic  arraign- 
ment of  the  Crown.'  T  have  neither  time  nor  desire  to  speak  of 
his  relations  to  Washington.  He  criticised  him  with  his  usual 
courage  and  with  a  severity  in  which  at  that  time  he  was  not  alone, 
and,  althoiigli  latci-  in  life  he  somewhat  relented,  he  never  quite  forgot 
the  bitterness  which  arose  out  of  his  too  famous  letter,  and  to  the 
end  of  his  days  looked  upon  the  great  leader  as  one  not  above  the 
judgment  of  his  fellows.  As  regards  the  patriotism  of  Rush  there 
can  be  no  doubt.  It  appioached  the  earnestness  of  religion,  and 
its  very  intensity  made  him  unhappy  and  critical  when  others  seemed 
to  him  to  be  showing  that  want  of  energy  which  in  the  first  years  of 
the  war  he  thought  was  seen  in  the  Fabian  policy  of  Washington. 

Rush  was  Surgeon-General  to  the  Middle  Department,  and  later 
Surgeon-General,  and  served  faithfully  in  the  New  Jersey  campaign 
and  in  the  dreary  camp  at  Valley  Forge.  He  resigned  in  1778, 
after  his  difficulty  with  his  chief,  and  declined  pay  for  his  services. 

As  a  broad-minded  philanthropist,  I  view  him  with  wonder.  The 
higher  education  of  Avomen  he  urged  as  a  special  need  of  a  Repulilic. 
and  a,s  boldly  wrote  of  public  punishments  and  against  the  penalty  of 
death.  With  like  courage  he  denounced  slavery,  or  turned  to  demand 
legislation  against  the  abuse  of  alcohol,  or  to  implore  care  in  the  use 
of  this  agent  in  disease,  and,  although  a  scholarly  man.  eloquently 
represented  the  waste  of  time  in  the  too  general  study  by  the  young 
of  the  classical  tongues. 

On  his  medical  career  I  cannot  linger.  His  views  as  to  bleeding 
were  extreme.  They  were  greatly  modified  in  his  later  years,  but 
have  been  misrepresented  by  the  enmity  his  positive  nature  excited, 
and  can  be  fitly  judged,  not  by  his  occasional  vigor  of  statement,  but 
also  by  the  many  tempering  remarks  to  be  found  in  his  works.     His 

^  Since  the  first  appearance  of  this  address,  I  have  been  reminded  by  many 
that  Lyman  Hall,  Josiah  Bartleit,  and  Matthew  Thornton  were  physicians. 
They  were  practitioners  of  medicine,  but,  so  far  as  I  can  discover,  Kush  alone  of 
all  I  have  named  was  a  graduate,  and  he  alone  returned  to  his  profession.  In 
the  higher  sense  in  which  we  to-day  use  the  term,  Kush  was  the  only  Physician 
who  signed  the  Declaration. 


318  MITCHELL, 

ideas  on  the  contagion  of  yellow  fever  and  its  domestic  origin  excited 
the  hostilitj  of  commerce,  and  embittered  his  existence ;  but,  al- 
though as  to  the  former  he  changed  his  beliefs  later  in  life,  as  to  the 
latter  he  seems  never  to  have  faltered. 

I  presume  that  he  held  his  opinions  tenaciously,  and  was  so  con- 
scious of  his  own  general  superiority  to  those  about  him,  that  he 
found  it  hard  to  weigh  their  reasons  justly.  He  says,  "  I  early  dis- 
covered that  it  was  impossible  for  me,  by  any  reasonings,  to  change 
the  practice  of  some  of  my  brethren."  Then  he  adds,  "  humanity 
was  therefore  on  the  side  of  leaving  them  to  themselves,  because 
what  is  done  in  these  consultations  is  the  ineffectual  result  of  neu- 
tralized opinions ;  for  the  extremity  of  ivrong  in  medicine,  as  in 
morals  and  government,  is  often  a  less  mischief  than  that  mixture 
of  right  and  wrong  which  serves,  by  palliating,  to  perpetuate  evil." 
How  interesting  is  this  irritable  confession,  Avhich  tells  so  much  more 
of  the  man  than  he  meant  to  put  into  it.  Let  me  add,  as  a  thought- 
ful physician,  that  no  one  can  read  what  he  wrote — and  I  have  read 
most  of  it — without  a  strong  sense  of  his  sagacious  and  intelligent 
originality,  and  admiration  of  his  clear  and  often  fervid  style.  His 
work  on  insanity  is  a  masterpiece.  A  recent  English  writer  calls  his 
book  on  "the  bilious  remitting  yellow  fever"  a  wonder,  and  says  of 
that  remarkable  description  of  his  sensations  during  the  height  of  the 
epidemic,  "it  is  as  if  he  were  talking  to  you,  a  ghostly  whispering 
through  a  veil  of  nine-tenths  of  a  century."  He  has  been  called  the 
American  Sydenham.  He  Avas  not  as  I  see  it,  so  great  a  physician, 
but  taking  his  whole  career — and  both  were  earnest  republicans — 
Rush  was  the  larger  personage,  and  surely,  next  to  Franklin,  the 
greatest  citizen  of  Pennsylvania.^ 

His  bitterest  foes  are  best  remembered  because  of  the  man  they 
reviled.  Even  before  death  came  to  heal  all  wounds,  he  stood  where 
few  have  stood  in  the  estimate  of  men.  He  could  not  but  feel  this 
tribute.     It  gentled  the  positive  and  ardent  nature,  once  ready  to 

1  Rush  left  letters,  diaries,  and  also  biographic  memoirs  of  his  contemporaries, 
without  which,  no  man  can  fitly  judge  him  or  them.  Friends,  relatives,  and 
executors  have  been  chary  of  publishing  these  records.  Some  of  them  I  have 
read,  and  I  think  it  only  just  to  a  great  man  that  we  should  know  all  that 
there  is  of  him  to  know.  He  was  too  great,  too  productive,  too  various  to  lose 
esteem  on  account  of  anything  he  may  have  said  or  written  of  Washington. 


COMMEMOKA'I'IVK    ADDRESS.  319 

cross  HwofdM  Willi  ;i!l  wImi  daicd  to  dilVcr.  He  says,  "I  was  once  an 
aristocrat,  tlicn  n  (leniocrat,  now  i  am  a  Cliri.stocrat."  Certain  of 
his  words  slioidd  have  been  placed  on  his  tonihstone.  With  tliern 
wo  may  kjave  liim  to  his  repose,  near  the  yet  greater  Franklin, 
"Posterity,"  he  sa^'s,  "is  (o  tlie  ]»hysici;m,  what  tlic  dny  of  judg- 
ment is  to  the  (Christian." 

Still  Minong  lionoreil  l*Iiil;id(ljtliia  names  we  find  next  that  of 
Gerardiis  Clarkson,  chief  of  the  founders  of  the  Episcopal  Academy, 
and  brother  of  the  IMattliew  Clarkson,  emigrant  from  provincial  New 
York  to  this  gayer  capital,  who  earned  as  mayor,  in  the  yellow  fever 
of  1793,  a  character  for  manly  courage  and  self-possessed  official 
calmness. 

Benjamin  Say  })roduccd  no  great  work,  except  his  son,  the  emi- 
nent naturalist. 

James  Hutchinson  was  the  ancestor  of  our  honorary  librarian, 
and,  like  him,  a  trustee  of  the  University.  There  is  a  pleasant 
letter  extant  of  the  date  of  1776,  in  which  Fothergill  recommends 
him  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  as  a  trained  surgeon,  and  a  man 
of  "unblemished  character."  He  had  a  good  deal  to  do  with  the 
union  of  the  College  and  University  in  171*1.  Like  most  of  our 
first  Fellows,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Society.  It  is 
told  of  him  that  when  the  ship  on  which  he  came  home  from  Europe 
was  chased  by  a  British  cruiser,  he  escaped  to  the  coast  in  an  open 
boat  under  a  heavy  fire,  to  save  the  dispatches  Franklin  had  confided 
to  his  care.  In  1771  Hutchinson  was  appointed  by  Shippen  Senior 
Surgeon  to  the  Flying  Hospital  of  the  ^Middle  Department,  and  in 
the  same  year  became  Director  of  the  Hospitals,  Physician  and  Sur- 
geon-General of  the  Militia  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  lived  to  serve  through  the  war,  and  to  become  distinguished  as  a 
professor,  to  hold  many  posts  of  public  trust,  and  to  die  of  yellow 
fever  in  1793. 

George  Glentworth,  who  comes  next,  was  Senior  Physician  and 
Surgeon  of  the  General  Hospital  of  the  United  States,  from  1777  to 
1780.  He,  too,  declined  pay.  It  was  he  who  extracted  the  bullet 
received  by  Lafoyette  at  Brandywine  fight,  at  the  Indian  Queen 
Tavern  in  Third  Street.  He  lies  now  near  the  street  in  St.  Paul's 
churchyard. 

Of  the  cynical  and  merrv  torv  Abraham  Chovet,  there  is  little  to 


320  MITCHELL, 

say.  Dr.  Physick  told  my  fiither  that  while  living  in  London 
Chovet  tried  to  save  a  too  adventurous  frentleman  about  to  be  han<2;ed 
for  higlnvay  robbery,  by  opening  his  trachea  before  the  hangman 
operated.  The  patient  "was  rapidly  removed  after  the  execution,  and 
is  said  to  have  spoken.  A  queer  tale,  and  doubtful,  but  Avorth  the 
telling.  The  government  is  said  to  have  lacked  due  appreciation  of 
this  valuable  experiment,  and  Chovet  brought  his  queer  Voltairian 
visage  to  America.     You  may  see  it  yet  in  our  library. 

William  Currie  left  theology  for  medicine  and  served  in  the  war. 
He  is  known  chiefly  by  his  excellent  essays  on  climate  and  on  yellow 
fever,  and  his  support  of  the  doctrine  of  its  foreign  origin  as  against 
Rush,  Avith  whom  he  agreed  as  regards  the  question  of  contagion. 
In  his  essays  Currie  wrote  temperately  of  the  matter  and  without 
personalities. 

I  observe  that  this  writer  now  and  then  speaks  of  the  number  of 
pulse  beats,  and  says  the  frequent  pulse  is  the  weak  pulse.  Numera- 
tion of  the  heart  beat  is  very  rare  in  the  waitings  of  the  last  century, 
and  is  exceptionally  found  between  the  reign  of  Anne,  when  Sir 
John  Floyer  wrote  his  book  upon  it,  and  the  year  1820,  when  French 
observers  again  called  attention  to  its  value.  Occasional  references 
to  the  number  of  the  pulse  are,  also,  found  in  Rush,  but  they  are,  on 
the  whole,  uncommon. 

Men  like  ourselves  know  how  hard  it  is  to  live  up  to  the  best 
standards  of  medical  duty;  know,  also,  what  temptations,  intellectual 
and  moral,  positive  and  negative,  assail  us  all,  and  can  understand 
the  value  and  beauty  of  certain  characters,  Avhich,  like  surely  guided 
ships,  have  left  no  permanent  trace  behind  them  on  life's  great  seas, 
of  their  direct  and  absolute  devotion  to  duty. 

Of  this  precious  type  was  Samuel  Powel  Griffitts.  He  wrote 
little,  although  an  editor  of  the  Uclectic  Rejjertory.  All  that  he  has 
left  us  is  a  paper  in  favor  of  vaccination,  and  an  essay  to  prove  that 
yellow  fever,  as  a  rule,  does  not  attack  a  second  time.  He  believed 
it  contagious,  and  of  imported  origin.  The  sanitary  and  philan- 
thropic plans  of  Rush  he  heartily  aided.  In  the  battle  with  slavery 
and  the  penal  code  and  against  the  abuse  of  alcohol,  Griffitts  was  a 
steady  worker ;  whilst  the  Humane  Society,  the  Dispensary,  the 
Friends'  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  and  the  French  Refugees  found  in 
him  a  constant  helper.     But  wherever  he  went  and  in  whatever  he 


COMMKMOllATIVK    ADDRKHS.  321 

(lid  |)Ciu;c  and  ^ciitU'iicss  were  ;i round  ahouL  liini,  so  tliat  in  cvory 
relation  of  life  men  find  women  eagerly  trusted  this  HJmple,  straiglit- 
I'orwiii'd,  inlclli^cni,  miiiiiiltitiou.s  man.  It  is  told  of  liim  tliat  in 
forty  years  lie  Hearecly  (;vei-  mi.s.sed  liis  daily  visit  to  the  Dispen- 
sary, where  Ju;  met,  relieved,  and  counselled  the  poor.  With  one 
hand  it  may  he  said  he  disl  rihiitcil  th(!  Ijounfy  which  his  fellow- 
citi/ens  enti'iisted  to  his  care,  to  the  refugees  from  St.  Domingo, 
while  witli  the  othci-  he  was  busy  sending  vaccine  virus  to  their  re- 
volted slaves.  To  the  last  day  of  his  life  Ik;  walked  our  streets  in 
all  weathers,  averse  to  the  use  of  a  carriage,  and  thus,  punctual,  in- 
dustrious, carrying  into  every  vital  relation  trustful,  unobtrusive 
religion,  this  kindliest  of  m(;n,  forgetful  of  no  duty,  died  abruptly, 
escaping  the  })angs  he  had  so  often  seen  in  others. 

The  peaceful  Grillitts  had,  I  believe,  no  relation  to  the  War  of 
Independence,  but  Benjamin  Duffield  was,  like  many  other  of  our 
Fellows,  an  army  surgeon.  In  the  pestdiouse  at  Bush  Hill  he  did 
manly  service  in  1703.  An  hospitable  man  of  genial  humor;  both 
wise  and  witty,  it  is  said.  The  familiar  seal  of  the  College  was  prob- 
ably of  his  devising,  as  he  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  this 
matter  in  1787. 

Of  John  Carson,  born  1752,  little  is  known.  He  was  a  long 
time  surgeon  to  the  City  Troop,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Dispen- 
sary, professor  of  chemistr}'  in  the  University  after  the  death  of 
Hutchinson,  but  died  in  1794,  before  he  had  given  a  lecture. 

The  founder  John  Foulke,  M.D.,  was  graduated  at  the  College  of 
Philadelphia  in  1780.  Like  most  of  our  early  Fellows  he  studied 
abroad,  and,  returning  home,  taught  anatomy  for  two  years.  A 
conscientious  and  efficiently  demonstrative  teacher,  he  behaved  with 
courage  and  fidelity  in  the  yellow  fever  of  1793,  and  died  three 
years  after. 

Caspar  Wistar,  Jr.,  is  a  more  familiar  name.  Like  Rush,  there 
is  much  of  the  man's  life  on  record  in  the  portrait  by  Otis,  as  the 
least  observant  may  see.  The  face  is  strong  and  intellectual,  the 
mouth  large  and  full  of  good  humor  and  mirth,  the  chin  positive,  a 
face  thoughtful  above,  and  below  alive  with  promise  of  genial  com- 
panionship. He  could  have  been  but  sixteen  when  Ave  hear  of  him 
as  active  in  helping  the  wounded  after  the  indecisive  fight  at  Ger- 
man town. 


322  MITCHELL, 

He  was  graduated  at  Edinburgh  in  1786,  and  left  that  city  Presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Medical  Society,  and  with  the  Avarm  friendship  of 
Cullen,  who  later  sent  him  his  portrait,  and  was  his  frequent  corre- 
spondent. He  must  have  been  the  youngest  of  our  corporators,  as 
he  was  elected  to  the  College  in  Api-il,  1787,  and  was  then  but 
twenty-six  years  old.  Two  years  after,  he  became  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia ;  he  was  made  adjunct- 
professor  of  anatomy,  surgery,  and  midwifery  in  1792,  and  in  1808 
succeeded  Shippen  at  the  University  in  the  chair  of  anatomy.  Men 
spoke  of  him  as  a  great  teacher.  He  fortunately  combined  full 
knowledge  with  fluency,  and  intense  interest  in  what  he  was  teach- 
ing. His  system  of  anatomy,  published  in  1811,  was  our  first  native 
treatise  on  that  subject. 

He  followed  Rush  as  President  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Society,  and 
Jefferson  as  President  of  the  Philosophical.  If  a  man's  friends  be 
in  some  sense  a  description  of  the  man,  among  his  were  Humboldt, 
Michaux,  Soemmering  and  Camper,  Cullen,  Hope,  Jefferson,  War- 
ren, and  Correa,  the  cynical  and  amusing  Portuguese  minister. 
You  can  see  from  these  names,  that  science  occupied  him,  and 
especially  anatomy,  that  the  practical  aspects  of  his  profession  were 
not  forgotten,  and  that  he  was  at  home  among  those  whose  talk  left 
to  their  surviving  contemporaries  vivid  memories  of  an  unusual  social 
era.  He  is  known  still  to  most  of  us  as  the  founder  of  the  Wistar 
Parties,  which  owed  much  of  their  later  social  vitality  to  the  hospit- 
able houses  of  the  leaders  of  our  profession.  When  I  was  a  young 
man  and  Wistar  was  long  since  in  his  grave,  we  were  still  familiar 
with  the  worn  card  of  invitation  which  carried  his  vigorous  profile 
with  its  formal  queue  from  simpler  days  to  those  of  champagne  and 
terrapins,  and  until  the  fierce  quarrels  of  the  great  war  broke  up  this 
gay  and  joyous  company.  It  was  wickedly  said  that  the  doctors 
profited  by  those  noble  suppers.  Even  in  their  luxurious  decadence 
they  were  delightful.  Men  who  came  to  eat  remained  to  chat. 
They  left  to  me  at  least  a  gallery  of  pleasant  portraits  of  some  whose 
living  talk  would  have  made  that  good  founder  happy.  Hear  how 
Thackeray  mourns  a  dead  friend.  "  There  will  be,"  he  says,  "  no 
more  Whister  parties  for  him.  Will  Whister  himself,  hospitable, 
pig-tailed  shade,  welcome  him  to  Hades  ?    and  will  they  sit  down — 


COMMKMDIiATIVK    ADUKHSH.  ''23 

no,  Htiind  up,  to  a  ghostly  supper,  devouring  the  ii'fii/iovf:  ijwx'ir  (the 
mighty  souls)  of  oysters  and  Jill  sorts  of  })irds?"' 

I  have  dwelt  on  this  aspect  of  :i  full  :iiid  wholesome,  learned  and 
useful  life,  hecaiise  it  well  illustrates  tlie  social  f)rouiinence  of  the 
j'hihulclpliia  ])liysic-ia,n.  We  may  leave  him  with  the  worcls  in  which 
aiiotlu'r  (lescrilHMl  jiini:  "Decorous,  suave,  honoralilc,  nnd  courteous, 
he  forgot  nothing  except  injuries." 

Michael  Lcih,  born  11. VJ,  was  the  last  Fellow  of  importance 
elected  previous  to  our  incorporation  in  1789.  His  name  occurs 
with  honorable  mention  in  the  yellow  fever  records,  but  he  left  our 
profession  early  and  became  a  brilliant  leader  in  the  Democratic 
party,  and  filled  in  turn  the  post  of  member  of  Assembly,  of  the 
United  States  House  of  Representatives,  and  at  last  went  to  Con- 
gress as  Senator.  His  great  war  speech  of  1812  was  long  remem- 
bered, and  he  was  said  to  have  been  for  many  years  the  political 
dictator  of  Philadelphia.     He  died  in  1822. 

The  earlier  Constitution  Avas  signed  by  Senior  and  Junior  Fel- 
lows, but  in  August,  1787,  it  was  readopted  in  a  modified  fonn,  and 
thenceforward  the  appellation  "junior"  disappears,  and  vre  have 
only  Fellows  and  Associate  Fellows,  and  very  much  later  Corre- 
sponding Members. 

Up  to  its  incorporation  in  1789,  the  College  was  busy  with  private 
and  public  affairs.  It  adopted  a  seal,  and  substituted  for  noil  si'bi 
sed  alii,  as  proposed,  noii  sibi  sed  toti. 

It  urged  the  Legislature  to  create  a  botanic  garden  and  public 
baths,  and  to  limit  the  use  of  ardent  spirits,  wisely  pointing  out  their 
hurtfulness,  declaring  them  destructive  to  life  and  health,  and  as 
tending  equally  to  dishonor  character  as  a  nation,  and  to  degrade 
our  species.  "They,"  the  Fellows,  "believe  to  be  without  founda- 
tion, the  prevalent  idea  as  to  use  of  spirits  in  heat  and  cold,  and 
think  malt  liquors  and  cyder  might  be  substituted." 

The  first  effort  toward  a  pharmacopoeia  was  made  in  April,  1787, 
and  the  College  ordered  a  committee  to  digest  the  business.  This 
effort  Avas,  I  believe,  the  fiist  made  in  America  in  this  direction.  It 
was  never  long  out  of  sight,  but  the  digestion  was  laborious  and  in- 
complete until  the  Pharmacopoeia  Convention  met  in  1820. 

'  (^Haud  inimemor,  p.  S.     "William  B.  Reed,  1S64,  Phila.) 


324  MITCHELL, 

The  germ  of  our  etliical  code  is  to  be  found  in  April,  1788,  when 
it  was  decided  that 

"  To  promote  order  and  unity  in  the  practice  of  medicine,  it  is 
agreed  by  the  Fellows  of  this  College,  that  they  will  not  attend  or 
prescribe  for  any  patient  who  hath  previously  employed  any  other 
Fellow  of  the  College  in  the  same  illness,  unless  it  be  in  consulta- 
tion with  the  first  physician,  or  in  case  of  sudden  emergency,  when 
the  said  physician  is  not  present,"  and  then  folloAv  directions  as  to 
the  conduct  of  consultations. 

What  was  to  become  of  the  unlucky  patient  under  this  stringent 
rule  does  not  appear.  But  codes  of  conduct,  however  needful,  are 
difficult  so  to  frame  as  to  cover  all  contingencies,  and  the  legislation 
of  individual  common  sense  usually  intervenes  to  correct  their  too 
absurd  application.  The  larger  etliical  code,  founded  chiefly  on  that 
of  Percival,  was  accepted  by  the  College  in  1843. 

In  these  early  days  the  only  death-record  was  kept  by  the  churches, 
wherefore  the  College  found  need  to  appoint  committees  on  this  sub- 
ject and  on  that  of  disease  and  meteorology.  Their  value  ceased  in 
after-times,  the  city  having  assumed  charge  of  registration,  and  the 
country  that  of  statistics  of  the  Aveather,  which  Parke  found  trouble- 
some, in  1792,  because  he  could  not  buy  a  barometer  in  the  city  of 
Penn. 

The  history  of  an  old  and  learned  institution  is  that  of  its  mem- 
bers and  of  its  relation  to  public  affairs.  No  man  can  hope  in  the 
scope  of  an  address  to  set  before  you  the  shining  roll  of  the  men  who 
have  illustrated  our  story  with  duty  done  simply  and  in  private,  of 
patient,  charitable  lives,  of  those  larger  existences  which  left  their 
mark,  also,  on  the  science  of  their  day,  and  to  this  memorable  hour 
have  sustained  in  noble  succession  the  prominence  of  this  city  in  all 
that  lifts  our  art  and  its  sister  sciences  above  the  common  levels  of 
applied  usefulness.  The  task  were  hopeless  and  belongs  to  the  his- 
torian rather  than  to  the  orator. 

But  our  relation  to  the  public  can  not  l)e  thus  readily  disposed  of. 
The  acts  of  single  men  help  to  give  us  collective  power  to  interfere 
in  public  matters,  and  here  this  College  has  been  up  to  this  day 
potently  active.  To  it  came  early  for  advice  in  all  affairs  of  health 
and  quarantine  the  city,  State,  and  general  government;    and  the 


COMMKMORATIVK    A  DURESS.  325 

iiiiniitcs  Miiiply  i-ccoid  tlint,  it,  Ii;is  I;ii)oi-c(l  conHcicntiou.sly  to  aiil  tlic 
coimnomvciiltli  ;iinl  IIkj  city  as  to  sale  and  importation  of  fturo  <lnig8, 
as  to  parks,  \v;il(i-  ^^npply,  education,  drainage,  and  the  many  "t).'.r 
problems  wliicli  <!ill  lor  advice  and  direction  from  experts. 

To  the  physiciiin  cpidcinics  are  liis  battlefields.  His  daily  life  is 
hard  enough,  and,  unlike  the  soldier,  he  lives  amidst  constant  perils, 
of  which  habit  liiis  nuidc  him  negli;^ently  forgetful.  He  is  assisted 
to  lie  untlioughtf'ul  :is  to  risks  by  the  fact  that  the  community  thinks 
little  of  those  which  arc  not,  like  the  soldier's,  occasional,  or  which 
it  does  not  largely  share.  You  must  have  lost  sense  of  heroism  if 
you  do  not  feel  some  tlivill  of  pi-idc  when  you  look  back  with  me 
over  those  sad  years  in  which  the  Fellows  of  this  ("oljege,  amidst  the 
contagion  of  terror,  faced  the  storms  of  death  which  from  171'3  to 
1804  swept  over  this  city  and  forever  ruined  its  mere  commercial 
supremacy. 

Let  us  see  how  well  this  College  met  it.  Several  of  its  Fellows 
could  recall  the  epidemic  of  17G2  —  the  Barbadoes  Plague — the 
dreaded  yellow  fever.  Rush,  a  student,  made  notes  of  it  in  his  con- 
stant way,  and  Redman,  an  older  man,  described  it  Avith  accurate 
skill.  A  few  hundred  died,  and  for  thirty-one  years  the  great  town 
flourished  undisturbed.  For  two  years  the  College  had  at  times 
been  urgent  as  to  quarantine,  but  selfish,  shortsighted  commerce  had 
been  more  potent.  On  the  '25th  of  August,  1793,  a  special  meeting 
of  the  Fellows  was  called  "  to  consider  their  duty  because  of  the 
fever  of  alarming  nature."  Rush,  Hutchinson,  Say,  and  Wistar 
were  to  report  on  the  26th.  Nothing,  on  the  whole,  could  have 
been  better  than  the  calm,  good  sense  of  the  letter  of  public  ad\nce 
which  the  Fellows,  at  the  instance  of  their  committee,  addressed  to 
the  mayor,  Mathew  Clarkson,  and  to  the  people  at  large.  At  this 
meeting,  the  President  describes  the  fever  of  1762.  Tilton,  our 
associate,  advises  tents  as  hospitals,  and  the  College  decides  to  meet 
every  Monday.  How  simple  it  all  sounds,  the  quiet  councils,  the 
talk  as  to  treatment.  The  Fellows  assemble  on  the  3d,  6th,  10th, 
and  17th  of  Septembei',  and  consider  Alexander  Hamilton's  letter  of 
inquiry  as  to  the  fever,  and  answer  Dr.  "Warren,  of  Boston.  Mean- 
while the  plague  is  on  the  people,  and  the  College  meets  no  more 
until  November. 


326  MITCHELL, 

To  speak  of  this  aAvfiil  sunnner,  is  to  speak  of  a  population  de- 
graded h\  the  very  insanity  of  fear.  The  rich  fled  first,  and  at  hist 
almost  all  mIio  could  go.  In  round  numbers,  Philadelphia  had  6000 
houses  and  49,000  souls.  Some  3000  houses  were  closed.  12,000 
persons  fled  to  the  country — Carey  says  17,000.  Of  those  left  be- 
hind, 11,000  took  the  fever,  and  one-third  of  these  died.  Before 
this  appalling  death-rate,  all  but  a  rare  few  gave  way.  In  deserted 
streets,  between  rows  of  closed  houses,  where  commerce  had  ceased, 
men  walked  down  the  middle  of  the  causeways  and  declined  to  shake 
hands  with  friends,  or  turned  aside  from  any  who  wore  the  badge  of 
mourning.  Thousands  of  both  sexes  smoked  tobacco  to  avoid  dis- 
ease, or  carried  vinegar  or  camphor  or  bits  of  tarred  rope  for  protec- 
tion, while  bonfires  at  night  and  firing  of  muskets  to  disperse  con- 
tagion ceased  only  when  the  Mayor  forbade  them.  The  churches 
were  shut;  mbst  of  the  weekly  papers  ceased  to  appear.  For  the 
laborer  there  was  no  work.  Starvation  drove  him  to  crime,  and 
thieves  lived  riotously  in  deserted  houses.  At  last  family  ties  were 
broken;  men  fled  from  their  dearest;  whole  families  deserted  the 
bed  where  the  father  lay  dying;  nurses  were  hardly  to  be  had;  and 
still  the  sombre  death-cart  went  its  nightly  round  with  its  negro 
driver,  and  in  answer  to  the  dreary  cry,  "Fetch  out  your  dead," 
corpses  were  lowered  from  open  windows  on  to  the  cart,  backed  up 
on  to  the  sidewalk,  or  were  carried  out  in  haste,  to  be  put  across  the 
shaft  of  what  was  called  a  chair,  and  hurried  away  for  swiftest  burial. 
So  lower  and  lower  men  sunk,  as  the  plague  increased,  until  at  times 
the  dead  lay  unburied,  corpses  were  found  in  the  streets,  and  the 
climax  of  misery,  neglect,  and  profligate  riot  was  reached  at  Bush 
Hill  Hospital  for  the  poor.  Amidst  this  horror  of  disease,  of  selfish- 
ness, of  crime,  there  were  men  who  grew  morally  stronger  through 
that  which  enfeebled  the  mass.  The  most  of  the  physicians  of  the 
blighted  town  went  about  their  duties  untouched  by  panic — undis- 
turbed by  fear.  In  our  own  ranks  were  none  who  failed.  Their 
names  are  to  be  read  on  every  record  of  those  dreary  hours.  Theirs 
was  what  Ruskin  speaks  of  as  "that  constitutional  serenity  in  dan- 
ger, which,  with  the  wise,  whether  soldier  or  physician,  is  the  basis 
of  the  most  fortunate  action  and  swiftest  decision  of  deliberate  skill." 
(Proeterita,  p.  379.)     How  the}'  differed  as  to  treatment,  and  how 


COMMEMOUAXrVK    AJ)I»11E88.  327 

doggedly  ihi'.y  licld  iJicir  beliefs,  conccnis  us  little,  'i'iuit  tlioy  (lid 
their  fidl  duly  iis  Jioiiost  ;^(;titl(Mii('ii,  concerns  us  tniicii. 

Iliii(;liins()ii  di(!d,  iind  Mcirris  and  many  others  not,  in  our  fc-ilow- 
shij).  None  altogether  escaped  untouched  by  the  plague,  Avhicli  swept 
awiiy  leu  physiciaiiH  in  a.  month.  Says  Rush,  "At  one  time  but 
three  pliysiciians  were  !ibl(!  to  do  duty  outside  of  their  own  iiouse.s. 
From  tliis  cruel  suinnier  until  1 806,  no  year  left  us  free  from  the 
fever,  but  the  wor.st  of  it  fell  upon  us  in  1798."  Again  the  College 
had  in  vain  sounded  repeated  warnings  to  the  city,  the  State,  and 
the  general  Government.  Again  there  is  that  elo({uent  blank  in  our 
minutes  from  August  to  November.  It  was  more  terrible  than  '93. 
Some  forty  thousand  fled,  and  of  those  who  stayed  about  four  thou- 
sand died,  nearly  half  of  those  attacked,  and  again  the  scenes  of  '93 
were  repeated,  and  again,  as  in  '93  and  '97,  our  ranks  were  thinned, 
and  only  more  did  not  die  because  nearly  all  wx-re  protected  by  pre- 
vious disease. 

There  were  physicians  who  fled  from  this  more  deadly  horror,  but 
in  the  thick  of  it  I  find  the  names  of  our  Fellows.  Griffitts's  daily 
record,  meant  only  for  his  own  use,  is  before  me  as  I  write.  He 
says:  " My  patients  are  mostly  among  the  poor.  While  I  went  to 
the  country  to  see  my  sick  child,  half  a  day,  upward  of  fifty  knocks 
at  my  door.  Yet  through  all  this  I  am  favored  with  calmness.  My 
lot  seems  cast  among  misery  and  death.  A  day  of  trouble.  Buried 
a  beloved  servant.  Much  unwell  to-day.  Too  much  to  visit.  Thus 
they  suiFer  from  unavoidable  neglect.     I  feel,  indeed,  alone." 

We  lost  Hugh  Hodge  and  Annan  later  of  the  same  disease,  and 
through  all  of  these  sad  years  we  find  always  ready,  always  dutiful, 
the  best  of  the  men  whose  lives  I  have  sketched.  Scarce  one  escaped 
the  wounds  of  disease,  and  at  least  six  died:  but  none  faWed  us. 
Surely  this  is  a  record  to  look  back  upon  with  that  pride  which 
nourisheth  s]:ood  example.  We  may  o;rieve  for  sufferins;.  and  reirret 
careers  cut  short,  and  yet  desire  to  preserve  their  remembrance; 

]N^or  could  humanity  resign 
Each  hour  which  bade  her  heart  beat  high, 

And  bhizoned  duty's  stainless  shield. 
And  set  a  star  in  honor's  skv. 


328  MITCHELL, 

The  horrors  of  1825,  -with  its  smallpox,  and  the  cholera  of  1832, 
found  the  •  successors  of  these  men  as  able,  as  simply  ready,  as 
courageous. 

Meanwhile  the  battle  as  to  contagion  and  importation,  and  bleed- 
ing, and  emetics  and  calomel,  raged  with  a  fury  of  personalities  for 
which  it  is  diflBcult  to  account,  but  which  the  tenacity  and  irritability 
of  Rush  may,  in  a  measure,  explain.  It  caused  Rush  a  bitter  per- 
sonal quarrel  with  Andrew  Ross,  and  disputes  between  Rush  and 
Kuhn  as  to  the  treatment  of  Hutchinson  in  his  last  illness,^  and  led 
to  the  resie;nation  of  Rush  and  the  formation  of  the  short-lived 
Academy  of  Medicine.  These  virulent  intellectual  duels  ceased  by 
degrees  wdien  the  new  dispute  as  to  vaccination  arose,  and  as  most 
of  our  Fellows  favored  it,  it  seems  hard  to  explain  their  action.  In 
December,  1802,  Lettsom  sends  the  College  from  London  vaccine 
virus,  and  shortly  after  is  elected  an  Associate;  while,  alas!  Jenner, 
proposed  by  Plunket  Glentworth,  fails  of  election — a  sad  commen- 
tary on  the  too  conservative  tendencies  which  nowadays  have  some- 
what ceased  to  trouble  us.  But  a  little  while  and  the  world  of 
opinion  was  with  Jenner.  Three  or  four  years  later  no  man  would 
have  dared  to  blackball  one  of  the  immortals.  The  moral  is  not  far 
to  seek,  and  time  has  not  quite  worn  it  too  threadbare  for  use.  In 
all  our  history  Ave  have  little  to  feel  ashamed  of,  and  this  reproach 
comes  swiftly  after,  nay,  among  the  deeds  which  showed  of  what 
heroic  stuff  were  the  men  whose  portraits  hang  around  our  hall. 

Our  early  years  produced  a  few  notable  essays,  but  the  great  and 
active  intellect  of  Rush  was  lost  to  us,  and  his  influence  kept  out  of 
our  Fellowship  Physick  and  Mease  and  some  others  of  note.  As  I 
look  forward  over  our  minutes  up  to  1820  the  papers  are  fewer.  In 
some  years  there  is  not  one.  Often  there  is  no  quorum.  Currie 
writes  and  tells  us  in  a  wandering  and  irritable  letter,  that  we  are 
inert  and  useless,  which  is  hardly  true,  for  still  in  all  public  affairs 
the  College  is  active  and  attentive.  Death,  too,  has  been  busy  with 
the  men  who  had  smiled  in  her  face  so  often.  Some  twenty  are 
gone — the  surgeon-soldiers  of  1776,  the  veterans  of  '93  and  '98. 

1  Dr.  Kuhn's  account  of  this  matter  in  the  manuscript  notes  of  his  lectures 
in  the  College  library  is  interesting  to  the  student  of  ethics.  These  lectures 
should  be  printed,  or  so  much  as  deals  with  yellow  fever. 


COMMFOMOllATIVIO    ADDItEHS.  321) 

New  rnutics  ji.ppciir,  llioii^Ii  slowly.  Sixteen  .'nc  :i(Me(l  licfore  1807, 
and  of  these  tlie  yellow  fever  luis  taken  four.  Jn  several  yejir.s  no 
eleetion  of  ji  1^'ellow  oeeiirs,  and  none  from  lSf)7  to  1HU>,  In  IKJl 
we  gain  llic  firsT  I  jHTsonally  itiikiiiImt,  tlic  lionorcd  and  \S'-ll-lovt;(l 
Ilewson,  sometime  our  president,  llicn  ('Iiapman,  oi"  joyous  and 
soeial  fame,  Neill,  Tarisli,  the  Bartons,  and  llartshoi'nc.  And  now, 
in  1823,  Currie,  Parke,  and  Griffitts,  alone,  seem  to  be  left  of  our 
institutors,  but  as  to  some  others  I  can  find  no  note.  It  i.s  difficult 
to  explain  the  intellectual  inactivity  of  the  College  in  these  years. 
It  was  rather  paresis  than  paralysis,  inertness  than  want  of  power. 
But  why  did  we  survive  at  all  ?  The  Academy  had  perished,  the 
Philadelphia  Medical  Lyceum  had  come  and  gone.  The  Philadel- 
phia INtedical  Society,  the  Kappa  Lambda,  the  Medical  Association 
of  Pliiladelpliia,  had  l)een  organized  and  were  soon  to  die  out  or  had 
already  disappeared. 

We  were  saved,  I  fancy,  by  that  which  preserves  the  vitality  of 
families — great  traditions  which  nourish  jiride  and  the  conservative 
power  of  property — careful  treasurers  had  Ijegun  to  hoard  for  us  a 
little  money,  and  our  library,  if  as  yet  small,  was  valuable.  More- 
over, we  were  still,  as  always,  the  public  advisors,  and  the  position 
of  advisor  is  one  which  flatters.  Then  came  the  fortunate  accessions 
from  1824,  and  we  win  illustrative  force  as  we  get  Hartshorne,  Bond, 
Hodge,  Meigs,  La  Roche,  John  K.  Mitchell,  Darrach,  and  notably 
Wood  and  Bache,  familiar  collocation  of  names,  and  almost  as  one 
in  friendship  and  usefulness :  Pennock  and  Gerhard,  Hays,  Pancoast, 
Miitter,  Carson,  Dunglison,  Norris,  McClellan,  Randolph,  Pepper. 
Catalogues  of  names  are  valueless,  but  these  are  winged  with  memo- 
ries. Thenceforward  our  meetings  grow  richer  in  interest,  even  if 
at  times  some  lack  of  activity  is  still  obvious.  There  is  now  too 
much  work  done  for  careful  analysis  here.  Twice  vain  efforts  are 
made  to  limit  the  Fellowship.  A  fee-bill  is  formed  in  1824,  and  we 
find  only  twelve  surgical  operations  enumerated.  These  multiply 
in  later  tables  of  charges,  but  one  would  be  puzzled  to  make  such  a 
list  to-day.  At  last  we  abolish  the  whole  business  and  leave  men 
to  act  in  this  matter  as  seems  best  to  them. 

We  have  come  now  to  the  time  when  physicians,  yet  alive  and 
active,  began  to  be  felt  in  our  afftiirs.     All  those  I  have  just  named 


330  MITCHELL, 

are  dead.  Let  us  turn  anew  to  what  we  have  done  as  a  College, 
Avork  in  which  all  have  helped,  and  which  shows  hest  the  affectionate 
interest  with  which  we  have  all  regarded  this  institution. 

We  met  first  in  Fifth  Street.  In  1791  we  carried  ourselves  and 
our  modest  library — one  case  of  books — to  the  Philosophical  Society 
rooms,  whence  Ave  journeyed  to  the  Mercantile  Library  building, 
then  on  Fifth  Street,  and  in  1854  to  the  small  house  on  Spruce 
Street,  within  the  Hospital  grounds.  As  I  first  climbed  its  well- 
known  stairs  in  1856, 1  remembered  the  picture,  by  West,  of  Christ 
healing  the  sick,  which  in  my  childhood  hung  on  the  wall,  and  gave 
to  the  little  hall  the  name  of  the  "Picture  House."  The  debates 
used  to  be  sharp  in  those  days.  There  was  Wood  in  the  chair,  most 
courteous  of  men,  gently  formal,  and  of  ever-ready  kindness  to 
younger  physicians ;  a  peace-making  presence  when  the  too  positive 
Condie  was  raging  in  debate,  and  Charles  Meigs,  with  his  poetic 
nature  and  talk  of  singular  freshness,  was  spurred  to  sharp  reply, 
and  Hodge  grew  graver  and  yet  more  sedate,  and  Bache  sat  ready  to 
drop  with  deliberate  slowness  of  contradiction  on  the  inaccurate.  As 
I  write,  the  visage  of  Gerhard  returns  to  me  with  its  grim  humor. 
A  man  quick  of  speech  and  as  quick  to  regret,  an  unbalanced  nature, 
but  a  keen  and  subtile  observer.  There  is  stout  George  Fox,  and 
the  slight,  delicate  figure  of  La  Roche  beside  our  great  surgeon  Pan- 
coast,  sturdy,  earnest,  kindly,  and  original,  a  curious  physical  con- 
trast to  his  colleague  Miitter,  small,  exquisitely  neat  in  person,  and 
courtly  in  manner. 

You  will  forgive  my  gossip.  I  should  like  to  believe  that  our 
juniors  have  reason  to  look  up  to  us  as  we  did  to  these  men.  A 
crown  seemed  as  remote  to  me  then  as  the  chair  which,  by  your 
grace,  I  now  hold. 

We  owe  our  present  home  chiefly  to  the  liberality  of  George  B. 
Wood,  to  George  Fox,  and  to  the  unceasing  efforts  of  Isaac  Hays, 
who,  as  chairman  of  our  Building  Committee,  served  the  College 
with  that  high-minded  sense  of  duty  Avhich  he  carried  into  every  re- 
lation of  life. 

In  1856  our  building  fund,  by  careful  nursing,  had  grown  to 
$16,000.  Our  first  large  accession,  like  much  else  that  is  good, 
came  from  Wood.     A  western  quack  had  infringed  the  copyright  of 


COMMKMOllATIVK    A  I>1)UESS.  331 

the  Dispensatory,  iuid  (lie  iiciivy  (hiirniircs  ;i\v:ir(]c(l  wore  generously 
given  to  our  liiiiidiii;^  (uimI.  in  tlic  niiTnc  y(;ar,  by  good  fortune, 
'IMioriias  I)(!iit  Miitt(fr  ollrrcd  to  givo  us  Ins  irniseuin  and  to  jijave  us 
an  endowment  of  !jfo(),<KM),  on  conililion  tli:it  wiiliin  five  years  we 
gave  tills  eollection  a.  fire-proof  slielter.  (lift  after  gift  from  T)r. 
Wood  followed — not  less  than  .f  10,0(j()  in  all,  and  in  18(J3  we  moved 
to  our  i)rosent  hall,  to  which  we  have  but  of  late  added  the  third 
story  eonteniplated  in  the  original  plaii. 

The  College  museum  at  once  grew  into  importance  by  tlie  ad<li- 
tion  of  Mutter's  gift,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most  valuable  and  inter- 
esting collections  in  America. 

The  library,  which  owed  its  first  gift  and  legacy  of  books  to  John 
Morgan,  now  numbers  nearly  38,000  volumes  and  some  20,000 
pamphlets,  and  is  second  in  America  only  to  tliat  which  the  ample 
purse  of  government  and  the  genius  of  the  greatest  of  medical  bibli- 
ographers, John  S.  Billings,  have  created  in  Washington. 

Its  annual  growth,  some  2500  volumes,  witli  thousands  of  pamph- 
lets, is  due  to  the  constant  supply  of  new  books,  and  especially  of 
journals,  of  which  we  receive  at  least  325.  This  steady  inflow  of 
weekly  and  monthly  publications  represents  for  us  the  swiftly  chang- 
ing tides  of  knowledge,  the  floods  and  ebbs  of  opinion,  the  never- 
ending  novelties,  good  or  bad — all  to  be  put  on  trial.  By-and-bye 
the  best  of  this  matter,  solvent  in  a  hundred  journals,  crystallizes 
into  more  permanent  shape  in  books.  This  vast  accumulation  and 
the  multitudinous  contributions  it  represents  has,  of  course,  its  em- 
barrassments, for  not  all  new  facts  are  valuable  or  correctly  inter- 
preted; but,  be  they  true  or  not,  we  must  at  times  have  access  to 
them  all.  Whilst  in  some  very  good  ways  our  profession  is  unyield- 
ingly conservative,  as  to  matters  of  intellectual  opinion  and  modes  of 
practice  it  is,  nowadays  at  least,  alertly  ready  to  accept  the  novel 
and  as  ready  to  give  up  the  old. 

Books  are  the  best  tools  of  our  business,  and  a  great  library  like 
ours  insensibly  educates  by  tempting  men  with  the  noblest  of  oppor- 
tunities. It  is  like  an  unfoiling  friend  to  whom  we  go  for  counsel 
and  helpful  advice,  and  a  catalogue  is  its  ready  memory  of  all  that 
our  greatest  knew  and  taught.  Look  around  that  great  collection  in 
all  tongues.     It  is  a  vast  presentation  of  the  thoughts,  the  beliefs. 


332  MITCHELL, 

the  victories,  the  defeats  of  that  profession  which  has  been,  as  com- 
pared to  •  any  other,  the  purest,  the  most  single-minded,  the  most 
simply  devoted  to  its  moral  creed,  the  world  has  seen  through  all  its 
changeful  ages.  It  has  its  peerage,  its  lords  of  thought,  its  sturdy, 
practical  commons.  Yet  here  is  no  set  creed  of  dogmatic  beliefs. 
We  make  and  unmake  our  rulers,  and  time,  which  is  more  wise  than 
Bacon,  has  a  large  vote  in  the  matter;  but  while  systems  of  medicine 
crumble,  and  doctrines  have  their  little  day,  and  men  have  been 
intellectually  right  or  wrong,  it  is  pleasant  to  remember  that  the 
lofty  code  of  moral  law  our  Greek  Fathers  taught  has  kept  through 
all  these  productive  centuries  an  invigorating  control  over  the  lives 
these  gathered  volumes  represent.  Thus,  for  him  who  loves  his  art, 
a  great  medical  library  is  full  of  lessons  in  the  conduct  of  life. 
There,  side  by  side,  the  feeblest  and  the  strongest  meet.  What  a 
record  of  the  follies  and  caprices  of  learning,  of  devotion,  of  martyr- 
dom, of  simple  usefulness,  of  ambitious  failures !  Here  are  stately 
tomes  unread  for  ages.  Here  is  some  little  volume  which  has  changed 
the  great  currents  of  thought,  and  brought  hope  and  relief  to  a  thou- 
sand bedsides.  In  yonder  corner  is  a  modest  book-case,  which 
groups  the  bric-a-brac  of  the  bibliographer;  the  mad  jesters,  the 
cranks,  the  queer  anecdotists,  the  priceless  incunabula,  the  medical 
poems. 

I  like  to  think  of  the  book -loving  men  to  whom  Ave  owe  this  col- 
lection. Morgan,  the  scholarly;  Hays,  editor  for  fifty-three  years 
of  the  best  medical  journal  the  world  has  seen;  Moreton  Stille,  too 
early  dead,  with  his  half-used  store  of  varied  learning;  Wood,  Bet- 
ton,  Miitter,  Gross,  the  great  surgeon ;  Hodge,  the  famous  teacher 
of  obstetrics;  Lajus,  that  gentle  and  modest  scholar,  who  once  said 
to  me  in  his  odd  way,  "I  like  the  men  who  are  like  books,  and  that 
is  why  I  like  Samuel  Lewis." 

I  have  broken  my  rule  for  the  first  time,  to  name  a  living  Fellow 
of  the  College,  the  constant  benefactor  of  our  library ;  but  in  pro- 
portion as  a  man  is  modest,  self-forgetful,  prone  to  avoid  public  rec- 
ognition, one  is  tempted  at  a  time  like  this  to  say  what  we  think  of 
him  to  whom  we  owe  so  much.  Kindly  friend,  learned  and  liberal 
scholar,  we  are  glad  that  you  are  here  with  us  to  know,  once  for  all, 


COMMKMOUATIVI':    ADDRESS.  333 

liow  loviri^^ly  w(!  tliiiiik  yon  foi-  I  lie  uiistiiit<'(l  generosity  of  these 
iriiiny  ycnrs. 

In  that  last  <rnr,\i  Avar  wo  most  of  us  so  well  recall — in  that  vast 
struggle,  "wliose  autliors  we  do  well  to  foi-give,  but  whose  trials  and 
lessons  we  do  as  well  never  to  lorLffi,  this  College  was  true  to  its 
traditions. 

There  are  on  our  list  to-day  !it  least  one  hundred  and  four  men 
who  served  their  country  in  the  field,  in  hospitals,  or  at  sea,  in  those 
years  of  sacrificial  triiil. 

Whatever  we  may  have  thought  or  felt  of  that  section  of  our  race 
which  faced  us  in  fight,  of  this  at  least  I  find  it  a  pleasure  to  feel 
sure:  that  wherever  men  were  sick  or  wounded,  our  ancient  guild 
did  well  its  Christ-like  duty.  As  to  that  record,  North  and  .South, 
there  can  be  neither  doubt  nor  difference. 

I  close  with  satisfied  pride  these  annals  of  the  past,  and  its  dead. 
I  sec  about  me  men  whose  books  are  in  every  tongue  of  Europe, 
whose  works  are  known  and  honored  among  the  learned  of  every 
land,  men  who  wear  by  just  degree  of  their  fellows  the  unseen 
crowns  of  honorable  estimate.  I  see,  too,  the  young  in  work,  the  men 
who  are  to  follow  us.  To  them  we  shall  soon  consign  this  precious 
heritage,  the  record  of  a  century  of  duty;  an  hundred  years  without 
one  break  in  our  meetings,  save  when  pestilence  thrust  upon  us  a 
more  imperative  service.  There  is  that  in  these  years  to  make  them 
proud  of  a  fellowship  which  in  Avar  and  in  peace  has  left  us  examples 
of  single-minded  Avorkers  unknoAvn  to 'fame,  of  the  charity  without 
taint  of  selfishness,  of  heroic  lives  lost  in  battle  with  disease,  of  gentle 
scholars,  of  daring  surgeons,  wdiose  very  fingers  seemed  to  think,  of 
physicians  rich  Avith  every  professional  grace.  The  pride  of  lineage 
is  valueless  which  does  not  secure  to  the  future  vitality  of  usefulness, 
and  I  must  have  told  my  story  ill  if  to  every  physician  who  heai^s 
me  its  illustrations  have  not  the  invigorating  force  of  moral  tonics. 

I  turn  noAV  from  the  present  and  face  the  silence  of  futurity.  As 
earnestly  as  our  first  President,  I  pray  Avith  him  that  all  those  who 
sit  around  me,  and  all  who  are  to  come,  do  publicly  and  privately 
serve  their  generation. 

Feeling,  like  him,  the  Aveight  and  dignity  of  my  otfice.  and  to-day 


334  :mitchell,  commejiorative  address. 

more  than  ever,  I  look  onward  thoughtfully  to  that  next  centennial 
time.  Every  heart  that  beats  in  this  hall  to-day  Avill  have  ceased  to 
pulsate.  Another  will  stand  in  my  place.  Reviewing  our  works 
and  lives,  he  will  be  able,  I  trust,  to  say  as  confidently  of  us  as  I 
have  said  of  your  fathers, — these,  too,  belonged  by  right  of  dutiful 
lives  and  sincere  work,  to  our  great,  undying  brotherhood. 


REMINISCENCES  OF  THE   COLLEGE  OF   IMIVSICIANS 
OF  rJlILADELPJlIA: 

An  Address  at  its  Ckxthnntal  Celkuuation, 
January  4,  1887. 

By 

ALFRED   STlLLt,  M.D.,  LL.D. 


Mr.  President,  and  Fellows: 

We  who  form  a  portion  of  the  continuous  life  of  the  College,  links 
in  the  chain  of  its  existence,  are  corporately,  if  not  corporeally,  one 
hundred  years  old  to-day.  But  what  is  a  century  in  tlie  life  of  an 
institution  ?  The  years  that  carry  a  man  to  his  dotage  and  decay 
are  but  the  inftincy,  the  childhood,  or  the  youth  of  the  nation,  the 
community,  the  society,  whose  longevity  may  be  reckoned,  not  by 
years  or  generations,  but  by  centuries.  It  is  less  by  the  duration  of 
a  man's  life  than  by  his  vigor  that  his  capacity  for  continued  existence 
must  be  determined,  and  this  can  be  gauged  only  by  his  achieve- 
ments.    The  ability  to  do  must  be  estimated  by  what  has  been  done. 

The  infancy  of  our  College  was  a  precocious  one.  Its  corporate 
existence  bcffiin  with  an  infusion  of  learnino;  and  talent  amonir  its 
members  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  age  of  the  institution.  Many 
of  its  original  Fellows  had  been  nurtured  in  colonial  times  when  a 
trans-Atlantic  education  was  felt  to  be  the  necessary  complement  of 
the  rude,  scanty,  and  disjointed  instruction  attainable  at  home.  But 
from  the  War  of  Independence  the  European  supplement  was  less 
frequently  added  to  the  gains  of  domestic  training,  and  for  more 
years  than  it  is  pleasant  to  number,  the  chief  illumination  within 
the  College  was  furnished  by  the  twilight  left  by  the  great  lumi- 
naries that  had  sunk  beneath  the  horizon.     During  the  fii"st  thirty 


336  STILLE, 

or  forty  years  of  this  century,  it  seemed  as  if  the  old  schoLarly 
life  of  the  18th  century  had  ebbed  away  from  it,  as  it  had  from  the 
whole  medical  profession,  and  its  resurrection  dates  from  nearly  the 
same  period  that  witni'ssed  the  revival  of  science  and  letters  in 
Europe,  the  French  revolution  of  1830.  During  the  next  decade  a 
number  of  young  American  physicians  brought  from  Europe  to  our 
greater  cities  the  methods  of  study  and  the  knowledge  they  had 
gained  abroad,  and  it  is  from  that  beginning,  so  insignificant  in  its 
mass,  that  medicine  in  this  country  received  its  first  impulse  in 
modern,  as  it  had  in  remoter  times  ;  by  it  was  it  leavened,  and  raised 
to  its  present  degree  of  dignity  and  usefulness. 

The  College  of  Physicians  at  that  time  was  mainly  composed  of 
the  elders  of  the  pi'ofession,  who  instinctively  clung  to  old  and  familiar 
paths,  and  who  resented  the  intrusion  of  new  ideas  as  almost  im- 
pertinent. Age  and  station  then  had  a  much  more  preponderating 
influence  than  at  the  present  day,  and  the  young  were  as  timid  in 
expressing  even  their  well-considered  opinions,  as  the  old  were  prompt 
to  resent  and  frown  down  all  dissidence  and  contradiction.  There 
was  also  a  special  lack  of  harmony,  if  not  a  positive  antipathy  and 
antagonism,  between  the  physicians  who  had  been  trained  abroad  and 
their  pupils,  on  the  one  hand,  and  their  elders,  on  the  other  hand, 
who  kept  to  the  ancient  paths,  and  Avere  content  to  plod  therein,  and 
who  set  more  value  by  doctrinal  differences  and  the  logomachy  of 
systems,  than  by  the  simple,  unbiassed  observation  and  comparison 
of  clinical  and  experimental  facts. 

As  something  like  this  do  I  recall  the  aspect  of  our  little  province 
in  the  medical  world  when  I  first  beheld  it  in  1842,  aAved,  perhaps, 
by  its  luminaries,  who,  however,  did  not  eclipse  the  greater  ones  that 
my  eyes  had  grown  accustomed  to  abroad.  At  that  time,  if  a  Junior 
Fellow  had  opened  his  lips  to  confirm  or  to  controvert  the  oracular 
deliverances  of  his  seniors,  he  Avould  have  been  regarded  as  more  pre- 
sumptuous than  wise.  It  was  a  day  when  speculative  doctrines  were 
as  obstinately  maintained,  and  as  virulently  assailed,  as  are  now 
the  invisible  shades  of  theological  dogmas  by  conflicting  religious 
sects  and  parties.  They  gave  occasion  to  a  wordy  war  that  filled  the 
air  with  sound,  and  which  signified  nothing,  and  is  as  forgotten  now 
as  last  year's  snow.     These  discussions  Avere  often  a  mere  threshing 


REMINISCENCES    OF   TIIK    COLLKfJIv. 


V.i7 


of  Hlraw,  tli.'it  r:iisc(l  ;i,  Idindiii;^  diisf,  mid  left  but  scanty  gniins  of 
truth  hcliiiid  il.  As  in  iiirnics,  80  in  .scientific societies,  may  be  found 
cliainpions  lil<(;  j>iivid  of  old,  or  Wiid<elried,  or  the  Crimean  "000," 
wlio  Iciid  opposing  piirtics,  devote  themselves  to  defeat,  or,  if  need  be, 
to  death,  for  the  cause  they  espouse.  Some  of  tliese  conflicts  remain 
fixed  in  my  memory,  in  which  keen  thrusts  and  hard  blows  were 
exchanged  by  J>ond,  JJell,  Condie,  Coates,  Jackson,  Hodge,  Huston, 
Meigs,  Laroche,  Morris,  Wood,  and  others.  Through  the  smoke  of  the 
conflict  I  can  still  distinguish  the  characteristic  fence  of  the  several 
combatants  ;  the  vehemence  of  some,  the  placid  equanimity  of  others, 
the  fallacies  of  one's  reasoning,  and  the  stern  logic  of  his  antagonist. 
Especially  do  I  recall  how  George  B.  Wood  was  apt  to  conclude  a 
discussion  by  one  of  those  convincing  statements  that  issued  from 
his  calm,  clear  mind,  as  coin  from  a  minting  machine.  Not  less  dis- 
tinctly do  I  remember  the  mingled  earnestness  and  conviction  with 
which  Charles  D.  Meigs  was  wont  to  plead  for  a  notion  that  for  the 
time  captivated  his  imagination.  Indeed,  I  shall  never  forget  how, 
for  nearly  two  hours,  he  once  held  the  attention  of  the  College  while 
he  expounded  his  most  fanciful  doctrine  of  "The  Cholera  Sqeeze." 
Alas !  these  men  and  all  their  compeers  have  emigrated  to  the  silent 
land,  and  their  figures  are  invisible  to  all  but  the  scanty  survivors 
who  linirer  a  little  behind  them. 

All  of  these  physicians,  and  others  their  contemporaries,  were  edu- 
cated men.  They  had  imbibed  the  spirit  even  more  than  the  letter 
of  the  humanities  by  a  classical  education,  and  were  apt  to  resent 
the  invasion  of  their  territory  by  scientific  materialism,  and  re- 
fused to  believe,  what  time,  however,  has  demonstrated,  that  it  could 
be  wrested  from  them.  But  as  the  College  increased  by  the  election 
of  younger  men,  the  old  strata  were  submerged  beneath  the  newer, 
and  deeds,  rather  than  words,  became  the  test  and  warrant  of  dis- 
tinction. 

Five-and-forty  years  ago  the  College  held  its  meetings  in  the  Hall 

of  the  American  Philosophical   Society.     It  lived  there  a  sort  of 

parasitic  life,  and  was  endowed  with  hardly  more  vitality  than  the 

trunk  to  which  it  was  attached.     It  must  have  felt  in  itself  a  capacity 

for  living  independently  in  a  habitation  of  its  own,  for  in  1845  it 

migrated  from  its  old  quarters  to  a  room  in  the  building  of  the 

22 


338  STILLE, 

Mercantile  Library,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Fifth  and  Library 
Streets.  Dr.  Thomas  T.  Hewson  was  then  its  President,  a  man  whose 
learning  and  skill  as  physician  and  surgeon  were  as  remarkable  as 
the  urbanity  and  dignity  of  his  manner.  LTnder  his  presidency  took 
place  many  of  the  notable  debates  I  have  referred  to.  Then  also 
Avere  presented  many  substantial  papers  on  professional  subjects, 
besides  a  series  of  annual  reports  on  the  progress  of  eight  depart- 
ments of  medicine.  These  have  long  since  been  superseded  by  the 
"Abstracts  "  and  "  Year-books  "  published  at  home  and  abroad.  On 
the  demise,  in  1848,  of  Dr.  Hewson,  after  thirteen  years'  service  as 
President,  Dr.  Wood  was  elected  to  succeed  him,  and  held  the  office 
by  successive  annual  elections  until  his  death,  in  1879,  in  the  eighty- 
third  year  of  his  age,  as  full  of  honors  as  of  years,  eminent  for  his 
personal  character,  his  professional  distinction,  and  his  wide  and 
munificent  liberality. 

It  was  in  the  same  locality,  and  in  1849,  that  what  seemed  an 
almost  fantastic  dream  was  first  entertained — of  providing  a  hall  for 
the  College,  and  a  small  fund  in  its  possession  was  then  devoted  to  the 
purpose,  and  confided  to  Drs.  Wood,  John  Rodman  Paul,  and  George 
Fox  as  trustees.  To  their  wise  and  prudent  management  of  it,  we 
owe  the  foundation,  and  much  more  than  the  foundation,  of  the  great 
building  in  which  we  are  this  day  assembled. 

In  1854  the  College  removed  to  the  building  belonging  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital,  and  known  as  the  '-Picture  House,"  because 
it  had  been  built  to  accommodate  West's  picture  of  "  Christ  Healing 
the  Sick,"  which  he  had  given  to  the  hospital.  It  is  one  of  the  series 
now  in  the  Academy  of  the  Fine  Arts.  In  this  comparatively  elegant 
and  commodious  habitation,  and  breathing  a  medical  instead  of  a  com- 
mercial atmosphere,  the  languid  life  of  the  College  was  revived;  its 
meetings  were  larger  and  more  animated;  its  building  fund  increased 
rapidly,  and  not  only  through  the  constantly  recurring  gifts  of  Dr. 
Wood,  but  by  those  which  his  generous  example  prompted  others 
to  make;  its  library  was  disentombed,  and  a  few  ardent  spirits 
among  the  Junior  Fellows,  by  their  enthusiastic  labors,  solicita- 
tion, and  gifts,  multiplied  and  set  in  order  its  riches.  The  older 
were  by  turns  aroused  by  the  younger  and  more  progressive,  and 
ready  to  guide  and  moderate  whatever  of  impatient  haste  the  latter 


iiKMiNiSfJMNC'KH  OF  'I'liK  (;oi,i,i;(;h 


339 


rriiiy  Iv.ivo  .shown.  Mc;inwliilc  tlic  iMiililin;.'  riiml,  wliifli,  as  alrcidy 
Htiitcd,  li;nl  l»cH;ini  :is  ;i,  mcic  iicorii,  li;i<l  l»<;cn  Htwidily  growiri;^  to  be 
a  sturdy  oii-k,  iiiidcr  llu'  jiidi(;i()iiM  fostoriii;^  care  of  its  tru.stee.H.  In 
l-Sf)!  i(,  iiiii()iiiit('(l  to  only  !)i;<i()00,  iirid  nine  years  later  to  more  than 
lour  linicH  as  uiiicli.  It  was  then  tiiat  l)r.  Wood,  on  the  eve  of  his 
dei)arturc  for  several  years  ahscnce  in  Europe,  informed  the  College 
that  whenever  the  fund  sliould  reach  .^25,000,  he  would  himself 
contribute  filOOO  to  finish  ;ind  Imriish  the  hall  satisfactorily. 

Stimulated  by  this  example,  the  Fellows  contributed  liberally  to 
the  fund;  a  lot  was  purchased;  plans  for  tlie  Hall  were  adopted;  its 
erection  was  entrusted  to  a  committee,  whose  able  Chairman  was  the 
late  Dr.  Isaac  Hays;  and  in  180'^  the  College  first  occupied  the 
building  in  which  wo  are  now  assembled,  and  which,  we  may  hope, 
will  remain  its  home  for  many  generations.  Dr.  Wood  had  the 
hapiiincss  of  seeing  at  last  tlie  temporary  completion  of  the  work  he 
had  so  much  at  heart,  and  which,  without  his  help,  could  not  have  been 
for  many  years  accomplished.  He  might  well  have  used  the  words 
which  his  biographer  in  this  College  (Dr.  Squire  Littell)  applied  to 
him:  "Behold,  I  have  not  labored  for  myself,  but  for  all  them  that 
seek  wisdom."  Nor  was  his  interest  in  the  College  bounded  by  his 
life,  for  he  bequeathed  to  it  "his  medical  books  and  those  upon 
sciences  closely  connected  with  medicine;"  and  he  also  remitted  to  it 
the  bond  and  mortgage  for  $5000  which  he  had  held  upon  the  Col- 
lege property. 

Meanwhile  another  bud  was  forming,-  a  new  flower  expanding, 
upon  the  branches  of  the  old  tree  that  had  so  long  seemed  unfruitful 
if  not  moribund.  In  1849  Dr.  Isaac  Parrish  proposed  to  form  a 
pathological  museum  in  connection  with  the  College,  and  prepared 
for  it  a  suitable  plan  Avhich  ultimately  was  adopted.  For  years  it 
displayed  much  activity  under  the  care  of  Dr.  John  Xeill,  as  Curator. 
But  in  June,  1856,  Dr.  Thomas  Dent  Miitter,  whose  career  as  Pro- 
fessor of  Surgery  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  had  been  excep- 
tionally brilliant,  proposed  to  convey  to  this  College  his  pathological 
and  surgical  museum,  and  to  bequeath  to  it,  besides,  §30,000,  the 
income  of  which  should  defray  the  salary  of  a  curator  and  of  courses 
of  lectures  upon  surgical  subjects.  The  lectures  have  in  successive 
years  been  delivered  by  Drs.  John  H.  Packard,  Harrison  Allen,  John 


340 


STILLE, 


H.  Brinton,  J.  Solis-Cohen,  Samuel  W.  Gross,  Henry  F.  Formad, 
and  Ed^vrtrd  0.  Shakespeare,  whose  names  alone  suffice  to  prove  the 
value  of  their  discourses. 

A  few  months  after  the  execution  of  the  agreement  between  the 
College  and  Dr.  Mutter,  his  life  ended ;  but  his  name  is  honored, 
and  its  memory  Avill  be  perpetuated  by  the  new  portion  of  this 
building  filled  with  the  products  of  his  industry  and  liberality,  and 
completed  just  in  season  for  the  jubilee  we  are  celebrating.  Who 
that  knew  this  eminent  surgeon  whose  delicacy  of  hand  answered  to 
the  almost  feminine  refinement  of  his  manner  and  character,  and 
whose  persuasive  eloquence  was  but  the  echo  of  his  inward  enthusiasm, 
can  doubt  that  his  munificence  has  already  produced  much  fruit,  and 
that  under  the  new  conditions  of  its  administration  it  will  be  remem- 
bered and  admired  as  it  deserves  to  be. 

During  the  earlier  portion  of  the  period  at  which  I  have  been 
glancing  the  debates  were,  as  already  hinted,  peculiarly  brisk  and 
warm.  It  is  notorious  that  theologians  are  the  most  acrimonious 
controversialists  and  mathematicians  the  least  so.  In  proportion  as 
science  overrules  authority  does  the  heat  of  debate  grow  cool ;  but  it 
reaches  incandescence  when  the  arguments  of  debaters  are  largely 
elaborated  from  their  inner  consciousness,  as  spiders'  webs  are  from 
their  internal  organs,  rather  than  from  the  study  of  external  things. 
In  later  years  the  truer  method  of  study  has  prevailed,  and  the 
papers  read  by  the  Fellows  and  the  discussions  concerning  them 
have  demonstrated  the  decline  of  theory  and  authority  and  the  ad- 
vance of  true  knowledge  upon  the  solid  causeway  of  determined  facts. 

In  November,  1841,  the  College  resolved  to  print  a  bulletin  of  its 
proceedings,  and  did  so  for  the  following  nine  years.  At  the  end  of 
that  time  an  arrangement  was  made  with  a  bookseller  to  print  them; 
but  it  did  not  prove  satisfactory.  In  1858  they  began  to  appear  in  a 
quarterly  summary  in  the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences, 
and  so  continued  until  1874,  when  and  since  they  have  been  issued 
in  separate  volumes  of  Transactions,  whose  increasing  bulk  and  merit 
attest  the  activity  and  intellectual  development  of  the  College,  which 
at  the  same  time  have  been  fostered  by  its  museum  and  library. 
Of  the  last  I  shall  say  more  anon,  but  will  here  diverge  to  note  the 
action  of  the  College  in  behalf  of  the  general  interests  of  the  medical 
profession. 


REMINISCENCKH    OK    TIIK    COJ.l.KCK.  'J^W 

As  I  have  already  noted,  conservatism  Ii.ih  always  been  its  domi- 
natinf;  Hf)irit,  as  becomes  all  institutions  that  aim  at  [(cnnaneney.  It 
has  (listin^iiislKsd  not  only  its  scientific  and  ethical  features,  but  also 
the  maniiifcinctil,  (»!"  its  iii;it(!riii,l  interests.  As  it  felt  that  the  latter 
were  too  valiinJdc  to  \w  liazjinlcd  by  the  vul^ariz-ation  of  its  Fellowship 
or  by  incautious  legislation,  so  has  it  always  maintained  that  the 
physician's  office  possessed  a  certain  sacerdotal  sanctity,  and  that  its 
special  constitution  and  its  relations  to  the  public  required  specific 
rules,  as  much  as  the  commonwealth  re(juires  specific  laws  to  en- 
force the  commnnds  of  tlie  second  table  of  the  decalo<^ue.  In  1843 
the  College  framed  the  Code  of  Ethics  which  a  few  years  afterward 
was  substantially  adopted  by  the  American  Medical  Association. 
Only  of  late  years,  and  since  its  moral  bonds  have  become  irksome 
to  some  who  perhaps  failed  to  distinguish  between  liberty  and  license, 
has  the  soundness  of  this  synopsis  of  professional  right  and  duties 
been  called  in  question. 

In. 1845  the  College  hesitated  to  send  delegates  to  the  Convention 
which  formed  the  American  Medical  Association,  upon  the  ground 
that  the  chief  object  of  the  Convention  was  not  likely  to  be  gained  by 
the  means  proposed.  And  although  it  did  afterward  take  part  in 
this  movement,  and  even  an  iniluential  one,  history  has  demonstrated 
the  clearness  of  its  foresight  by  proving  the  incapacity  of  medical 
societies,  by  the  mere  force  of  authority,  to  lift  themselves  or  the  med- 
ical profession  out  of  the  ruts  of  routine  and  the  mire  of  ignorance. 

In  1846  the  College  set  the  seal  of  its  disapprobation  upon  the 
attempt  to  get  a  patent  for  anaesthetic  ether  under  the  name  of 
"Letheon."  In  the  following  year  it  condemned  as  an  offence, 
which  was  sometimes  a  crime,  the  prescription  of  medicines  by 
apothecaries.  In  1848  it  encouraged  and  aided  the  formation  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  and  sent  delegates  to  the  Conven- 
tion that  organized  it.  Its  liberal  policy  was  hardly  requited  when 
in  later  years  the  American  Medical  Association  disfranchised  it  and 
all  medical  bodies  except  those  that  were  subordinate  to  itself,  and 
thus  prepared  the  way  for  that  discredit  into  which  the  national  asso- 
ciation has  since  fallen.  In  1848  it  adopted  a  fee-bill  which,  later 
on,  had  the  misfortune  to  be  found  hostile  to  free  trade  in  medicine, 
and  was  abolished. 


342  STiLLE, 

In  1855  it  sent  to  the  Legislature  a  protest  against  a  bill  whose 
effect,  it  was-  believed,  -would  be  to  put  the  educational  interests  of 
the  profession  in  the  hands  of  medical  politicians.  Ever  since  the 
formation  of  a  national  pharmacopoeia  the  College,  in  conjunction 
with  the  College  of  Pharmacy,  had  been  foremost  and  almost  para- 
mount in  the  decennial  revisions  of  the  work  ;  but  in  1880  it  was 
deprived  of  the  nominal  honor  of  this  distinction.  In  18G7  it  was 
proposed  that  the  College  should  publish  annually  a  medical  direc- 
tory; but  the  project  was  abandoned  by  it  and  taken  up  by  book- 
sellers in  this  city,  Boston,  and  New  York.  In  the  same  year  the 
College  memorialized  the  Legislature  to  legalize  dissection,  and  the 
efficient  law,  enacted  in  1883,  which  now  governs  the  practice  of  this 
essential  part  of  medical  education,  took  its  origin  in  the  action  of 
the  College. 

In  1868  a  Fellow  introduced  resolutions  strongly  adverse  to  the 
study  of  medicine  by  females.  They  were  referred  to  the  Council, 
who  reported  that,  although  it  is  inexpedient  that  women  should  be 
encouraged  to  enter  on  the  practice  of  medicine,  yet,  that  under  ex- 
isting cireumstances,  it  was  not  advisable  that  the  College  should 
take  action  on  the  question.  This  report  Avas  adopted  by  a  vote  of 
32  to  8.  Two  years  later,  when  the  same  Fellow  introduced  a  reso- 
lution censuring  the  managers  of  a  hospital  for  compelling  their  med- 
ical staff  to  deliver  clinical  lectures  to  women,  the  College  declined 
to  adopt  it.  An  eminent  member  of  the  staff  and  Fellow  of  the 
College,  however,  soon  afterward  resigned  his  appointment. 

In  1870  the  College  petitioned  the  Legislature  to  restrain  the 
liberty  of  bringing  suits  for  malpractice ;  and  two  years  later  asked 
for  a  law  to  lessen  the  dangers  of  dispensing  poisonous  medicines. 
In  1875  it  began  its  preparations  for  celebrating  the  national  cen- 
tennial anniversary,  and  in  the  following  year  fulfilled  them  bril- 
liantly. In  that  year,  also,  it  joined  with  many  other  medical  bodies 
in  memorializing  Congress  against  reducing  the  appropriation  for  the 
Army  Medical  Museum  and  Library.  It  repeated  this  action  in 
1882.  In  the  interval  between  these  two  dates  (1878)  it  memorial- 
ized Congress  to  publish  the  subject  catalogue  of  the  National  Med- 
ical Library,  and  in  1883  took  similar  action  in  favor  of  a  National 
Board  of  Health.     In  1880  it  joined  in  a  petition  to  the  Legislature 


KKMJNISOKNCE.S    OF    Till;    COLKKOK.  l]4?j 

for  a  law  to  protect  profcssioiiiil  foiiiinunicnlioiiH  between  phyHicians 
and  patients. 

In  1885  the  (Joll(!<^e  .senl,  to  the  lio^islature  a  remonstrance  against 
a  bill  to  prevent  physiologic;il  experiments  upon  living  animals,  de- 
claring as  its  opinion,  "  that  scientific  experimentation  upon  the 
lower  aniinids  is  essential  to  the  |)n)gress  of  medieai  science;"  and 
in  1886  it  declared  that  th(^  aJ»usc  of  vivisection  does  not  rofjuire 
any  additional  or  specific  law  to  prevent  or  punish  it,  as  it  is  covered 
by  the  existing  statute  which  provides  jtuiiishnient  for  any  person 
who  shall  ''  wantonly  or  cruelly  overload,  heat,  or  otherwise  ill-treat 
any  animal."  On  the  same  occasion  many  pnictices  of  the  public 
abattoir  which  infringed  this  statute  were  brought  to  light. 

The  interest  shown  by  the  College  in  matters  concerning  the 
public  as  well  as  the  medical  profession  has  been  not  less  decided. 
The  Park  which  we  regard  with  so  much  civic  pride  was,  as  every 
one  knows,  begun  by  the  purchase  of  the  Lemon-Hill  estate.  In 
1843  the  College  memorialized  the  city  government  to  acquire  this 
property  in  order  to  prevent  the  pollution  of  the  Schuylkill,  from 
which  our  drinking  water  is  chiefly  derived,  and  also  to  cause  all 
culverts  draining  that  region  to  empty  below  the  Fairmount  dam. 
Even  after  the  lapse  of  forty- three  years  this  recommendation  is  not 
fully  carried  out,  but  is  nearly  fulfilled  by  the  great  sewer  that  bor- 
ders the  river  from  Manayunk  to  tide-water  at  Fairmount. 

In  1847  the  College  pressed  upon  the  Legislature  the  importance 
of  a  registration  of  births,  marriages,  and  deaths ;  and  we  now  pos- 
sess such  a  system,  which  only  the  ignorance  and  the  aversion  to 
being  controlled  of  a  large  portion  of  our  community  prevent  from 
becoming  a  public  blessing.  In  1850  it  memorialized  Congress  for 
a  law  for  the  inspection  of  drugs.  The  general  concurrence  of  the 
medical  bodies  of  the  country  led  to  the  enactment  of  the  present 
salutary  statute  upon  this  subject.  In  1856  it  took  part  in  convert- 
ing the  Board  of  Health  of  this  city  from  a  merely  political  machine 
into  an  organization  which  has  ever  since  been  leavened  by  a  quota  of 
active  and  intelligent  physicians.  In  the  following  year  it  protested 
against  the  disgraceful  management  of  the  Almshouse  and  its  hos- 
pital by  men  as  deficient  in  mental  as  in  moral  qualifications  for 
their  office,  and  at  last  with  such  effect  as  to  prevent  that  great  hos- 


344  STILLE, 

pital  from  again  becoming  a  pest-house  and  a  public  disgrace.  In 
1861  it  adopted  a  memorial  to  the  city  councils  for  the  establishment 
of  a  municipal  hospital  for  contagious  diseases.  In  the  following 
year  it  prudently,  and  as  I  believe  truly,  declared  that  there  is  no 
evidence  to  prove  that  salting  the  tramway  tracks  to  melt  the  ice 
upon  them  is  injurious  to  the  health  of  citizens.  In  1868  it  appealed 
to  the  city  councils  to  keep  the  streets  in  better  repair  and  cleaner ; 
and  the  following  year  petitioned  the  State  Legislature  to  regulate 
the  sale  of  drugs  and  medicines  in  Philadelphia.  It  1874  it  renewed 
its  protest  against  establishing  the  public  abattoir  on  the  Schuylkill 
almost  opposite  the  centre  of  the  city.  It  was  nevertheless  erected, 
and  has  been  ever  since  a  nuisance  during  the  summer,  filling  the 
western  half  of  the  city  with  an  offensive  and  sickening  smell. 

The  serious  attention  that  has  recently  been  paid  to  the  city's 
drains  and  sewers  is  in  no  small  degree  due  to  the  recommendations 
of  the  College  in  1878,  that  a  sanitarian  expert  should  be  employed 
to  make  a  survey  and  report  upon  the  subject.  Since  then,  upon 
various  occasions,  it  has  shown  a  lively  interest  in  this  vital  matter. 
In  the  year  last  mentioned,  it  also  proposed  to  examine  the  extent, 
nature,  causes,  and  remedies  of  defective  sight  in  the  pupils  of  the 
public  schools.  Again  and  again  it  has  forewarned  the  public  of  the 
coming  of  epidemic  diseases,  and  notably  of  Asiatic  cholera,  and  has 
also  petitioned  Congress  for  a  systematic  investigation  of  such  diseases. 

Amonw  the  wise  and  beneficent  acts  of  the  College  none  has 
produced  more  direct  and  tangible  benefits  than  its  Directory  for 
Nurses.  It  has  helped  to  raise  the  standard  of  qualification  of  these 
indispensable  assistants  of  the  physician,  and  the  continued  enlarge- 
ment of  its  sphere  of  action  demonstrates  its  value  to  the  community. 

Although  last  in  order,  not  least  in  importance,  may  be  mentioned 
the  gift  of  Mrs.  Helen  C.  Jenks,  in  memory  of  her  gifted  and  lamented 
husband.  Dr.  William  F.  Jenks — a  sum  of  $5000  to  found  a  prize 
that  will  be  conferred  triennially  for  "the  best  essay  on  some  subject 
connected  with  obstetrics." 

This  is  little  more  than  a  catalogue,  and  an  imperfect  one,  of  the 
sympathetic  interest  the  College  has  always  shown  in  whatever  con- 
cerned the  progress  and  interests  of  medicine  and  the  welfare  of  the 
community.     It  has   never  been  governed   by  narrow  and    selfish 


REMINISCENCES    OP   TUK    COLLKOE.  jj^rj 

motiv(!S,  I)iit  li;is  jilwjiys  given  ungrudgin^^ly  of  its  wisdom  and 
knowlcilgo  ibr  tlio  promotion  of"  every  good  work.  It  lias  lived  up 
to  its  motto,  "Nox  sriu  skd  toti." 

It  would  od'end  tlie  siisceptihilit.y  of  .some  who  are  still  among 
us,  if  1  were  to  speiik  of  tlieir  sptjeial  acts  of  liberality,  but  T  may 
mention  two  or  three  which,  however  prompted,  Aven;  not  carried  out 
by  those  of  our  own  household.  I  nihide  particularly  to  the  silver 
service;  the  "  Loving  cup;  "  the  copy  of  Rembrandt's  famous  picture 
of  "The  School  of  Anatomy,"  now  upon  its  way  from  Europe;  "  and 
the  elegant  and  classical  chimney-piece  that  adorns  the  "  Miitter 
Museum." 

I  turn  iiow,  in  the  last  place,  to  give  you  a  short  history  of  the 
College  library.  Forty-one  years  ago  on  one  side  of  the  President's 
chair  there  stood  a  book-case  of  moderate  size.  It  was  painted  black, 
I  think,  and  through  its  glazed  doors  could  be  dimly  seen  a  few 
hundred  volumes  varying  in  size  from  folios  and  quartos  to  humbler 
types,  and  all  by  their  musty  and  dingy  bindings  proclaiming  their 
long  disuse.  Among  them  was  a  fine  edition  of  Galen,  presented  by 
the  great  Italian  Morgagni  to  his  eminent  American  friend,  Dr. 
John  Morgan,  with  a  humorous  suggestion  of  relationship  prompted 
by  the  similarity  of  their  names. 

The  ancient  receptacle  I  have  mentioned  irresistibly  suggested  the 
chamber  of  an  Egyptian  tomb,  where  the  dry  and  blackened  mum- 
mies of  the  dead  repose  unchanged  for  untold  ages.  If  the  doors  of 
it  were  ever  opened,  it  must  have  exhaled  a  sepulchral  odor.  But 
we  know  that  even  in  the  forbidding  relics  of  the  ancient  dead  grain 
has  been  found  which,  under  the  influence  of  sunlight  and  moisture, 
has  germinated  and  renewed  the  crops  of  many  centuries  ago.  So 
these  dry  and  lifeless  tomes,  removed  to  a  brighter  and  livelier 
atmosphere,  and  tended  by  a  succession  of  intelligent  and  industrious 
cultivators,  have  formed  the  seed  of  the  great  harvest  that  this  day 
surrounds  us. 

In  1843  there  was  a  sinecure  officer  in  the  College,  called  Librarian. 
He  made  annual  reports,  and  in  the  year  mentioned  his  report  was 
brief  and  expressive — "  The  library  is  seldom  used."  In  18-44  the 
College  acquired,  for  the  sum  of  two  hundred  dollars,  the  books  of 
Dr.  Otto;  but  their  number  and  quality  are  not  stated  in  the  records. 


346  STILLB, 

In  the  same  year  the  library  committee  reported  that  owing  to  the 
''  present  limited  state  of  the  collection,"  it  was  not  expedient  to  opea 
it  more  than  twice  a  month  !  But  in  the  succeeding  year  the  acqui- 
sition of  Dr.  Otto's  library  seems  to  have  borne  fruit,  for  it  was  fol- 
lowed by  gifts  from  various  Fellows,  among  whom  Drs.  Wood,  Hays, 
Bond,  and  Moore  may  be  mentioned,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
College  acquired  the  library  of  the  deceased  Medical  Society  of 
Philadelphia.  In  1819  nearly  a  score  of  medical  journals  was  re- 
ceived in  exchange  for  the  Transactions  of  the  College,  and  thence- 
forward at  nearly  every  stated  meeting  gifts  of  books  were  announced.. 
But  even  as  late  as  1855  the  library  contained  only  1700  volumes. 
In  that  year  it  received  137  volumes  from  the  library  of  Dr.  More  ton 
Stille,  deceased;  and  in  1857  Dr.  Thomas  Forrest  Betton  proposed 
to  give  it  the  library  of  his  late  father,  containing  about  2500  volumes, 
of  Avhich  900  were  soon  afterward  received.  In  1858  the  total 
number  of  volumes  was  3560.  The  following  year  Mrs.  Miitter 
presented  the  medical  books  of  her  late  husband,  and  in  1863  about 
200  more  from  the  library  of  Dr.  Remington  were  added. 

But  the  most  important  epoch  in  the  history  of  the  library  was- 
the  foundino;  of  the  Lewis  Library  in  1864,  which  at  once  added 
to  it  more  than  2500  volumes  of  the  choicest  works  in  the  finest  con- 
dition, so  that  in  1866  the  librarian  was  able  to  report  a  total  of 
9513  volumes.  In  the  same  year  the  liberality  of  the  President, 
Dr.  Wood,  enabled  the  College  to  employ  a  librarian,  Avho  was  in. 
attendance  daily.  Thenceforth  "  crescit  eundo"  literally  described 
the  progress  of  the  library.  It  became  the  legatee  of  Dr.  Frank 
West,  Dr.  Joseph  Carson,  Dr.  Wood,  and  Dr.  Weightman,  while  gifts, 
poured  in  on  every  side.  Among  them  may  be  especially  dis- 
tinguished a  very  curious  and  valuable  collection  made  by  the  late 
Dr.  Morris  S.  Wickersham,  in  Italy,  and  presented  by  him.  A 
journal-society  formed  within  the  College,  and  whose  means  have 
been  reinforced  by  the  liberality  of  one  of  the  Fellows,  has  furnished 
them  the  best  periodical  literature  of  every  civilized  country.  The 
libraries  of  the  late  Samuel  D.  Gross  and  H.  Lenox  Hodge  have 
also  been  deposited  in  your  collection. 

The  lar^e  and  ranid  growth  of  the  library  having  rendered  neces- 
sary  a  completer  catalogue  than  before  existed,  special  provision  was 


KKMINI8CKNCES    OF   TIIK    COU.KHK.  :',\^ 

made  for  its  proparation  l>y  a  competent  liaiul.  Sucli  work  requires 
an  apt  intclliifciico  and  a  special  training,  and  tliese  the  College  waa 
fortunate  in  Hecuring.  How  urgent  and  how  constant  the  labor 
became  may  be  inferred  from  the  statement  that  the  library  is  more 
than  three  times  as  large  as  it  wjis  in  18G8. 

In  18GH  it  numbered  11,282  volumes. 

In  18()'.>  it  numbered  1-3,700  volumes. 

In  1884  it  numbered  32,188  volumes. 

In  1885  it  numbered  35,070  volumes. 

In  188G  it  numbered  38,160  volumes  (including  duplicates), 
besides  1G,02(^  pampldcts. 

In  this  partial  retrospect  of  the  history  of  the  College  during  the 
last  forty  years,  one  can  hardly  fail  to  note  that  in  it,  as  in  political 
and  social,  and,  indeed,  every  history,  progress  has  depended  upon 
individuals.  The  hour  must  come,  and  the  man  must  arise  who, 
by  his  voice  or  his  example,  stimulates  other  men  to  vigorous  and 
fruitful  action.  As  in  its  infancy  the  great  name  of  Rush  domi- 
nated the  College,  through  his  inventive  genius  and  foresight,  so  in 
its  later  history  George  Bacon  Wood  ruled  it  by  his  wisdom  and 
liberality ;  another  has  made  illustrious  his  living  name  by  opening 
a  rich  mine  of  intellectual  wealth  for  all  seekers  after  knowledge ; 
and  still  another  is  distinguished  for  his  liberality  in  promoting  the 
social,  artistic,  and  literary  tastes  of  his  fellow  members.  All,  by 
their  example,  have  so  warmed  the  enthusiasm  and  quickened  the 
sympathies  of  the  Fellows,  that  this  commodious  building,  this  pre- 
cious scientific  museum,  and  this  noble  library  have  sprung  into  ex- 
istence in  the  brief  space  of  a  single  generation. 

Let  us  hope  that  so  fair  a  flower  of  science  shall  not  languish 
through  indifference,  neglect,  or  indirection,  and  that  at  the  end  of 
another  century  our  posterity  shall  be  able  to  speak  of  us  with 
unstinted  praise,  and  with  as  sincere  gratitude  as  we  now  feel  toward 
those  who  prepared  the  way  for  this  goodly  habitation  and  temple 
dedicated  to  the  service  of  humanity. 


CONFERRING  DEGREE  OF  ASSOCIATE  FELLOW.^ilH' 

By  the  President,  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  M.D., 
January  4, 1887. 


Hunter  McGuire,  M.D,,  a  surgeon  distinguished  in  war  and  in 
peace,  teacher  of  surgery,  President  of  the  American  Surgical  Asso- 
ciation, by  authority  of  tliis  College  of  Physicians,  it  is  my  pleasant 
duty  to  offer  you  the  honor  of  our  Associate  Fellowship. 

Robert  Palmer  Hoayard,  M.D.,  as  representing  the  highest 
type  of  the  Canadian  physician,  as  clinical  investigator,  writer,  and 
teacher,  I  desire  you,  in  the  name  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia,  to  accept  the  honor  of  its  Associate  Fellowship. 

William  H.  Draper,  M.D.,  in  you,  sir,  we  welcome  to  the  honor 
of  Associate  Fellowship  in  this  College  of  Physicians,  the  trusted 
consultant,  the  clinical  teacher,  the  physician  and  writer. 

David  W.  Cheevbr,  M.D.,  a  bold  and  thoughtful  surgeon,  a 
teacher  with  the  tongue  and  the  pen,  I  have  pleasure,  as  representing 
the  College  of  Physicians,  to  confer  upon  you  the  rank  of  Associate 
Fellow  in  recognition  of  your  services  to  Clinical  Surgery. 

Henry  P.  Bowditch,  ]M.D.,  sir,  your  name,  long  represented 
on  our  roll  of  those  whom  we  honor  as  associates,  has  been  further 
illustrated  by  your  own  physiological  and  statistical  labors.  By 
desire  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  as  its  President, 
I  confer  upon  you  the  honor  of  Associate  Fellowship. 


350  ASSOCIATE   FELLOWS. 

George  Cheyne  Shattuck,  son  of  an  Associate  Fellow,  yourself 
distinguished  for  researches  on  typhoid  and  typhus,  learned  and 
eloquent  teacher,  generous  benefactor  of  medical  and  secular  educa- 
tion, in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  Fellows  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  as  their  President,  I  confer  upon  you 
our  Associate  Fellowship. 

Nicholas  Senn,  M.D.  As  an  original  observ^er  in  regard  to  air 
embolism,  the  surgery  of  the  pancreas,  and  cicatrization  in  vessels 
after  ligature,  you  have  worthily  won  the  honor  of  Associate  Fellow- 
ship which,  by  the  wish  of  this  College,  I  pray  you  to  accept. 

T.  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.D.  Medical  author,  teacher,  clinical 
investigator ;  this  College  gladly  acknowledges,  by  the  gift  of  its 
Associate  Fellowship,  the  deep  debt  of  the  profession  and  the  com- 
munity to  your  life  of  able  and  helpful  labor  as  a  gynecologist  and 
surgeon. 

James  T.  Whittaker,  M.D.,  physician,  clinical  teacher,  and 
writer,  I  am  directed  by  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  to 
confer  upon  you  the  honor  of  our  Associate  Fellowship. 


ADDIJESS  OF  WKLCOME 
'I'O  TJIE  i\KW  ASSOCIATE  KIvLLOWS: 

Delivered  at  the  Centennial  Celedration  of  the  College 
OF  Physicians,  January  4,  1887. 

By 

J.   M.  DA  COSTA,  M.D.,  LL.I). 


Associate  Fellows  of  the  College  of  Physicians  ;  Mr.  Presi- 
dent ;  Fellows  of  the  College  : 

To  me  has  been  assigned  the  agreeable  duty,  on  an  occasion  so 
interesting,  of  welcoming,  on  behalf  of  the  College,  eleven  masters 
of  our  art  as  Associate  Fellows.  Our  Institution  has  put  on  its 
holiday  dress  to  celebrate  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  its 
foundation,  and  one  of  the  most  pleasing  features  of  the  commemo- 
rative gathering  is  the  admission  of  a  number  of  men  of  distinction 
as  Associates.  In  this,  the  College  is  but  carrying  out  the  implied 
wish  of  its  incorporators.  It  is  calling  those  to  it  who  have  assisted 
"in  the  prosecution  and  advancement  of  useful  knowledge  for  the 
benefit  of  their  country  and  of  mankind." 

What  thoughts  would  have  filled  the  minds  of  those  worthies  who 
founded  this  College  could  tliey  be  with  us  now.  What  rejoicing  at 
the  success  of  their  literary  and  scientific  undertaking  would  these 
old  pliysieians  of  Philadelphia  have  indulged  in.  What  pride  would 
they,  patriots  formed  in  the  stern  school  of  sacrifice  and  suffering  of 
a  long  war,  have  taken  in  the  foct  that  from  so  many  parts  of  their 
country,  grown  in  these  hundred  years  from  sparsely  inhabited 
stretches  of  land  into  a  teeming,  powerful  empire, — from  cities  thev 
were  familiar  Avith,  but  in  whose  present  magnificent  proportions 
they  would  find  themselves  wondering  strangers ;  from  wildernesses 
they  scarcely  knew  of  even  by  name,  now  thriving,  populous  States, 


352  DA  COSTA, 

— had  come,  with  a  promptitude  and  rapidity  which  progress  in  ap- 
phed  science  has  alone  made  possible,  those  "  viri  docti  et  medicinge 
periti,"  they  would  themselves  have  delighted  in  welcoming. 

Every  age  has  its  impress  and  its  tendencies.  The  queue,  the  knee- 
breeches,  the  gold-headed  cane,  the  stately  manner,  the  reverence  for 
old  wisdom,  the  classical  canon,  were  their  emblems,  and  bespoke 
that  which  they  declared  to  be  one  of  the  objects  of  this  College, — 
"to  cultivate  order  and  uniformity  in  the  practice  of  physic." 
Though  not  blind  to  your  other  qualities,  it  would  have  been  for 
any  near  approach  to  their  standard  of  order  and  learning,  that  they 
would  have  mainly  esteemed  you. 

Our  age  is  an  age  of  ardent  investigation  and  active  change. 
Newly  elected  Associate  Fellows,  we  fin'd  represented  in  your  ranks 
what  in  these  days  we  chiefly  honor  in  our  many-sided  profession. 
We  find  learning  and  order,  but  we  also  find  love  of  research,  origi- 
nality, boldness;  we  note  you  quick  of  eye,  fertile  of  resource,  inde- 
pendent of  thought.  If  thus  we  have  singled  you  out  on  this  occa- 
sion, it  is  because  you  are  the  type  we  delight  in,  the  true  children 
of  our  time  and  tendencies. 

How  will  it  be  when  another  hundred  years  have  passed  away  ? 
Will  the  best  traits  that  have  made  our  investigators  eminent  go  to 
form  the  cast  of  a  medical  mind  reaching  out  into  now  unseen 
worlds  of  science,  and  looking,  with  eyes  keen  with  suggestive  re- 
search, at  every  line  on  every  page  that  age  has  seasoned  ?  Or  will 
all  knowledge  be  so  plain  and  elementary  that  its  application  alone 
will  be  cared  for,  and  investigation  be  regarded  as  nearly  complete  ? 
It  is  not  likely.  The  stone  thrown  into  the  water  gives  rise  to  ever- 
increasing  rings ;  and  so  must  it  be  with  pursuits  in  Nature.  There 
is  still  a  greater  world  beyond  the  microscope  and  the  telescope  than 
we  know  Avith  it. 

Associates,  in  joining  you  to  us  to-day,  Ave  bestoAv  on  you  all  this 
College  has  to  bestow.  It  gives  you  full  share  in  all  that  a  century 
of  learning,  of  culture,  of  pure  aims,  of  renoAvn,  of  high  tone,  most 
zealously  guarded,  has  done  to  make  it  famed  and  respected.  On 
its  part,  it  takes  a  mortgage  on  your  past  acquisitions,  as  well  as 
lays  claim  to  a  portion  of  the  results  of  your  future  work.  And 
when  some  fresh,  thoughtful   deduction  in  practical  medicine  be- 


ADDRKSS   OF    WELCOME.  8r>3 

comes  tfic  tlioinc  of"  every  pen  ;  some  new,  life-saving  operation  is 
cv(!r_ywli(!re  (li.HciiHS(Ml ;  some  clear  moiio;^r;if»li  of  exliaustive  researcli 
and  wide  grasp  is  by  everyone  landed;  .some  ingenions  application  of 
physiological  experimentation  laid  before  the  world ;  when  we  hear 
of  a  celebrated  treatise  of  a  great  practical  master  being  translated 
into  yet  more  tongues, — we  shall  feel  the  pride  of  possession  in  our 
Associate  Fellow,  and,  rejoicing  in  his  success,  claim  him,  for  the 
College,  as  among  our  own.  These  arc  the  feelings  we  have  toward 
you,  and  we  now  greet  and  welcome  yf»u  as  sons  of  this  old  Institu- 
tion with  all  the  warmth  of  brotherly  aflection. 


23 


TIIK  OLD  AM)  THE  NEW  PHYSIC. 

Recited  at  Tiih:  (.'kntennial  Dinner  of  the  College  of 

PiivsiciANs  or  riiiLAr>Ei,pjirA. 

By 

HENRY  IIARTSHORNE,  M.D. 

[January  4,  1887.] 


Cruda  vividisque  senectus. 

Virgil. 

Fellows,  good  fellows  surely,  all,  to-night  I 
Serenely  we  survey  our  hundred  years, 

As  though  our  own  beginninors  were  in  sight ; 
Montefiore,  Chevreul,  our  compeers. 

What  noble  Fellows  then  were  in  their  prime  I 
Washington,  Franklin,  led  affairs  of  State : 

Kedman,  Rush,  Morgan  made  our  craft  sublime, 
In  arts  of  peace,  not  war,  supremely  great. 

Theirs  arts  of  peace ;  and  yet  not  bloodless,  quite  ; 

Men  of  the  ready  lance  and  flowing  bowl  I 
Scars,  not  their  foes,  but  patients  bore  of  right ; 

While  down  sad  throats  tremendous  potions  roll. 

So  wise  are  we,  we  bare  no  arms  to-day. 

Not  ia  that  vein  we  work  :  our  wounds,  less  deep, 
Hypodermatic,  let  the  blood-drops  stay  ; 

While  potent  minims  lull  microbes  to  sleep. 


356 


THE    OLD    AND    THE    NEW    PHYSIC. 

Honor  to  Eiisli,  "witli  lance  and  ''  ten  and  ten." 
Honor  to  Physick,  witli  unshielded  knife. 

Are  we  so  sure  Death  won  more  victims  then, 

While  those  old  worthies  struck  brave  blows  for  life  ? 

Thev  had  no  stethoscopes,  but  quicken 'd  ears ; 

Few  lenses,  but  their  sight  was  lynx-like,  ever. 
Bacilli  wrought  in  them  no  learned  fears  ; 

Pure  culture  theirs,  of  soul  and  high  endeavor. 

Honor  to  them  :  yet  glad  congratulation 

For  treasures  they  dreamt  not  of,  now  our  own. 

Trees  of  their  planting,  all  men's  admiration  ; 
May  we,  too,  plant  such  seed  as  they  have  sown  I 


RESPONSES   TO  THK  TOASTS. 


rp^ast_^'ThG  Fellows  of  the  College." 
Responded  to  hy  D.  Hayes  Acnew,  M.I). 

Mr.  President  and  Fellows  : 

It  may  seein  soincwhat  presumptuous  that  I,  who,  as  you  know, 
am  not  a  very  regular  attendant  of  the  meetings  of  the  College, 
should  stand  here  to-night  as  your  representative  speaker  on  an  occa- 
sion so  important,  and  in  some  respects  so  unique  as  the  present. 
And  yet  I  have  not  been  an  uninterested  member  of  this  body,  but 
have  followed  its  proceedings  with  growing  interest  and  pride  as  each 
succeeding  year  has  added  to  both  the  volume  and  merit  of  its  work. 

It  is  said  that  comparisons  are  always  invidious,  but  when  made 
only  once  in  a  hundred  years  I  think  they  may  be  tolerated.  When 
we  contrast  the  work  of  the  College  with  that  of  other  scientific 
associations  of  a  similar  kind,  the  comparison  need  bring  no  blush  of 
shame  to  any  Fellow  here  to-night.  Run  your  eyes  over  the  roll  of 
its  membership,  and  you  will  find  there  the  names  of  a  galaxy  of 
men  who  have  left  the  deepest  impress  on  the  republic  of  medicine ; 
men  distinguished  the  world  over,  and  whose  writings  have  been 
translated  into  most  of  the  languages  spoken  by  scientific  men. 
Examine  that  roll  again,  and  you  will  find  the  names  of  many 
younger  men  who  are  pressing  their  way  rapidly  toward  the  goal  of 
distinction,  and  who  in  the  near  future  are  destined  to  be  among 
the  masters  and  moulders  of  medical  thought.  It  was  once  said, 
with  a  sneer.  Who  ever  reads  an  American  book  ?  Bless  you,  my 
dear  Fellows,  who  don't  read  American  books?  There  is  not  a 
library  in  the  civilized  world  the  shelves  of  which  are  not  loaded 


358  AGNEW, 

■with  American  books,  and  dominant  among  these,  works  on  medi- 
cine and  surgery.  Did  it  ever  occur  to  you,  my  friends,  what  a 
chasm  would  be  left  in  the  literature  of  our  profession  if  you  were 
to  eliminate  from  authorship  the  names  of  those  who  have  been  and 
are  still  enrolled  on  our  College  register  ?  Again,  the  growth  of 
your  library  has  been  phenomenal.  Twenty  years  ago  this  College 
owned  about  two  hundred  books;  to-day,  through  the  munificence  of 
private  benefactors  and  purchase,  the  collection  amounts  to  well  nigh 
forty  thousand.  Only  second  in  numbers  to  one  library  in  the  coun- 
try, that  of  the  Army  Medical  Museum  at  Washington,  with  the 
general  government  and  that  Nestor  of  bibliography  at  its  back.  Dr. 
J.  S.  Billings. 

Turn  again  to  the  museum  of  the  College  for  comparison.  Few 
persons  outside  of  Philadelphia,  very  few  inside  of  the  city,  have  any 
just  conception  of  the  wealth  of  this  collection,  opulent  in  every- 
thing which  pertains  to  the  elucidation  of  the  different  departments 
of  medicine. 

There  are  periods  in  the  history  of  institutions  as  in  States  and 
nations,  when  they  start  suddenly  on  a  new  career  of  activity  and 
power.  This  change  is  sometimes  wrought  by  the  masterly  spirit  of 
some  single  individual,  who  projects  his  vigorous  personality  into  the 
methods  and  machinery  of  such  an  institution.  More  commonly  these 
new  departures  are  the  result  of  the  consecrated  generosity  of  men 
whom  God  has  blessed  with  wealth,  and,  what  is  far  more  important, 
has  given  hearts  to  spend  it.  Both  instrumentalities  have  conspired 
to  infuse  new  energy  into  the  College.  It  can  claim  its  benefactors 
both  in  and  out  of  the  professional  pale.  In  the  upper  half  of  the 
building,  constituting  the  most  conspicuous  featui'e  of  the  room,  our 
visitors  will  have  noticed  that  beautiful  and  symbolic  commemorative 
chimney-piece.  This  was  the  gift  of  one  of  Philadelphia's  broad- 
hearted  men,  whose  monumental  liberality  is  witnessed  on  both  sides 
of  the  Atlantic.  I  need  scarcely  mention  the  name  of  Mr.  George  W. 
Childs.  Our  library  fund  has  recently  been  replenished  by  the  do- 
nation of  one  thousand  dollars,  the  gift  of  another  of  the  solid  business 
men  of  this  city,  Mr.  W.  Weightman.  Among  the  portraits  which 
hang  on  the  walls  of  the  College,  are  those  which  preserve  to  us  the 
lineaments  of  two  men  who  fill  a  large  place  in  the  professional  heart. 


11ESP0N8ES   TO   TIIK   TOASTS.  359 

()ii(^,  tlic  |)()iir:iit,  (if  Dr.  (uior'^c  l>.  Wood,  prf-sfrifcl  \>y  IiIk  kiriK- 
woiiiiiti,  the  l.'i.tc  Mrs.  HicluD'd  Wood,  tlio  other  tlic  portniit  of  I)r. 
John  li.  Atlc(j,  doii;ii(!d  hy  his  Hon,  Dr.  Walter  K.  Atlcc.  Two  hiistB 
iilso  will  have  I  heir  respective  niches.  'J'hiit  of  l)r.  .Jos<f)li  Parriwh, 
presented  hy  l>r.  James  I'arrisli,  ;irid  thiit  of  l)r.  Cjleor^^e  Morton, 
presented  hy  his  son,  l)r.  Thomas  <i.  Morton,  will  recall  to  uifinory 
two  of  Phihidelphia's  former  celebrities. 

Gentlemen,  I  am  no  [)roj)het,  but  I  venture  to  pi-edict  that  the 
time  is  not  distant  when  this  College  of  Physicians  will  be  the  most 
notable  building  i-n  our  goodly  city  ;  a  potential  centre  to  which  the 
people  of  this  great  city  will  go — with  a  faith  like  that  of  the  old 
Greek  to  his  Delphian  oracle — for  illumination  on  all  the  great  ques- 
tions which  concern  public  health  and  social  life,  and  when  the 
deliverances  from  its  council  chamber  will  be  an  accepted  finality. 
Then,  and  not  till  then,  when  this  great  consummation  comes  to  pass, 
will  the  full  import  of  your  noble  motto,  JSfon  nibi  sed  toti,  be  fully 
realized. 

Fellows  of  the  College,  when  another  hundred  years  have  passed 
away  and  tlie  second  centennial  of  this  institution  comes  round,  not 
one  who  sits  at  this  board  to-night  will  participate  in  that  ceremonial. 
I  have  an  unbounded  faith  in  my  profession,  and  I  know  our  succes- 
sors will  be  noble  men.  But  who  can  forecast  the  future  of  medicine 
when  that  distant  day  comes  round  ?  Venturing  a  prediction  based 
on  the  extraordinary  progress  of  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  with 
the  superadded  momentum  of  the  square  of  the  distance  of  time,  if  I 
may  be  allowed  to  draw  an  illustration  from  the  domain  of  physics, 
may  we  not  hope  that  our  science  shall  have  become  a  science  no 
longer  struggling  for  mastery,  but  crowned  with  victory  over  all  the 
hostile  forces  of  the  human  body ;  complete  in  all  her  proportions 
and  appointments,  like  a  polished  shaft,  every  line  a  straight  line, 
every  angle  a  right  angle ;  or  like  the  full-orbed  sun  in  his  midday 
strength,  scattering  with  a  lavish  prodigality  its  beams  of  light  over 
the  earth  and  challenging  the  homage  of  universal  humanity. 


360  THOMAS, 

Toast. — "Associate  Fellows." 
Responded  to  by  T.  Gaillard  Thomas,  M.D. 

Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen: 

The  poet  of  the  ages  whose  almost  inspired  lines  so  appropriately 
illustrate  the  beautiful  menu  which  lies  before  me  at  this  moment, 
has  represented  a  king  of  England  whose  heart  was  rent  with 
anguish  by  the  reckless  dissipation  of  a  son  as  asking  the  pregnant 
and  painful  question,  "Who  would  be  a  father?  "  Anon,  this  self- 
same king,  looking  upon  his  son  divorced  from  his  evil  habits  and 
giving  promise  of  becoming  one  of  the  most  eminent  sovereigns  of 
his  time,  asks  the  equally  significant,  but  far  more  agreeable  question, 
"  Who  would  not  be  a  father  ?  " 

In  the  same  spirit  we  may  understand  one  of  our  own  guild,  when 
depressed  by  anxiety,^  fatigued  by  exposure,  demoralized  by  repeated 
failures,  and  harassed  by  the  whims  of  the  sick  and  the  criticisms  of 
their  friends,  asking  the  sorrowful  question,  "  Who  would  be  a 
doctor?  "  And  equally  well  can  we  appreciate  how  the  same  man, 
standing,  as  I  do  here  to-night,  looking  into  manly  and  loyal  faces 
beaming  with  welcome  and  sympathy,  gazing  into  eyes  which  reflect 
naught  but  kindness  and  approval,  could  ask  with  equal  sincerity, 
"Who  would  not  be  a  doctor?  "  In  all  times,  in  all  countries,  and 
among  all  nations  there  has  been  something  in  the  medical  profession 
which  has  made  its  votaries  stand  to  each  other,  even  as  did  the  clans 
during  the  old  Highland  wars  when  adown  the  line  passed  the  ringing 
shout,  "  Highlanders,  shoulder  to  shoulder  !  "  But  in  no  land  should 
this  brotherly  devotion  be  so  strong  as  in  ours  !  In  monarchical 
governments  there  are  rewards  for  the  successful  physician  outside  of 
his  guild.  In  a  republic  like  ours  there  are  none.  We  must  look 
to  our  profession  for  endorsement,  for  approval,  and  for  whatever  of 
honor  may  fall  to  our  lot  as  we  pass  onward  into  the  "  sere  and 
yellow  leaf"  of  our  career.  What  royal  hand  lays  upon  our  shoulders 
the  sword  touch  which  carries  with  it  the  glory  of  knighthood  ?  What 
queenly  fingers  attach  to  us  the  beautiful  symbol  of  the  Garter  ? 


RESPONSES    'l(>   TIIK   TOASTS.  3G1 

Wliiit  iinpcri.-il  hiows  smile  ;i|»|»roviil  ;ih  wc  (inter  the  .sacrcl  ranks  of 
the  Golden  Fleece  oi  tlie  iJiiick  Ka^^le? 

It  may  be  said  tlial  lliis  is  c({ually  true  of  all  the  learric-d  {(rofe.H- 
sions  in  a  repiiblie  like  oiir.s,  but  it  is  not  ho.  From  the  very  moment 
that  the  young  tlieol(><i;ian  begins  to  exercise  his  pure,  his  noble — if 
I  may  be  ])eniiitte(l  to  borrow  a  phrase  from  the  l)eautiful  address  to 
■which  wc  listened  last  night — his  ( nirist-Iike  calling,  his  eyes  are 
turiuMi  with  gentle  longing  toward  the  bishopric,  with  its  dignity,  its 
ease,  as  toward  a,  haven  of  rest !  Should  he  be  an  ambitious  man, 
he  fixes  his  undeviating  gaze  u]ton  the  red  hat  of  the  cardinal,  which 
through  the  dim  distance  of  the  fului-e  sliines  before  his  enraptured 
eyes  like  a  diadem  in  the  skies. 

And  how  is  it  with  reference  to  our  brothers  of  the  bar,  honest, 

faithful,  and  true ;  those  dear  brothers  in  law  Avho  so  delight  to  get  a  poor 

doctor  on  the  witness-stand  and  to  tease,  and  to  torture,  and  to  bum, 

and  to  roast  him,  even  as  did  the  executioner  of  the  olden  time  to  the 

hapless  wight  who  was  put  to  the  question  ?     Far,  oh,  very  far,  be 

it  from  me  to  question  the  generally  accepted  verdict  that  a  vast  deal 

of  their  work  is  done  for  the  pure  love  of  mankind,  the  true  good  of 

humanity  !      Nevertheless,   I  cannot  resist  the  suspicion   that   the 

young  lawyer,  even  from  the  ver}^  beginning  of  his  career,  hopes  to 

become  a  judge,  to  wield  the  power  and  influence  of  that  great  office. 

From  this  coign  of  vantao;e,  like  the  ea2;le  from  his  evrie,  he  casts  his 

eager  eyes  upon  the  supreme  court ;  and  from  thence  he  hopes  to  pass 

into    the   dignified   chair    of    Chief    Justice   of  the  United  States. 

Nay,  more,  if  he  be  one  of  tow^ering  Napoleonic  ambition,  he  may 

soar  into  the  ethereal  regions  of  space  with  the  aspiring  Turk  who 

in  his  dreams 

"  "Wore  his  monarch's  signet-ring, 
Then  pressed  that  monarch's  throne — a  king 
As  wild  his  thoughts,  and  gay  of  wing, 
As  Eden's  garden-bird." 

He  may  dream  of  a  title  the  noblest  which  the  world  to-day  can 
bestow  upon  mortal  man ;  no  heirloom  from  the  loins  of  kings,  no 
conquest  of  the  sword,  but  a  gift  of  God,  so  surely  as  "'  vox  populi, 
vox  Dei  est  " :  a  dignity  surpassing  those  of  Kaiser,  and  of  Czar,  of 
Sultan,  and  of  king  I  He  may  dream  of  the  Presidency  of  the  United 
States. 


362  THOMAS, 

AVho  holds  this  lordly  post  to-night  ?  A  young  lawyer.  Upon 
his  shoulders  whose  mantle  fell  ?  That  of  a  lawyer  scarce  older  than 
himself 

AVhen  tlie  destinies  of  this  great  nation — nay,  more,  far  more  than 
this — when  the  grand  republican  idea,  which  we  as  a  people  are 
striving  to  work  out  in  the  cause  of  humanity,  trembled  in  the  balance, 
as  do  the  destinies  of  poor  Bulgaria  to-day,  into  whose  hands  was 
the  helm  of  State  intrusted  ?  Methinks  I  hear  a  young  man,  Avho 
has  grossly  neglected  the  study  of  modern  history,  reply,  "  Why, 
into  the  hands  of  a  doctor,  of  course."  You  are  in  error,  young 
man :  into  the  hands  of  the  noblest,  purest  lawyer  of  our  day,  whose 
"  counterfeit  presentment  "  looks  upon  us  from  your  walls  to-night. 

But  you  may  ask,  "  Can  it  be  that  for  the  doctor,  after  his  life  of 
toil,  his  days  of  watching,  his  nights  of  Avaiting,  there  are  really  no 
rewards  which  he  may  covet,  no  guerdon  which  can  satisfy  him — 
after  his  cross,  no  earthly  crown  ?  Outside  of  our  profession  there 
are  none ;  Init  within  it  there  are  honors  which  the  true  physician 
values  above  baronetcy  and  knighthood  ;  far  above  ribbon  and  medal, 
even  though  they  come  from  the  hands  of  an  emperor.  Do  you  ask 
me  what  these  honors  are  ?  I  answer  you  in  this  Avise :  In  the 
magnificent  cathedral  of  St.  Paul's,  in  London,  no  statue,  no  pile, 
no  monument  exists  to  commemorate  the  great  architect,  Sir 
Christopher  Wren,  whose  croAvning  triumph  stands  before  you  ;  but 
upon  one  Avail  of  the  grand  edifice  you  may  read  this  legend  :  "  Si 
monumentum  requiris,  circumspice  !  "  I  answer  you.  Si  honor es 
requiris,  circumspice  ! 

Mr.  President  and  Fellows  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Phila- 
delphia, for  my  colleagues  and  for  myself  I  offer  you  most  grateful 
thanks  for  the  honor  Avhich  you  have  done  us  in  making  us  Associate 
FelloAvs  of  your  ancient  and  honorable  body  ;  a  society  which,  coeval 
with  the  very  liberties  of  our  land,  has  earned  for  itself  the  right  to 
aAvard  honors  by  the  greatness  of  its  past  and  the  dignity  of  its 
present.  In  the  names  of  my  associates  and  myself,  I  here  offer  you 
the  pledge  that  the  time  shall  never  come  when  you  will  find  cause 
to  regret  the  honor  Avhich  you  have  done  us,  or  the  courtesy,  the 
kindness,  and  the  hospitality  of  which  we  have  been  the  grateful 
recipients. 


REHPONHEK    TO    TIIK    TOASTS.  863 

^oa.s/.— "^riic  Physician/' 

licapundcd  to  by  William  .1'i;i'I"LH,  M.D. 

Dk.  PI'UMM';!!  Siiid  tlmt  wlicii  lirst  invitod  to  respond  to  tliis  to«Rt, 
he  had  appreciated  that  any  one  doing  so  at  this  time  wouhl  have  a 
difficult  and  rcsponsihle  duty  to  perform.  This  feeling  had  been 
decj)ened  since  he  had  Hstened  last  evening  to  the  eloquent  address 
of  the  President  of  the  College.  What  more  graceful  and  forcible 
sketch  could  have  been  given  of  the  life  of  medical  society  and  of 
medical  men  in  their  personal  and  social  and  public  aspects? 

The  physician  of  to-day  is  differently  circumstanced  in  many  re- 
spects from  most  of  those  whose  lives  had  been  touched  on  in  tliat 
address.  In  one  single  respect  how  great  a  change  has  occurred  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  to-night  we  toast  the  physician,  the  surgeon,  and 
the  obstetrician  ;  one  hundred  _years  ago  the  toast  would  have  been 
but  a  single  one  to  the  medical  man.  Yet  this  great  change  has  been 
accomplished  not  only. without  injury  to  the  dignity  and  efficiency  of 
the  profession,  but  with  obvious  advantage  to  it  and  to  the  progress 
of  medical  science.  The  profession  has  welcomed  this  as  it  has 
welcomed  other  great  movements  of  the  last  century,  in  a  tolerant, 
conservative,  and  catholic  spirit,  which  argues  conclusively  for  its 
future  cohesion  and  unity  and  greatness. 

It  is  easy  to  see  that,  as  a  whole,  the  medical  profession  has 
developed  and  progressed  vastly,  but  can  we  feel  so  sure  that,  as  in- 
dividuals, we  have  profited  so  largely  as  we  should  have  done  by  inheri- 
tance and  by  the  survival  of  the  fittest  and  by  our  enlarged  facilities. 
What  individuality,  force,  genius,  infinite  capacity  of  patient  labor 
do  we  recognize  in  some  of  our  medical  ancestors.  And  how  well  it 
is  to  dwell  on  this  individuality,  for  is  not  the  work  of  the  physician 
intensely  individual  in  a  sense  beyond  what  is  true  of  the  work  of 
most  other  men.  The  greatness  and  the  value  of  so  many  men  depend 
chiefly  on  the  ideas  they  embody,  or  the  institutions  which  they  repre- 
sent. The  victorious  general  owes  so  many  of  his  greenest  laurels  to 
his  associates  and  to  his  well-disciplined  army.     The  able  and  elo- 


364  PEPPER, 

quent  advocate  can  scarcely  be  estimated  apart  fi'om  the  tremendous 
agencies  and  machinery  of  the  law  whose  majesty  he  represents. 
But  the  physician,  unaided  and  alone,  in  the  dim  solitude  of  the  sick 
chamber,  conducts  his  abstruse  arguments  on  the  most  difficult  and 
momentous  issues,  and  wages  ceaseless  strife  against  the  grimmest 
and  most  determined  foes.  Here  it  is  that  the  individual  force  and 
intensity  of  the  man  show  themselves  so  conspicuous,  and  hence  it  is 
that  now  and  always  must  the  lives  of  most  of  our  great  physicians  be 
quiet  and  ftcluded,  and  comparatively  unknown.  Not  ever  again,  as 
in  our  earlier  and  more  primitive  times,  may  we  expect  medical  men 
to  reach  prominence  in  public  affairs.  Medical  science,  ever  a  jealous 
mistress,  exacts  more  and  more  constant  service  from  us,  and  even 
the  ablest  and  most  nimble  powers  are  taxed  to  keep  pace  with, 
much  less  to  lead  her  rapid  advances. 

AAvay  from  the  larger  centres  much  of  the  old  order  may,  it  is 
true,  still  be  found.  A  few  years  since  when  on  a  journey  in  consul- 
tation my  colleague  boarded  the  train,  and  I  was  surprised  to  hear 
him  saluted  as  Judge,  and  more  surprised  to  learn  that  while  in 
active  medical  practice  hcactually  held  a  judicial  appointment,  and 
had  recently  presided  over  and  passed  sentence  in  some  of  the  most 
important  murder  trials  ever  tried  in  this  State. 

The  day  will  not  return  when  in  large  and  more  complicated  socie- 
ties the  physician  may  figure  also  as  judge,  as  financier,  as  public 
official.  It  is  well  this  should  be  so,  and  especially  will  it  be  well  for 
the  medical  profession  if,  recognizing  this,  they  shall  devote  themselves 
to  strengthen  and  enlarge  the  strongholds  of  the  profession's  greatest 
dignity  and  eminence.  What  irresistible  influence  would  be  exerted 
by  a  united  and  determined  profession  working  for  a  common  and 
honorable  purpose  I  What  purpose  could  be  more  admirable  than 
the  elevation  to  higher  power  and  larger  usefulness  of  such  institu- 
tions as  that  whose  Centennial  Anniversary  we  now  celebrate.  Were 
this  collegiate  society,  and  others  which  will  emulate  her  example, 
endowed  with  millions  of  money,  for  the  accumulation  of  grand 
libraries,  for  the  liberal  encouragement  of  original  research,  for  the 
publication  of  valuable  works,  not  of  a  kind  to  appeal  to  popular  sup- 
port, what  potent  agencies  would  they  become  to  diffuse  knowledge,  to 
dispel  ignorance  and  to  correct  error,  to  foster  science,  and  to  elevate 


RESPONSES    TO    TIIK    TOASTS.  305 

}i,ti(l  (liiriiify  till!  work  siiid  tlu;  position  of  the  pro  fens  ion.  Sw;  t(> 
wlinl.  |)o\v(U'  lliis  iiistitiilioii  lias  come  in  a  sin^lir  century  from  its 
small  beginniiif^.  Sliull  we  not  all  take  eneouragement  from  tliis, 
and  here  resolve  llmt  our  unitcid  efforts  shall  he  directed  steadily 
toward  her  advariccmcnt  in  wealth  and  strcnf^tli  and  dignity,  so  that 
they  who  shall  gather  at  her  second  centennial  anniversary  may  look 
back  over  our  labors,  and  testify  that  tlie  physicians  of  to-day  also 
were  faithful  to  the  best  interests  of  medical  science  and  of  the 
medical  profession. 


366  ASHHURST, 

Toast— ''The  Surgeon." 

Responded  to  hy  John  Ashhurst,  Jr.,  M.D. 

It  is  narrated,  Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen,  of  the  Father  of 
American  Surgery,  Dr.  Physick,  that  in  his  hiter  years  he  became 
so  tender-ihearted  that  not  only  was  he  in  the  habit  of  weeping  over 
his  patients'  sufferings,  but  that  if  he  was  called  upon  to  perform  a 
serious  operation  it  Avas  with  the  greatest  difficulty  that  he  could  be 
prevented  from  running  away,  and  that  it  was  necessary  to  watch 
him  closely  to  prevent  him  from  escaping  before  the  appointed  time. 

Somewhat  similar  have  been  my  OAvn  feelings  as  this  hour  has  been 
approaching,  and  I  think  that  I  should  have  been  tempted  to  run 
away  but  for  the  remark  of  our  President,  in  his  address,  last  even- 
ing, that  no  Fellow  of  this  College  had  ever  been  known  to  desert 
the  post  of  duty  in  an  emergency.  I  look  upon  this  occasion,  I 
assure  you,  as  one  of  very  dreadful  emergency,  and,  indeed,  as  I 
have  sat  here  this  evening  and  have  seen  the  corpses  of  Clicquot  and 
Pommery  being  carried  out — and  carried  out — and  carried  out — I 
have  almost  felt  as  if  we  had  returned  to  those  terrible  yellow-fever 
days  which  our  President  so  graphically  described  to  us  last  night. 
Another  circumstance  which  has  kept  me  from  running  away  is  the 
reflection  that  this,  after  a  hundred  years,  is  the  first  occasion  on 
which  even  a  semi-official  recognition  has  been  given  by  our  College 
to  the  Surgeon  as  distinct  from  the  Ppiysician  ;  indeed,  even  now, 
much  as  my  friend  Dr.  Lewis  loves  me,  I  feel  sure  that  he  would 
instantly  drop  my  acquaintance  if  I  should  venture  to  speak  of  this 
body  as  the  "  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  "  instead  of  merely 
the  "  College  of  Physicians." 

In  the  early  days  of  our  College-fellowship,  the  great  surgeons  of 
Philadelphia  were  conspicuous  by  their  absence.  We  had,  indeed, 
amono-  our  foundei's  the  excellent  John  Jones,  of  whom  I  venture  to 
say  that  many  of  you  had  never  heard  until  our  President  told  us  of 
him  last  night,  and  whose  small  work,  Plain,  Concise,  and  Pi'actical 


RESPONSES    TO    TMK    TOASTS.  ?,(')7 

Remm^ks  on  the  Treatment  of  Wounds  and  Fracturc.H — a  rare  book, 
aH  Dr.  J>illingH  will  toHtif'y — Htill  lower,  probably,  know  cvon  by  ap- 
pearance ;  but  of  tbe  ^rciit  .siir;j;con.s  of  our  city  wo  bad  none.  Doubt- 
less most  of  you  .-ire  f;uiiili;ii-  willi  licit  dianning  work  of  a  cbarrn- 
in"^  Frencli  writer,  y\i'Horie  lloussayc — to  my  firiey,  one  of  bis  most 
cliiirniinn;  pro<bictions — tlie  Jiistory  of  thcA\st  ('hair  of  thr  Academy. 
Asyouiill  know,  tbe  l^'rcncli  Acndciny  consists  of  but  forty  members — 
tbe  Ininiortals,  :is  tbcy  (leli;^bt  to  (;;ill  tliemselves — and  M.  IToussaye. 
has  most  agreeably  sketcbcd  tlio  bistorics  of  some  of  tbe  many  men, 
eminent  in  literature  and  :iit,  wbo  deserved,  but  failed  to  obtain,  the 
coveted  honor  of  mendjorshi]),  and  has  pleasantly  represented  them 
as  occupants  of  the  forty-first  cliair  of  the  Academy  ;  then  appending 
a  bare  list  of  the  successive  possessors  of  the  forty  chairs,  he  adds  this 
comment:  "of  all  these  whose  names  have  been  transmitted  by  the 
Academy  to  posterity,  how  many  have  failed  to  reach  their  address." 
So  in  our  College  roll  we  find  missing  tbe  names  of  Physick,  Dorsey, 
Barton,  and  (Jibson — unquestionably  the  most  distinguished  surgeons 
of  our  city  in  their  respective  periods. 

Physick,  the  "  Father  of  American  Surgery,"  was  indeed  a  re- 
markable man,  and  a  close  and  accurate  observer.  Riding  one  day 
through  tbe  country,  be  noticed  certain  fence-makers  charriuir  the  ends 
of  the  posts  before  planting  them  in  the  ground,  and  on  asking  their 
object  was  told  that  it  was  to  make  the  posts  last  longer — to  prevent 
their  decaying.  Dr.  Physick's  inference  from  this  observation  was 
that  toast  was  unwholesome ;  if,  be  argued,  charring  wood  makes  it  last 
longer  in  the  ground,  charring  or  toasting  bread  must  make  it  last 
longer  in  the  stomach,  and  therefore  be  indigestible.  Mark,  now, 
how  modern  science  confirms  the  accuracy  of  the  observation,  thou<rh 
giving  a  difterent  explanation,  and  perhaps  not  justifying  the  dietetic 
conclusion.  Philadelphia,  and  perhaps  otlier  cities  ;\a  well,  has,  as 
you  all  knoAV,  been  of  late  years  invaded  by  swarms  of  death-dealinc 
microbes — bacteria,  micrococci,  and  what  not — bringins:  tbinirs  to 
suck  a  pass  that  at  the  present  moment  no  truly  aseptic  Philadelphia 
surgeon  will  venture  to  eat  even  a  morsel  of  dry  bread  unless  it  has 
been  thoroughly  sterilized  by  tbe  prolonged  application  of  dry  heat, 
and,  if  he  is  prudent,  not  unless  it  has  been  in  addition  frequently 
irrigated  with  a  one  to  one-thousand  solution  of  the  mercuric  chlo- 


368  ASIIIIURST, 

ride.  It  is  right  to  say,  however,  that  some  old-fashioned  prac- 
titioners consider  it  equally  safe,  from  an  antiseptic  point  of  view,  to 
wash  down  their  food  with  large  potions  of  alcohol.  Now,  see  the 
accuracy  of  Dr.  Physick's  observation :  what  is  toasting  bread  but 
sterilizing  it  with  dry  heat  ?  He  only  made  the  mistake  of  attribut- 
inor  its  disintegration  to  the  influence  of  the  gastric  fluids  instead  of 
to  the  pernicious  activity  of  microbes — in  other  Avords,  adopting  the 
chemical  theory  instead  of  that  favored  by  bacterial  pathologists. 

Would  that  I  could  picture  to  you,  as  it  was  pictured  to  me  by 
one  of  our  former  vice-presidents,  the  late  Dr.  George  W.  Norris — 
to  whom  I  always  delight  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  for  my 
earliest  lessons  in  practical  surgery — a  consultation  and  operation 
participated  in  by  Dr.  Physick  and  Dr.  Barton,  the  patient  being  a 
lady  under  the  care  of  one  of  our  most  eminent  Fellows,  the  late 
Prof.  Samuel  Jackson,  and  Dr.  Norris,  then  a  young  man,  being 
present  as  an  assistant.  Dr.  Jackson  had  bled  the  patient  at  the 
bend  of  the  elbow,  and,  as  not  infrequently  happened  in  those 
phlebotomic  days,  had  had  the  misfortune  to  wound  the  adjacent 
artery  as  well  as  the  vein  from  which  the  blood  was  draAvn,  an  aneu- 
rismal  tumor  forming  in  consequence,  of  the  variety  which  surgeons 
know  as  the  varicose  aneurism.  Dr.  Physick,  the  consultant,  and 
Dr.  Barton,  who  was  to  operate,  diff'ered  in  opinion.  The  lady  sat 
on  a  sofa,  with  her  arm — a  very  white  and  beautiful  arm,  Dr.  Norris 
said  it  was — stretched  out  and  ready  for  the  knife.  "  Doctor,"  said 
Physick,  "I  would  do  so  and  so."  "Doctor,"  replied  Barton,  "I 
would  rather  do  the  other  thing."  At  this  moment,  Dr.  Jackson 
fainted,  and  Dr.  Norris  and  the  lady's  mother  had  to  drag  him 
laboriously  into  the  next  room,  and  lay  him  upon  a  bed  until  he 
should  recover.  Meanwhile  the  operation  had  been  begun,  the 
difference  between  the  operator  and  his  adviser  still  continuing. 
"Doctor,"  said  Physick,  "  the  pulsation  is  arrested."  ".Doctor," 
answered  Barton,  "I  still  feel  it."  Finally,  Barton  carried  his 
point,  and  finished  the  operation  successfully  in  his  own  way ;  when 
Dr.  Physick  had  the  magnanimity,  after  complimenting  his  junior  in 
the  handsomest  manner,  to  turn  to  the  assembled  family  and  say  to 
them  that  throughout  the  whole  affair  Dr.  Barton  had  been  entirely 
right,  and  that  he  himself  had  been  entirely  wrong. 


RESPONSES   TO    TIIIJ   TOASTS.  869 

Our  l*resi<l(;tit  .-illiiilcd  in  liis  ndilrcsH  last  rii;^lit  to  tin;  (lifTcrcncea 
which  exiHted  between  Dr.  IMiysick  and  Dr.  Rush.  The  evening 
after  Dr.  Rush  had  Ix'cn  buried — this  incident  also  [  heard  from  the 
lips  of  Dr.  Norris — Dr.  IMiysick  was  sitting  in  an  up[)er  room  of  hi.s 
house,  in  a  solemn  fraiiic  of"  inind,  as  we  can  well  believe,  thinking 
of  the  events  of  th(^  day,  and  of  the  death  of  the  great  physician  with 
whom  he  had  not  always  been  in  harmony.  Summoned  to  go  down 
stairs  by  a  l(m<l  ring  at  I  lie  (loor-bcjl,  he  was  confronted  in  the  hall- 
way by  an  unusuaJly  large  negro,  who  abruptly  asked  him,  "  Do  you 
want  Dr.  Rush  V  "  "What  do  you  mean?"  said  Dr.  Physiek,  in- 
voluntarily recoiling ;  "Dr.  Rush  is  dead  !  "  "  I  will  have  him  at 
the  College  for  you  at  nine  o'clock  to-morrow  morning,  for  twenty 
dollars,"'  replied  his  burly  visitor.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  this 
kind  offer  was  not  accepted ;  but  so  shocked,  and,  indeed,  terrified, 
was  Dr.  Physiek  by  the  occurrence,  that  in  his  own  last  illness  he 
exacted  from  his  son  a  promise  that  his  grave  should  be  guarded  for 
a  sufficiently  long  time  to  insure  that  his  remains  would  be  valueless 
for  the  purposes  of  any  enterprising  resurrectionist. 

What  shall  I  say  of  Dorsey,  Dr.  Physick's  nephew  ;  the  amiable 
Dorsey,  another  occupant  of  our  forty-first  chair?  To  him  we  owe 
the  first  American  text-book  on  surgery,  a  work  which,  though  of 
course  in  no  way  comparal)lc  in  erudition  and  elaboration  with  the 
voluminous  treatises  of  the  present  day,  was,  I  venture  to  say,  for  its 
time,  no  less  creditable  to  its  author  and  his  country  than  have  been 
any  of  its  successors. 

Rhea  Barton's  place,  in  the  annals  of  Philadelphia  surgery,  is 
second  only  to  Physick's.  From  the  universal  testimony  of  those 
who  had  the  opportunity  of  judging,  he  has  had  no  superior  among 
our  city's  surgeons  as  a  neat  and  skilful  operator. 

Gibson,  the  fourth  occupant  of  our  forty-first  chair  whom  I  have 
referred  to,  was  a  great  surgeon  and  a  great  teacher.  I  can  almost 
see  him,  as  he  has  been  described  to  me,  walking  into  the  amphi- 
theatre, gloves  and  riding-whip  in  hand,  having  just  ridden  in  from 
his  country  home  to  meet  his  class,  and,  after  lecturing  with  all  his 
accustomed  force  and  vigor,  riding  back  again  to  enjoy  his  rural 
repose. 

I  have  heard,  gentlemen,  but  a  single  unfavorable  criticism  of  our 

24 


370 


RESPONSES    TO    THE   TOASTS. 


President's  address,  and  this  was  made  by  a  physician  from  a  neigh- 
boring town,  who  said  to  me,  "  I  do  wish  that  Dr.  Mitchell  had 
abused  somebody."  I  told  him  that  it  would  not  have  been  proper 
for  Dr.  Mitchell  to  abuse  any  of  our  forefathers,  but  that  they  abused 
each  other  with  ample  energy  to  compensate  for  any  deficiencies  in 
this  respect  on  the  part  of  their  descendants.  Indeed,  no  one,  seeing 
the  beautiful  harmony  which  prevails  in  the  medical  circles  of  our 
city  at  the  present  day — when  not  only  does  the  lion  lay  himself 
down  with  the  lamb,  but  even  the  wolf  wishes  the  lamb  a  mei'ry 
Christmas  and  invites  him  to  go  further  up  the  stream  to  take  his 
drink — no  one,  I  say,  living  in  these  piping  times  of  peace,  can 
realize  the  violence  of  antagonism  Avhich  formerly  prevailed,  espe- 
cially between  the  adherents  of  our  two  great  medical  schools,  and 
the  cheerful  vigor  with  which  the  leaders  of  our  profession  used  to 
vituperate  each  other.  This  is  not  the  occasion,  nor  would  time 
suffice,  for  me  to  rehearse  the  wars  which  prevailed  between  Gibson 
and  McClellan,  between  Gibson  and  Mr.  Granville  Sharp  Pattison, 
or  betAveen  Pattison  and  Dr.  Nathaniel  Chapman,  culminating  in  a 
challenge  sent  to  the  distinguished  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice 
in  the  University  by  the  somewhat  belligerent  Scotchman.  Nor  will 
time  suffice  for  me  to  recall  to  you,  as  I  should  like  to  do,  the  char- 
acters of  the  eminent  surgeons  who  have  at  different  times  enjoyed 
the  honor  of  our  fellowship :  Thomas  T.  Hewson,  Joseph  Harts- 
horne,  and  Jacob  Randolph ;  McClellan  and  Miitter ;  and,  coming 
down  to  those  within  my  own  recollection,  Norris,  the  model  of  a 
dignified  surgeon,  and  Fox ;  Peace  and  Neill ;  Pancoast,  the  most 
brilliant  operator  I  have  ever  known,  and  Gross — magnum  et  vene- 
rahile  nomen — who  did  more  than  has  ever  been  done  by  any  other 
American  surgeon  to  make  his  profession  honored  in  all  parts  of  the 
civilized  world ;  my  dear  friend  Edward  Hartshorne,  who  left  us 
only  the  other  day ;  and,  among  the  younger  men,  Hodge  and 
Hunter — I  should  like  to  bring  them  all  before  you,  did  time  permit. 
But  now,  Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen,  knowing  that,  after  all, 
most  persons  judge  of  a  surgeon's  abilities  chiefly  by  his  manner  of 
using  the  knife,  I  shall  offer  you  a  specimen  of  my  own  operative 
skill  by  immediately  proceeding  to  cut  it  short. 


-871 

RESPONSES    TU    THK    TOASTS. 


y},„sL—-Thv  ObsU-lricitin." 
Responded  to  hi/  'riiiioiMii i,us  Pai'.vi.v,  AT.!). 

Till')  liist  is  last.  'I'lic  ohstftriciaii  ouLclit  to  be  b(;fore  the  nlivsi- 
ciaii  and  I  lie  surgeon.  In  the  natural  oiih-r  liiiiiiaii  reproduction 
precedes  fevers  and  fractures.  In  the  earliest  history  of  the  race  the 
first  case  of  traumatism,  presumably  fracture  of  the  cranial  bones, 
the  injury  inflicted  because  of  a  want  of  Philadelphia  feeling,  was  so 
rapidly  mortal  that  a  coroner  was  needed  rather  than  a  surgeon  or 
physician.  How  frequently  a  coroner  may  be  needed  now  after  the 
doctor,  or  the  surgeon,  or  even  after  the  obstetrician,  it  would  be 
impertinent  to  iiujuirc. 

Not  only  priority  in  time  but  also  in  importance  may  be  claimed 
for  the  obstetrician.  The  chief  ground  upon  which  this  claim  rests 
is  the  fact  that  he  has  charge  of  two  lives  instead  of  one,  and  hence 
his  duties  are  more  important,  and  his  responsibility  is  greater.  If 
there  should  be  a  plural  pregnancy,  of  course  that  responsibility  is 
correspondingly  increased.  Fortunately  triplets — still  more  quad- 
ruplets or  quintuplets — are  rare,  else  few  obstetricians  would  reach 
the  meridian  of  life,  but  sink  under  the  overwhelming  load — the  gods 
would  love  them  so  much  they  would  die  early. 

All  the  virtues  that  may  be  ascribed  to  .the  best  surgeons  and 
physicians  the  obstetrician  may  claim — equal  patience,  benevolence, 
self-sacrifice,  and  sympathy,  for  example,  he  possesses.  Nay,  he  at 
times  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty  is  the  impersonation  of  at  least  one 
of  these  qualities ;  for  example,  while  those  engaged  in  the  other 
departments  of  medicine  may  be  sympathetic,  he  in  the  exercise  of 
vaginal  touch,  or  of  abdominal  palpation,  is  sympathy  itself  in  its 
shortest  and  simplest  definition,  "  a  fellow  feeling  for  a  fellow-being  I  *" 

Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  I  believe,  once  said  that  the  more  our  lives 
are  brought  under  the  dominion  of  the  unseen  and  the  future,  the 
higher  they  rise  in  grandeur.  Judged  by  this  criterion,  the  obstetri- 
cian's life  is  very  grand,  for  he  especially  is  concerned  with  future 


372  PARVIN, 

events,  patiently  -waits  them,  and  in  every  professional  engagement 
deals  many  hours  with  the  unseen. 

His  interest  and  duties  relate  largely  to  posterity.  He  stands  at 
the  gateways  of  life,  and  ushers  in  those  who  are  to  be  the  busy  men 
and  women,  yea,  the  doctoi's  and  the  surgeons  of  the  future.  He  is 
nearest  of  all  to  the  marvellous  mysteries  and  the  sublime  sanctities 
of  creation,  and  thus  his  office  is  one  of  the  highest  and  noblest 
accorded  to  men. 

Medicine  is  simply  one  of  the  departments  of  philosophy,  that  large 
knowledge  which  includes  all  within  its  grasp.  And  yet  philosophy, 
while  under  no  special  obligations  to  the  doctor  or  surgeon,  owes  very 
much  to  the  obstetrician,  for  one  of  the  methods  in  philosophy  known 
by  the  name  of  him  who  first  employed  it  as  Socratic,  had  its  origin 
in  the  obstetric  art.  Read  what  Socrates  said  as  to  the  duty  of  the 
obstetrician  to  ascertain  whether  a  woman  is  really  pregnant,  or  only 
has  a  false  pregnancy,  and  to  aid  women  in  labor,  and  then  see  how 
from  this  he  deduces  his  work  in  life  to  ascertain  whether  men  are 
really  pregnant  with  ideas,  or  only  think  they  are,  and  to  assist  those 
who  really  have  thoughts,  who  have  truly  conceived,  to  give  utter- 
ance to  their  conceptions — in  a  word,  to  be  delivered. 

And  thus  the  conclusion  inevitably  comes  that  the  obstetrician  is 
more  important  than  the  physician  or  the  surgeon,  and  it  is  only 
because  his  science  and  art  are  the  crown  and  conclusion  of  medicine, 
its  highest  manifestation,  that  he  has  been  placed  after  those  whose 
work  is  in  the  other  two  of  the  great  departments. 

It  is  eminently  proper  that  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  obstetrics 
should  be  given  this  public  recognition.  I  am  probably  quite  Avithin 
bounds  in  stating  that  five-sixths  of  the  didactic  obstetric  literature  in 
the  hands  of  the  physicians  of  the  United  States  has  been  published 
in  this  city.  Need  I  remind  you  of  "  Burns,"  "  Rigby,"  "  Velpeau," 
"Collins,"  "Blundell,"  "  Cazeaux,"  "  Meadows,"  "  Playfair,"  and 
"Barnes."  Add  to  these  the  treatises  of  American  authors  issued 
by  the  Philadelphia  press,  that  of  Dewees,  of  Meigs,  Hodge,  Tucker, 
Miller,  and  Glissam,  and  the  total  amount  of  this  class  of  pro- 
fessional literature  published  in  Philadelphia  is  very  much  greater 
than  that  issued  in  all  other  cities  of  the  United  States. 

It  is  especially  proper  that  this  honor  should  now  and  here  be 


UESPONSKS    TO     IIIK    TOASTS.  878 

));t,i(l  l()  ohstcti'icH,  when  we  corisidcr  tlic  illu.strioiiH  (|(;;iii  in  tlie 
IMiil;i(l('l])lii;i,  profession  who  iliil  so  iimcli  to  advance  this  department 
of"  nu;(li(;in('.  1  <^o  buck  a  ccntiiry,  and  find  William  Sliipyx-n  t<'Hcli- 
in^  iMiiilomy,  surgery,  and  ohsttitricH,  coinplcling  hi.s  consideration 
of  the  last  subject  in  sixteen  lectures,  Tlicn  coming  a  little  further 
on,  I  see  that  ])olis1i('d,  courtly  <i;('ntlonian,  rich  in  the  scliolarsliip  of 
foreign  lands,  -James,  occupying  the  time  to  be  got  alter  teaching 
and  the  discharge  of  duties  to  patients,  annotating  an  edition  of 
"Burns."  Next  comes  Dewees,  a  man  of  probably  more  native 
force,  but  certainly  Avith  less  culture  and  fewer  advantages  for  pro- 
fessional study,,  by  his  indefatigable  efl'orts  taking  the  foremost  rank 
as  an  obstetrician,  and  by  his  treatise  upon  midwifery  and  other 
obstetric  contributions,  winninff  the  title  from  foreijin  authorities 
of  "the  father  of  American  obstetrics."  And  how  can  I  speak 
in  fitting  terms  of  my  own  master,  TEugh  L.  Ilodge  ?  The  dignity 
of  character,  the  tliorougliness  and  fidelity  of  his  instructions,  the 
gentleness  of  manner,  the  benevolence  and  purity  of  life,  made  him 
fit  representative  of  the  noblest  Cl'iristian  manhood.  And  there  and 
then,  too,  was  that  great  teacher,  Charles  D.  ^Nleigs,  whose  brilliant 
rhetoric  and  fervid  eloquence  inspired  crowded  classes  while  he  faith- 
fully guided  them  in  the  knowledge  of  obstetric  art.  He  stands  forth 
one  of  the  greatest  of  American  medical  teachers. 

These  men  died  full  of  years  and  of  honors,  but  there  were  young 
men  known  to  almost  every  one  who  hears  me  to-night,  who  gave 
such  glorious  promise  of  honor  and  of  usefulness,  and  who  were  cut 
down  with  the  promise  not  half  fulfilled.  Need  I  call  the  names  of 
Parry,  George  Pepper,  and  of  Jenks — 

They,  "the  young  aad  strong,  who  cherished 

Noble  longings  for  the  strife, 
By  the  roadside  fell  and  perished, 

Weary  with  the  march  of  life." 

My  heart  and  conscience  would  cry  out  if  I  fiiiled  to  mention 
among  departed  worthies  one  who  was  removed  from  our  midst  com- 
paratively recently,  Albert  H.  Smith.  Dean  Swift,  so  soon  to 
expire,  "  a  driveller  and  a  show%"  looking  one  day  upon  a  tree  whose 
top  was  dying,  finding  in  the  object  an  image  of  his  own  intellectual 


374  PARVIN, 

decay,  sadly  said,  "Dead  at  the  top."  And  so  thei'e  are  men  who 
live  on  that  are  dead  at  the  top  ;  no  intellectual  productivity,  nothing 
contributed  for  the  benefit  of  the  profession,  however  great  their  op- 
portunities. There  are  other  men,  too,  living  and  moving  among 
their  fellows  who  are  dead  at  the  heart.  You  have  sometimes  seen 
in  the  forest  a  tree  whose  stunted  branches  and  scanty  foliage  scarce 
hid  the  deformit}^  of  the  trunk,  and  contributed  nothing  to  refreshing 
shade  or  rejoicing  beauty ;  and  the  secret  was,  it  was  dead  at  the 
heart.  And  thus  a  man  may  become  dead  through  selfishness ;  his 
heart  is  chilled,  and  no  streams  of  generous  deeds  or  kindly  utter- 
ances flow  from  it,  his  very  words  are  sharper  than  icicles,  and  his 
touch  is  ice  itself.  Albert  H.  Smith  was  neither  dead  at  the  top  nor 
dead  at  the  heart.  His  was  a  mind  richly  stored  with  the  lessons  of 
faithful  study  and  of  large  experience,  and  his  a  heart  throbbing 
with  all  generous  sympathies.  How  much  he  might  have  accom- 
plished for  obstetric  art  and  science  had  he  been  spared  for  the  usual 
period  allotted  to  human  life. 

Philadelphia's  past  in  obstetrics  is  secure.  Imperishable  history 
has  recorded  its  triumphs,  and  bestowed  upon  it  sceptre  and  crown. 
But  is  the  future  certain  ?  Our  New  York  friends,  by  the  generous 
gifts  of  a  wealthy  family  threaten  the  empire,  or  at  least  promise  to 
make  their  city  a  great  centre  for  teaching  clinical  obstetrics.  Even 
if  this  glory  shall  be  temporarily  theirs  only,  my  faith  is  that  equal 
opportunities  and  facilities  for  such  teaching  will  be  given  by  Phila- 
delphia. 

A  great  maternity  hospital  is  the  most  pressing  need  of  medical 
education  this  hour  in  Philadelphia.  Such  an  institution,  sustained 
by  the  sympathies  and  help  of  the  entire  profession,  and  made  tribu- 
tary, not  to  a  particular  school,  but  to  the  general  cause  of  medical 
education,  an  institution  ample  in  endowment  and  furnishing  all 
facilities  for  teaching  clinical  obstetrics,  would  be  an  incalculable 
blessing.  And  it  surely  will  come.  I  have  seen  in  Westminster 
Abbey  the  memorial  tablet  of  a  knight  of  the  sixteenth  century,  the 
only  record  being  his  name,  the  date  of  death,  and  the  word  Resurgam 
— I  will  rise  again  !  How  brave  the  utterance  in  the  very  face  of 
death !  How  sublime  the  hope  shining  as  a  light  over  the  darkness 
of  the  grave,  and  above  the  body  perishing  in  dust  and  ashes !     And 


RESPONSKS   TO    TIIK   TOAHTS.  137 r> 

SO  should  tlicr*'  ever  Ix'  ;i  hricC  time  in  the  history  of  I'liiladclpliia, 
and  of  tlic  (J()ll(';^o  of"  I'liysiciaiis,  wlicri  any  of  tlic  anciorit  ^lory 
wliicii  has  crowned  ohstctric  tcaohin;^  in  this  city  will  "  [jalc  its 
ineflfectual  fires"  before!  a  hrij^litcr  li^^ht  elsewhere  iri  our  country, 
there  surely  will  be  uttered  tin;  word  liesturgam,  and  the  prophecy 
shall  be  grandly  I'uHillcd. 

May  some  who  are  here  lake  luiart  and  hope,  and  be  the  instru- 
ments of  directing  into  so  ini[)ortarit  a  channel  the  wealth  of  generous 
men  and  women,  who  only  need  to  know  how  they  can  best  promote 
the  interests  of  science  and  of  humanity. 


376  BILLINGS, 

Toast. — "The  Medical  Societies  of  America." 
Responded  to  by  John  S.  Billings,  M.D. 

In  rising  to  respond  to  the  sentiment  just  given  I  feel  that  I  am 
speaking  for  a  large  constituency,  and  a  varied  one.  Had  I  been 
called  on  about  an  hour  ago  I  should  now  be  approaching  the  con- 
clusion of  a  few  brief  extemporaneous  remarks  on  the  origin  of 
medical  societies,  their  progress,  their  varieties,  their  uses  and  abuses, 
and  their  future  prospects.  Now,  however,  I  think  that  the  best 
thing  I  can  do  is  to  go  on  as  if  all  this  had  been  said,  reserving  the 
saying  of  it  for  a  more  convenient  season. 

In  behalf  then,  of  all  these  medical  societies,  for  which  I  have  the 
honor  to  respond,  societies  devoted  to  science,  or  to  medical  politics, 
or  to  good  fellowship  and  good  suppers,  I  beg  to  present  to  the 
College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  the  assurances  of  their  most 
distinguished  consideration  ;  congratulations  upon  its  prosperity  on 
this  its  hundredth  birthday ;  and  sincere  wishes  that  its  future  may 
be  as  fortunate  and  as  honorable  as  its  past  has  been.  The  College 
is  one  of  the  few  medical  associations  of  this  country  which  has,  as 
it  were,  given  bonds  for  its  good  behavior,  and  is,  in  every  way, 
entitled  to  such  congratulations  and  good  wishes. 

From  the  point  of  view  of  one  who  has  made  some  study  of 
medical  bibliography  and  history,  such  a  reunion  as  this  is  of  special 
interest ;  for  it  brings  to  mind  that  misty,  mostly  forgotten  past,  on 
which  depends  that  we  are,  what  we  are,  and  reminds  him  of  the  men 
whose  work  and  teachings  have  made  it  an  honor  and  a  privilege  to 
be  either  a  member  or  a  guest  of  this  Society.  A  hundred  years  ago 
there  were  some  strong  men  in  the  medical  profession  in  Philadelphia 
who  founded  this  College,  and  the  succession  has  never  been  inter- 
rupted. As  I  look  around,  I  see  the  faces  of  physicians  whose  names 
and  writings  are  well  known  in  every  part  of  the  civilized  world  ;  and 
in  the  reception  which  will  be  held  in  the  deserted  halls  of  the  College 
to-night  at  midnight,  when  Redman,  and  Rush,  and  Morgan,  and 


UK8P0NSE8    TO    TIIK   TOASTS.  377 

>^Iii[)|)(!ii,  ;iiiil  the  ot  tier  illustrious  (ic;ii|  pli  vsiciMiis  h1i;iI1  stfp  from 
their  coniitciTcil,  |)rcsciitiiiciits  wliidi  ;i(|orii  tlic  wiills,  ;iri(l  \s;iri<l«;r 
tliroii^^li  tlic  rooms  (liscussin/^  tin;  cliarMchT  ami  work  of  tlicir  huc- 
ccssoi's,  \V(^  may  Ix;  .sure  that  tlu"  t('lf|)athi(;  rcjjort  of"  their  comments 
(which,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  will  Ur  ilnly  pnMished)  will  not  he  nnjth.'asant 
rcudiii;^  to  those  wlio  aro  ;2;ath('icd   here  to-ni^lit. 

And  the  physicians  of  this  city  liavc  not  only  heeii  worker.-;  and 
teachers;  they  liave  kept  up  tlie  traditions  of  social  professional 
brotherhood  to  a  greater  extent  than  has  been  done  in  most  other 
])laces.  For  this  also  T  praise  them.  When  Channa  told  Siddartha, 
the  future  Buddha,  concerning  the  first  dead  man  he  had  ever  seen, 
that  he  "ate,  drank,  laughed,  loved,  and  lived,  and  liked  life  well," 
it  was  by  no  means  high  praise ;  yet  it  were  well  if  it  could  be  truly 
said  of  each  of  us,  in  addition  to  other  praise. 

In  calling  up  memories  of  the  past  at  such  an  anniversary  as  this, 
one  naturally  seeks  by  their  help  to  peer  somewhat  into  the  future. 
What  we  all  need  to  remember  at  this  time,  in  this  country,  is  the 
German  proverb,  "Es  miissen  starke  Beine  sein,  die  gliickliche  Tage 
ortragen  konnen" — that  is,  "they  must  be  strong  legs  that  can  sup- 
port prosperous  days."  It  is  not  my  part  to-night  to  advise,  predict, 
or  warn,  even  were  I  competent  to  do  so ;  but  I  will  venture  to 
remind  you  that  such  an  association  as  this  can  never  safely  rest  and 
be  satisfied  for  more  than  a  week  at  a  time.  If  it  does,  it  soon  becomes 
liable  to  comments  similar  to  that  made  by  a  Wall  Street  broker  on 
a  certain  rich  church  with  a  small  congregation,  viz. :  "  It  is  doing 
the  smallest  business  on  the  largest  capital  of  any  concern  in  the 
State." 

There  is  something  very  interesting  in  the  life  and  actions  of  an 
old  and  Avell-established  society.  The  individual  members  can,  do 
but  little,  and  for  but  a  little  time.  Pindar's  melancholy  remark 
that  "Unequal  is  the  fate  of  man,  he  can  think  of  great  things  but 
is  too  ephemeral  a  creature  to  reach  the  brazen  floored  seat  of  the 
gods,"  is  still  applicable  to  most  of  us ;  but  a  society  may  remain 
and  grow.  Like  those  organisms  which  multiply  by  simple  division 
or  scission,  somatic  death  is  not  a  necessary  termination  for  it. 

Mere  growth,  or  increase   in   numbers,  however,  is  not  what  is 


378  BILLINGS, 

desired :  it  is  rather  what  the  pliysiologists  would  call  complete  de- 
velopment and  satisfactory  metabolism  that  are  needed. 

Long  may  the  College  of  Physicians  continue  as  the  type  of  a 
medical  association  which  aims  at  the  advancement  of  science,  the 
improvement  of  practice,  the  collection  and  preservation  of  medical 
literature,  and  the  promotion  of  good  fellowship  amongst  its  members. 


liKSI'ONSKS    TO    TlIK    T0A8TH.  379 

Toa.sl.~'''Vhr  ( ^ol !('«;■('  of  Pl)\  siciims." 
Responded  to  by  (InoiKii;  (Jiikyne  Siiattuck,  M.D. 

Mk.    riM'lSIDKNT: 

J  jiin  iuviire  that  volunteer  toasts  are  not  in  order,  an<l  yet  I  will 
ask  i)enrii.ssion  to  offer  one,  and  to  preface  it  with  a  few  remarks.  I 
can  hardly  leave  this  room  without  an  expression  of  thanks  for  the 
honor  of  hein^  elected  an  Associate  Fellow,  and  of  my  appreciation 
of  the  iniportance  and  success  of  the  accom])lislicd  work  of  the 
College. 

Your  founders,  a  hundred  years  ago,  were  fully  impressed  with 
the  importance  of  association  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  the 
duties  and  work  of  the  medical  profession,  for  training  moral  and 
intellectual  Acuities,  and  promoting  knowledge,  skill,  kindliness, 
and  good  fellowship. 

I  call  to  mind  a  story  of  a  worthy  practitioner  in  a  country  town 
of  Massachusetts,  Avho  was  summoned  on  a  January  night  to  go  ten 
miles  to  see  a  patient  in  great  suffering.  He  went  on  horseback  in 
a  blinding  snowstorm  to  the  dwelling  of  the  patient,  and  was  able  to 
afford  prompt  relief.  The  man  who  had  suffered  so  much  asked, 
"  What  is  your  fee  ?  '"  and  the  doctor  replied,  "  You  know  how  much 
you  have  suffered,  and  what  a  long,  cold  ride  I  have  had,  and  it  is 
left  to  you  to  say  what  my  services  are  worth."  So  the  man  asked 
for  his  purse,  and  took  out  and  handed  to  the  doctor  a  pistareen  of 
the  value  of  twenty  cents.  The  doctor,  taking  the  coin  on  his  palm 
and  looking  at  it,  exclaimed,  ''  What  a  poor  creature  is  man  when 
left  to  himself."  The  truth  in  this  homely  guise  must  have  been  in 
the  minds  of  your  founders  as  they  went  about  to  get  the  advantages 
of  association,  and  established  the  College.  This  word  is  often 
applied  to  an  institution  for  the  education  of  youth,  but  the  founders 
in  the  very  name  set  forth  the  truth  that  intellectual  and  moral 
training  and  the  pursuit  of  truth  should  last  as  long  as  life  itself. 

And  now,  at  the  end  of  a  hundred  years,  you  can  point  to  a  large 
and  handsome  building,  to  a  large  and  well-selected  library,  a  museum 


380  SHATTUCK,    RESPONSE!^    TO    THE    TOASTS. 

rich  in  specimens  of  healthy  and  morbid  anatomy,  to  laboratories, 
rooms  for  stated  meetings,  and  to  such  facilities  for  intei'course.  The 
high  reputation  of  the  medical  men  of  Philadelphia  for  success,  skill, 
learning,  kindliness,  and  courtesy,  must  be  attributed  in  great  measure 
to  the  influence  of  your  College ;  and  what  a  record  of  work  for  the 
health  of  the  community  has  been  displayed  at  these  last  meetings. 

The  newly  elected  Associates,  after  receiving  their  diplomas,  were 
addressed  most  eloquently,  and  told  that  a  mortgage  was  thus  laid  on 
them,  and  that  good  work  and  honorable  conduct  were  expected. 
Thus  the  high  reputation  of  the  College  becomes  a  powerful  incentive 
to  well-doing.  For  one,  I  heartily  accede  to  all  this.  Whatever 
conduces  to  perseverance  in  well-doing  must  be  highly  regarded  by 
members  of  a  profession  so  largely  conversant  with  the  frailty  and 
perversity  of  human  nature.  All  insist  on  the  importance  of  a  high 
standard  for  the  young ;  and  the  old  man,  looking  back  upon  mis- 
takes and  failures  of  past  years,  must  still  be  pressing  onward  to  a 
high  mark,  and  be  watchful  against  temptation  to  sloth  and  inactivity. 
The  time  for  him  has  come  when  the  faculties  for  acquiring  knowl- 
edge are  failing,  and  he  is  made  aware  that  at  no  distant  day,  even, 
all  the  prizes  of  this  world  must  be  left  behind,  and  that  the  places 
he  has  known  so  well  will  know  him  no  more.  But  his  good  works 
will  follow  him,  and  all  unselfish  service  will  be  of  avail,  and  the 
character  for  honor,  integrity,  and  benevolence  will  stand  him  in  stead. 

The  influence  of  the  College  to  bring  about  such  a  consummation, 
the  great  value  of  the  examples  and  precepts  of  the  founders  and 
many  Fellows  of  the  College,  must  all  be  recognized  by  your 
Associate  Fellows.  So,  allow  me  to  propose  the  toast :  The  con- 
tinued health  and  wealth  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 


COMMEMOUATIVE  VKilSKS. 

Rkai)  at  'I'iiio  Ckntknnial  Dinnkk  oftiir  CoLr,K(;i;or  PnysiciANH 

OF  PJIILADIOM'HIA,  .JANCAHV  4,  18^7. 

By 
S.  WEIR  MITCHELL,  M.D. 


A  Doctors  century  dead  and  gone  I 

Good-night, — to  those  one  hundred  years — 

To  all  the  memories  they  bear 
Of  honest  help  for  pains  or  tears. 

Good-night !  a  century's  good-night, 

To  such  as  for  our  noble  guild 
Stood  firm  when  death  was  in  the  air 

And  fear  all  meaner  bosoms  filled. 

To  them  that  like  St.  Christopher, 

When  north  and  south  were  sad  with  graves, 
Bore  the  true  Christ  of  charity 

Across  the  battles'  crimson  waves. 

Good-niofht  to  all  that  shinins;  line, 

— Our  peerage — yea,  our  lords  of  thought. 

Their  blazonry  unspotted  lives 

Which  all  the  ways  of  honor  taught. 

A  gentler  word, — as  proud  a  thought, — 
For  those  who  won  no  larger  prize 

Than  humble  days  well  lived  can  win 
From  thankful  hearts  and  weeping  eyes. 

Too  grave  my  song, — a  lighter  mood 
Shall  bid  us  scan  our  honored  roll, 

For  jolly  jesters  gay  and  good. 

Who  healed  the  flesh  and  charmed  the  soul, 


382 


MITCHELL,    COMMEMORATIVE    VERSES. 

And  took  their  puncli,  and  took  the  jokes 
Would  make  our  prudish  conscience  tingle, 

Then  bore  their  devious  lanterns  home, 
And  slept,  or  heard  the  night-bell  jingle. 

Our  century's  dead  ;   God  rest  his  soul ! 

AVithout  a  doctor  or  a  nurse, 
Without  a  "  post,"  without  a  dose, 

He's  oft'  on  Time's  old  rattling  hearse. 

What  sad  disorder  laid  him  out 

To  all  pathologists  is  dim ; 
An  intercurrent  malady — 

Bacterium  chronos  finished  him — ! 

Our  new-born  century,  pert  and  proud. 

Like  some  young  doctor  fresh  from  college, 

Disturbs  our  prudent  age  with  doubts 
And  misty  might  of  foggy  knowledge. 

Ah,  but  to  come  again  and  share 

The  gains  his  calmer  days  shall  store, 

For  them  that  in  a  hundred  years 

Sfiall  see  our  "  science  grown  to  more." 

Perchance  as  ghosts  consultant  we 

May  stand  beside  some  fleshly  Fellow, 

And  marvel  what  on  earth  he  means, 

When  this  new  century's  old  and  mellow. 

Take,  then,  the  thought — that  wisdom  fades, 
That  knowledge  dies  of  newer  truth, 

That  only  duty  simply  done 

Walks  always  with  the  step  of  youth. 

A  grander  morning  floods  our  skies 
With  higher  aims,  and  larger  light. 

Give  welcome  to  the  century  new. 
And  to  the  past  a  glad  good-night —  ! 


1787. 


1887. 


TIIK 


(JKNTENNIAL 


THE  COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


Menu  Card  of  Dinner,  January  4,  1887. 


"  Feasts  so  solemn  and  so  rare, 

Since,  seldom  coming,  in  the  long  years  set, 
Like  stones  of  worth  they  thinly  placed  are. 
Or  captain  jewels  in  carcanet." 

— Shakespeare,  Sonnet  -'yl. 


FOUNDERS. 

Non  Sibi  Sed  Toti. 


JOHN  REDMAN, 
JOHN  JONES, 
JOHN  MORGAN, 
WILLIAM  SHIPPEN,  Jr., 
ADAM  KUHN, 
BENJAMIN  RUSH, 
GERARDUS  CLARKSON, 
SAMUEL  DUFFIELD, 
THOMAS  PARKE, 
JAMES  HUTCHINSON, 
GEORGE  GLENTWORTH, 
ABRAHAM  CHOVET, 


ANDREW  ROSS, 

WILLIAM  W.  SMITH, 

JAMES  HALL, 

WILLIAM  CLARKSON, 

WILLIAM  CURRIE, 

BENJAMIN  SAY. 

SAMUEL  POWEL  GRIFFITTS, 

BENJAMIN  DUFFIELD. 

JOHN  MORRIS, 

JOHN  CARSON, 

JOHN  FOULKE. 

ROBERT  HARRIS. 


384  MENU. 

Toby. — Does  not  our  life  consist  of  tlie  four  elements? 

And. — Faith,  so  they  say,  but  I  think  it  rather   consists   of  eating   and 
drinking.— r(/-f//'^/(  Night,  II.  ili. 


MENU. 

HUlTRES   EN   COQUILLE. 

Ilaut  Sauterne. 
This  is  no  fish  but  an  islander. — Tempest,  II.  ii. 
Gape  open  wide  and  eat  him  quicke. — Richard  III,  I.  ii. 

If  he  were  opened  and  you  find  so  much  blood  in  his  liver  as  will  clog  the 
foot  of  a  flea  I'll  eat  the  rest  of  the  anatomy. —  Twelfth  Night,  III.  ii. 

POTAGE. 

Puree  a  la  Reine. 

Amontillado. 

1st  Witch. — Boil  thou  first  i'  th'  charmed  pot. — Macbeth,  IV.  i. 

POISSON. 

Eperlans,  Sauce  Tartare. 

Liebfraumilch. 

That  woo'd  the  slimy  bottom  of  the  deep. — Puchard  III,  I.  iv. 

POMMES  DE  TERRE  PARISIENNES.  CONCOMBRES. 

Thou  shouldst  hazard  thy  life 
for  thy  dinner. —  Timon,  IV.  Hi. 

EELEVEE. 

Filet  de  Bgeuf  aux  Champignons. 

Chateau  Bouiliac. 

CROQUETTEZ  DE  RIZ.  HARICOTS  VERTS. 

I  am  almost  ashamed 
To  say  what  good  respect  I  have  of  thee. — King  John,  III  iv. 


MENU  386 

ENTliEE. 

COTELETTE8  DE  RIB  DE  VeAU    JtoYALK. 

Veuve  C/iajuot — Pominrry  Sec 

I'KTIT  PfUH. 

The  tender  of  a  wholoHfimc  weal. — Lmr,  I.  ii. 

Cailles  Farcies  aux  Truffes. 
They  kill  us  for  their  sport. — Lrar,  I V.  i. 

What  need  I  thus 
My  well-known  body  to  anatomize 
Among  my  household? — IF Hcnnj  IV.,  Induc/io/i. 

Punch  Romain. 

Let  thy  friendly  hand 
Put  strength  enough  to  't. — Lear,  IV.  vi. 

I 

Terrapin.        Pommes  Soufflees. 

This  Alchemy, 
To  make  of  monsters,  and  things  indigest, 
Such  cherubins  as  your  sweet  self  resemble. — Sonnet,  114. 

ROTI. 

Canard  Sauvage. 
A  dish  for  the  gods,  if  the  devil  dress  her  not. — Ant.  and  Cleo.,  V.  i. 

Salade  DE  Celeri  Mayonnaise. 

Trimly  dress'd, 
Fresh  as  a  bridegroom. — I  Henry  IV.,  I.  Hi. 

FROMAGE. 

Roquefort.  Brie.  Creme. 

You  shall  nose  him  !\s  you  go  up  the  stairs. — Hamlet.  IV.  Hi. 

Sullen  presage  of  your  own  decay. — £lng  John.  I.  i. 

26 


386  MENU. 

ENTREMET. 

Glace  Napolitaixe. 

Bid  the  Winter  come 
To  thrust  liis  icy  lingers  in  my  maw. — King  John,  V.  vii. 

DESSERT. 

Fruits.  Amaxdes  R6ties. 

The  bounteous  housewife,  Nature,  on  each  bush 
Lays  her  full  mess  before  you. —  Timon,  IV.  in. 

Cafe. 
As  black  as  Vulcan  in  the  smoke  of  war. —  Tkvel/th  Night,  V.  i. 

CiGARES. 

Cognac. 

Best  of  comfort 
And  ever  welcome  to  us. —  Twelfth  Night,  II.  vi. 
Will  you  play  upon  this  pipe? — Hamlet,  III.  ii. 


THE  LOVING  CUP. 

Love  and  health  to  all ; 
I  drink  to  the  general  joy  of  the  whole  table. — Macbeth,  III.  iv. 


MENU. 


387 


TOASTS. 

1. 

Tho  KounderH, 

2. 

The  Fellows. 

8. 

The  AsHocintc  Fellows. 

4. 

Tlie  IMiysiciiiii. 

r,. 

The  Surgeon. 

G. 

The  Obstetrician. 

7. 

The  Medical  Societies  of  AinericM 

Commemorative  Verses. 


I'  faith,  inethinks,  now  you  are   in   an   excellent  good 
ternperality ;  your  pulsidge  beats  as  extraordinarily 
as  heart  would  desire ;  and  your  colour,  I  warrant, 
you,  is  as  red  as  any  rose. — 2  Henry  IV.,  II.  iv. 
Men  must  not  walk  too  late. — Marbeth,  III.  ii. 


*'  He  was  a  scholar  and  a  ripe  and  good  one ; 
Exceeding  wise,  fair-spoken,  and  persuading." 

—Henry  VIII..  IV.  ii. 


THE  LOAN  COLLECTION  OF  PORTRAITS. 


The  loan  collection  of  portraits  which  was  arranged  included  those 
of  the  following  Fellows  of  the  College  and  of  distinguished  meuibers 
of  the  medical  profession  : 

Atlce,  Edwin  A.,  M.D.     b.  1755.     d.  1852. 

Atlee,  John  Light,  M.D.,  LL.D.     b.  17U9.     d.  1885. 

Atlee,  Wasliington  L.,  M.D.     b.  1808.     d.  1870. 

Bachc,  Franklin,  M.D.     b.  1792.     d.  1864. 

Barton,  Benjamin  Smith,  M.D.     b.  1766.     d.  1815. 

Barton,  John  Rhea,  M.D.     b.  1704.     d.  1871. 

Barton,  William  P.  C,  M.D.     b.  1786.     d.  1856. 

Bridges,  Robert,  M.D.     b.  1806.     d.  1882. 

Bond,  Phineas,  M.D. 

Cadwalader,  Thomas,  M.D.     b.  1707.     d.  1779. 

Caldwell,  Charles,  M.D.     b.  1772.     d.  1853. 

Carson,  John,  M.D.     b.  1752.     d.  1794. 

Carson,  Joseph,  M.D.     b.  1808.     d.  1876. 

Chapman,  Nathaniel,  M.D.     b.  1780.     d.  1853. 

Chovet,  Abraham,  M.D.     b.  1704.     d.  1790. 

Cooper,  Sir  xistley  P.,  F.R.S.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.    b.  1768.     d.  1841. 

Cooper,  Thomas,  M.D.,  LL.D.     b.  1759.     d.  1839. 

Coxe,  John  Redman,  M.D.     b.  1773.     d.  1864. 

CuUen,  William,  M.D.     b.  1712.     d.  1790. 

Cuvier,  Baron,     b.  1769.     d.  1832. 

DaCosta,  J.  M.,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

Dewees,  William  Potts,  M.D.     b.  1768.     d.  1841. 

Duffield,  Benjamin,  M.D.     b.  1753.     d.  1799. 

Dunglison,  Robley,  M.D.,  LL.D.     b.  1798.     d.  1869. 

Foulke,  John,  M.'d.     d.  1796. 


390  THE    LOAN    COLLECTION    OF    PORTRAITS. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.     b.  1706.     d.  1790. 

Gaj-Lusac.     b.  1778.     d.  1850. 

Gibson,  William,  M.D.     b.  1788.     d.  1868. 

Glentworth,  George,  M.D.     b.  1735.     d.  1792. 

Glentworth,  Plimket  Fleason,  M.D.     b.  1760.     d.  1833. 

Godman,  John  D.,  M.D.     b.  1794.     d.  1830. 

Griffitts,  Samuel  Powel,  M.D.     b.  1759.     d.  1826. 

Gross,    Samuel    D.,  M.D.,  LL.D.  Cantab,  Univ.  Edin.,  Univ. 

Pa.,  D.C.L.  Oxon.     b.  1805.     d.  1884. 
Hartshorne,  Joseph,  M.D.     b.  1779.'    d.  1850. 
Harvey,  William,  M.D.     b.  1578.     d.  1658. 
Haysj^lsaac,  M.D.     b.  1796.     d.  1879. 
Hippocrates,     b.  B.C.  450.     d.  B.C.  357. 
Hodge,  Hugh  Lenox,  M.D.     b.  1796.     d.  1873. 
Hoj-ner,  William  Edmonds,  M.D.     b.  1793.     d.  1853. 
Humboldt,  Baron  Von.     b.  1769.     d.  1859. 
Hunter,  John,  M.D.     b.  1728.     d.  1793. 
Hutchinson,  James,  M.D.     b.  1752.     d.  1793. 
Jackson,  Samuel,  M.D.     b.  1787.     d.  1872. 
James,  Thomas  Chalkley,  M.D.     b.  1766.     d.  1835. 
Jenner,  Edward,  M.D.,  F.R.S.     b.  1749.     d.  1823. 
Kane,  Elisha  K.,  M.D.     b.  1820.     d.  1857. 
Kuhn,  Adam,  M.D.     b.  1741.     d.  1819. 
Leib,  Michael,  M.D.     b.  1754.     d.  1822. 
Leidy,  Joseph,  M.D.,  LL.D.     b.  1823. 
Lewis,  Samuel,  M.D.  Edin.,  M.R.C.S.  England. 
Meigs,  Charles  D.,  M.D,     b.  1792.     d.  1869. 
Meigs,  James  Aitkin,  M.D.     b.  1829.     d.  1879. 
Meigs,  John  Forsyth,  M.D.     b.  1818.     d.  1882. 
Mitchell,  John  K.,  M.D.     b.  1798.     d.  1858. 
Mitchell,  S.  Weir,  M.D.,  LL.D.     b.  1829. 
Mitchell,  Samuel,  M.D.,  LL.D.     b.  1764.     d.  1831. 
Moore,  John,  M.D.     b.  1778.     d.  1836. 
Morgan,  John,  M.D.     b.  1736.     d.  1789. 
Morton,  Samuel  G.,  M.D.     b.  1799.     d.  1851. 
Mutter,  Thomas  D.,  M.D.,  LL.D.     b.  1811.     d.  1859. 
Neill,  Henry,  M.D.     b.  1783.     d.  1845. 


Till-;    1.0  A. \ 

COLLKCTION 

OF    I'ORTKAITH. 

Ncill 

1,  .lolm,  M.I).      1). 

IS  ID.      ,1.   18X0. 

Non-is,  George  W.,  M.I),     h.  180S 

!.     .1.  187.0. 

Onl, 

George,     h.  17HI, 

.      (1.  ISOtl. 

Olio 

,  John  (J.,  M.I). 

1).  iTTr,.    (1. 

1845. 

Pancoast,  Joseph,  M.D. 

,    b.  imiy. 

d.  1882. 

Paris 

:e,  Tliomas,  M.D. 

h.  174!t.     ( 

1.  1 835. 

Parrisli,  Joseph,  M.D. 

1).  177U. 

d.  1840. 

Paul 

,  J.  Rodman,  M.D, 

,     b.  1802. 

d.  1877. 

Pepi 

)er,  William,  M.D. 

b.  1843. 

d.  1864. 

391 


Physick,  Philip  Sjiig,  M.D.     b.  1768.     d.  1837. 
Priestley,  Joseph,  LL.D.     b.  1738,  N.  S.     d.  1804. 
Rand,  Benjamin  HoAvard,  M.D.     b.  1827.     d.  1883. 
Randolph," Jacob,  M.D.     b.  1706.     d.  1848. 
Redman,  John,  M.D.     b.  1722.     d.  1808. 
Ruschenberger,  William  S.  W.,  M.D.     b.  1807. 
Rush,  Benjamin,  M.D.     b.  1746.     d.  1813. 
Say,  Thomas,     b.  1787.     d.  1834. 
Shippen,  William,  M.D.     b.  1735.     d.  1808. 
Smith,  Francis  Gurhey,  M.D.     b.  1818.     d.  1878. 
Stille,  Alfred,  M.D.,  LL.D.      b.  1813. 
Wistar,  Caspar,  M.D.     b.  1761.     d.  1818. 
Wood,  George  B.,  M.D.     b.  17U7.     d.  1879. 
Zachary,  Lloyd,  M.D.     b.  1701.     d.  1756. 


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